Network

and Data
Communication

~a:@MIMPl•lit-1
,Advantages of NPt\vork refe rs to the inter-con nPct ion of various computers
computer Network
to share thrir clcit a and information. A n0twork is a group of
Disadvantages cf
computer Network de 1.' ices connt)CtPd with each other. ComputPr n0twork consists
Basic ccmpanents or of two or more coinput r rs thJt are linl<ed in order to share
Net,•,iorl<
Types of Network re ~ource\ rx change files or allow electronic commun ication .
Network Architecture These <omputers are connected through rabies, ~ate/lit PS,
[ TW)09Y te lephonr liiw\ intrarPd light brams etc. It depends on our
reqwrrrnent.

ADV ANT AGES OF COMPUTER NETWORK

There are the following advantages of computer network:
, The major advantage of a computer network is that it allows file sharing and
remote file access. A person sitting at one workstation of a network can easily see
the files present on the other workstation.
· Resource sharing is also an important benefit of a computer network.
The software can be loaded on main computer that can be shared by connected
computers. It can be managed only through main computer.
Printers, fax mach ines, scanners or modems can be connected to main computer
and shared by the connected or linked
computers via network.
It iscost-effective due to sharing of expensive
soft..vare on many computers.
Increases the speed of sending/receivin g
fi fes or saves the tirne.
lrnportant data or files can be secured by
u~ing pdsswords.
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-f ,·omputt~r network
r ,e, ., art ·11,. follow Ing'lli;advantaH'"' 0 ~ , ..., . -' --••i-•. - ~ ~ -A
, If'""
' '' l't( ·
n,.~ln r omp , . - . . ,
•r / ,wr
h;as fo u/1'; ,10 ll!l<•r c...111 sh,,
vor
1rc
;nformat/nn•
• tJ /((ln ,lt t<> manage '·f .tfi .,.• nu mbN
, "' l :
ofr om lf!c f·ed c:omp111ers 111c.rc41~c
s.
If the· ,wtwork does not work
proµ,~ rly t·hen link ed <.: ~Jmr,utNS
ec,n not sham informc:1t1 on.
.., Pro per maintrni ance of a nr~two
rk
mquim s con siderable f'im e and
experti s<\
Traffic on n~twork incrP.ases then
its performance dc~creases.
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BA SIC CO M PO NE NT S O F
N ET WO R K
The foll owing an~ the bas ic componen
ts of network needed to design the ne
two rk.
CABLE
Ca bles arr the medium throu gh which
inform ati on usually moves from on
r() anotfwr. DiffPrPnt kinds of cable can e comp utf. r
be used dependin g upon the typ e and
rH!lwo rk. size of the
The following typ es of cables are used
in network :
l wi·,t,·d p.iir c.il,1,•<i : Twi sted pair
cables
1m,vide point-to-point connecti on be
tw e~n
e<Jtnput,~ rs. Thf~se am ustd for de1·r.rm
inin g
1h,-~ranw• of com municati on betwPt~n
r,t'nn1n1t,~r. Th<1s< cahles c.:1 re simple 1
In
inst, ill an d co rnp.iratiVf-'ly cosl-eff<;ictiv
<~. A
1w itif'( d c,,hl,· resfl!'nbles a tel
1
ephone cable.
II' ~uppo rts unly t1 lnw<r b,mdwicll
'h th c11 1

mr\m ~11 H' c.. pe<-\d of lrans( n will bP

, , . ._ ~,- · -. _,, , .. · . , low t)r. Th(~se cab les ure use J f- . L
- cornmurw- ___ dl ron , w 1slc u p,1 1r Cd1>1c com f_.s in lw o cci tt:~gor ,..,)s c or srHJrt..range
J , . , .. • .

1-.., .. u
,, ,, • , •

Twisted Pa ir (U TP) ca . ns•h'1e_Id'ed

ble and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
cable .
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'I nn t cted.
··,J'•d1tl ( ~1h lP 1 : Tl I (-'
1
• ( (
1
.. -c JC! c.
,~ 1 s1 y co
_ 1 , ·. b ,t~ cJf . ,r:;:;;;:,;;;;a;,
A codx1.1 . c <:1 bl< -1
co ns t
· · .me orhmorhe small
rJbl,,l~ . Its pc)rforrnJnn1 ;,- LJett
. - .) ,. • er t an t at of
. ..
rw, slt)d pa,r cu bl P!> It ;5 l'k This wire is properl y insula ted
for
the prevention ofJl~a k-
1
e a rv ca ble wi re.
ca rri es higher band width in
ag e of currents. It norm ally on-
is a measure of the inform ati
• •

