Wednesday, August 23, 2023

ECE194: Introduction to Digital Design

Overview
 Introduction to Digital Design…
• Digital system examples
 Introduction to Digital Design…
• What are Signals?
• The physical variables of interest are generally called signals.
• Eg. Voltage, Current, ;me, temperature

Someone saying the word Matlab

 Introduction to Digital Design…
• Types of systems

only assumes discrete values values vary over a broad range

continuously

An analog signal is any variable signal continuous in both time and

 Introduction to Digital Design…
• The world is in Analog…
• Temperature,
• Humidity,
• Speed,
• Voltages,
• …
• All these values are….. Con?nuous!
• What this means:
• No discrete changes.
• Each value is exact.
• eg,: 22.2135489749…
• Will not reach an end
value.
 Introduction to Digital Design…
• Advantages of Analog signals:
• Gives exact values.
• Shows all values in between.
• Limitation of Analog signals:
• Computers cannot work with continuous values.
• Perceptible to noise during transmission.
• Lets take a look at those sheets...
 Introduction to Digital Design…
• WHAT IS DIGITAL?
Digital describes any system based on discontinuous data or eve
nts. Computers are digital machines because at their most basic
level they can distinguish between just two values, 0 and 1, or off
and on. There is no simple way to represent all the values in betw
een, such as 0.25. All data that a computer processes must be en
coded digitally, as a series of zeroes and ones.
 Introduc2on to Digital Design…
• Digital systems are easier to design and implement than
analog systems.

12
11
10
9
8
7
Voltage

6
5
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3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Time
 Introduction to Digital Design…
• Computers cannot handle these continuous values!
• They see the world as 1s or 0s.
• Therefore, We convert our analog world into discrete
steps.
• Simplest of these:
12
11
10
9
8
7
Voltage

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Time
 Introduction to Digital Design…
• Computers cannot handle these continuous values!
• They see the world as 1s or 0s.
• Therefore, We convert our analog world into discrete
steps.
Sound Alarm!
• Simplest of these:
12
11
10
9
8
7
Voltage

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Time
 Introduction to Digital Design…
• Computers cannot handle these continuous values!
• They see the world as 1s or 0s.
• Therefore, We convert our analog world into discrete
steps.
• Simplest of these:
12
11
10
9
8
7
Voltage

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Time
 Introduction to Digital Design…
• Computers cannot handle these continuous values!
• They see the world as 1s or 0s.
• Therefore, We convert our analog world into discrete
steps.
• Simplest of these:
12
11
10
9
8
7
Voltage

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Time
 Introduction to Digital Design…
• In actuality, continuous signals are discretized for use by
computers:
 Introduction to Digital Design…
• But we only have 1s and 0s…
 Introduction to Digital Design…
• But we only have 1s and 0s… 00000101
00001001
 Introduction to Digital Design…
• Digital vs. Analog
 Introduction to Digital Design…
• What is logic/digital design
Given a specification of a problem, come up with a way of solving it, choosing
appropriately from a collection of available components, while meeting some c
riteria for size, cost, power, etc
• Design
• Initial concept: what is the function performed by the
object?
• Constraints: How fast? How much area? How much cost?
Design • Refine abstract functional blocks into more concrete
realizations
Implementation
• Implementation
• Assemble primitives into more complex building blocks
• Composition via wiring
Debug • Choose among alternatives to improve the design
• Debug
• Faulty systems: design flaws, composition flaws,
component flaws
• Design to make debugging easier
• Hypothesis formation and troubleshooting skills
 Basic building blocks of Digital Circuits
• Digital Logic Gates are the basic units to build any digital
circuit.
• Digital logic circuits are hardware components that
manipulate binary information.
• A digital system is basically a black box with a minimum
of one input and one output.
• Inside this box, are millions of switches called transistors.
• Transistors perform different functions according to
inputs.
• In binary logic circuits there are only two levels: 0 and 1.
Digital Logic Levels
• Electrical Signals (voltages or currents) that exist
throughout a digital system are in either of two
recognizable values (logic 1 or logic 0)

VOH -- Minimum OUTPUT Voltage

level a TTL device will provide for a
HIGH signal.
VIH -- Minimum INPUT Voltage
level to be considered a HIGH.
VOL -- Maximum OUTPUT Voltage
level a device will provide for a
LOW signal.
VIL -- Maximum INPUT Voltage
level to still be considered a LOW.

Signal levels for binary logic values

Digital Logic Gates
• There are three fundamental logical
opera3ons, from which all other func3ons,
no ma7er how complex, can be derived.
These Basic func3ons are named.
• AND: X AND Y, X . Y, X Y
• OR: X OR Y, X + Y, X v Y
• NOT: X̄
Describing a logic system
• By using one of the following two methods:
• A Truth Table
• A Boolean Expression

• A Truth Table: showing the relationship between the

different values that the input variables take and the
result of the operation (output)
• The number of rows in the Truth Table is 2n, where n = number
of inputs

• Boolean Expression:
f(A,B,C)=A’BC’ + ABC
Boolean Expression from the truth table
• Each 1 in the output of a truth table specifies one term in
the corresponding Boolean expression.
• The expression can be read off by inspection.
• F is true when A is false AND B is true AND C is false or
• A is true AND B is true AND C is true.

• F=A’BC’ + ABC
Boolean Algebra
• In digital Logic, we are not using normal mathematics we
are using Boolean algebra.

• we need to know the laws & rules of Boolean Algebra

• The basic laws of Boolean algebra:

• The commutative law
• The associative law
• The distributive law
Commutative Law
• The commuta?ve law of addi?on for two variables is:
A+B=B+A

• The commuta?ve law of mul?plica?on for two variables

is: AB=BA
Associative Law
• The associative law of addition for three variables is:
A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C

• The associative law of multiplication for three variables

is: A(BC)=(AB)C
Distributive Law
• The distributive law for multiplication for three variables
is: A(B+C)=AB + AC

• The distributive law for addition for three variables is:

A+(BC)=(A+B)(A+C)