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substance and equilibrium among these states are called phase
diagrams.

18
A-E Line (Vapor Pressure Curve)
It gives the vapor pressure of the substance at different
temperatures.
A-D Line (Fusion Curve)
Fusion curve shows the effect of pressure on melting point.
A-K Line (Sublimation Curve)
At any pressure below triple point pressure sublimation occurs.

19
Carbon Dioxide

20
Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation
A Colligative property: Depends on the number of particles present.
Vapor pressure is lowered when a solute is present.
This results in boiling point elevation and freezing point is also
effected and is lowered.

ΔTf = -Kf×m ΔTb = Kb×m

ΔTf = The freezing point depression
Kf = Proportionality constant (oC/m)
ΔTb = The boiling point elevation
Kb = Proportionality constant (oC/m)
m = molality (solute, mol/ solvent, kg)
21
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 OSMOTIC PRESSURE

π = i ×M×RT
π = Osmotic Pressure (atm)
M = Molarity of Solution (mol/L)
R = Gas constant (0.08206 L.atm/mol.K)
T = Temperature (K)
i = Van’t Hoff factor

25
Question
The osmotic pressure of a potassium chloride solution
(at 300K) is 50 atmospheres. What is the molar
concentration of potassium chloride in this solution?
π = iMRT
M = π/(iRT)
Here, the value of i is 2 (since KCl dissociates into two
ions). Therefore, the molarity of KCl is:
M = (50 atm)/(2)x(0.0821 atm.L.mol-1.K-1)x(300K)
= 1.015 M
Therefore, the molar concentration of potassium
chloride in the solution is 1.015 M.

26