wi dth
•

nd
• #

fed pa ir ca ble s. Ba
corn~an s~n to _tw rS y
a co mm un ica tio n ch an ne l. A higher band width capa cit
ca; ;; ;; : ~~p~ c,ty of is me as ured in term s of Hertz .
fer of da ta. It
m~ · ,g er speed of tra ns

ca bl< ~s : Th es e ca ble s are used for tran smitting

• Fi~re op tic r
. - ·-
- ..
_,.~ -·-·- ice , da ta an d vid eo . Th eir transmission capacity is highe
,.,
vo
. Fibre cables are free from
as compared as coaxial cable
e cables consists of a cent ral
--~---·•-
~
noise and interference. Thes
layers of protective material.
.. ··*•- ·--.. .

gla s~ co re su rro un de d by se ver al

se d on the pr inc iple that we can use light to
Their action is ba
n.
transmit I receive informatio

RO
NETWORK INTERFACE CA
) is also known as network
Network Interface Card (NIC
cont roller or ne tw ork ad apter. It is a computer
interfac e r
are co m po ne nt that conn ects a computer to a compute
ha rdw ard of
card attached to the motherbo
network. It is an electronic
the computer.
HUB
on where all the cables on
A hub offers a central locati ts
twork me et. It is an electronic device with certain slo
a ne server.
ecting all computers to the
which are attached for conn re
mputers. If a network has mo
A hub can attach up to 24 co
mp ute rs, it can use two or more hubs that may be
than 24 co
con nected together.

SERVER
ma in co m pu te r tha t is needed to manage the
Se rver is the
or inf or m ation shar ed by other connecte d computers
res ou rce s
ne tw or k su ch as pr inters, fil es, fa x machi ne s etc.
over
dic at ed , for ex am pl e, file serve r manage s files such as
lt is de rform
g or retrie va l of fi les ov er network and it does not pe
sendin
any other task. Browse the World :: Part-8
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WOHKS r,1 ·1ION

~ ¼\.
.,. W(Jrk 1. ~ ,,
· \
· fc11 ltJ
Io ear-/ II ~
II r.~ 1f11, ,ndividt 1t1 / f'et~lllltl l I /'1,,, ''J
.1ys1t: rn . In If>,,,
t P/Pjl lf(l'I 1/'t I fh,Jt i~cOIJrt P(./( •d peer Urch//,Pr,"t.
t1 i m.1i11 t:d1t lpt1ft•1 I .'iNV<' r as
1
II1e co,, C!t1
. 1p1,,, 11;,
\H\II .,, ,t ,., ( onnected to other Itnkecl l fl]c) c,-'1~
.
simple I I.\ ve,
11l1llf 'llfN " in tlw ni'lwork. o .1·e,
• The Set oj'
: "lite,
calledp lrJ/1
MODEM .cJ modulator. The irn'P Jr.:111,
'

It stands for modulatord m

Ottc1 '
e protoco/ . 1/1
converts .1 Q1•e
mo e
At the sending end, a t transmis . . I.Hyper Ti
sion e.t f "
digital signal to ana Iog ,or Protoco/ (ff rq~,
') S' '. .,..,.fl
over analog signal carriers such as - · , 11nple MIC/f/. J
telephone lines . , pro 10
Tran.5fer
(.S'1v!TP) c,4
function
At the rece iving end, a modem perform s the reverse
3. File Tra,1S1er
,r,

ess Protocol (Frp

and converts analog signal into digital form. The proc , Jq
4. .7ransmiso,, 1.017 ti
is called
of converting a digital signal to an analog signal Control PrOtoe
, •• 1 't1/. .1iun, while the
process of converting an analog signal to a 0
internet prota 1:t
(TCP/JP). Co/
digital signal is d< '111odu/,11io11 .

TRANSMISSION CHANNELS
t data among computers linked
The transmi ssion channels are required to transmi
together through network. These channels can
be wire or wireless. If the channels
wires then it can be coaxial cable, fibre optics, twisted
pair cable etc. If the channe~e
ar
wi rele ss then it can be satellite or radio waves.
-
Broadcart Satellite
I •- •
•
I ( (( A satellite is basicalfi,
a self contained ·
communication
system with the abilio,
to receive signals
from Earth and to
retransmit those
Ground Station signals back with the
fduurfon use of transponder-an
integrated receiver
and transmitter of :
radio signals.

.•.,i
! Browse tile \\'o;/ d :: Paii-S
 TYP ES OF NET WO RK
There are mainly three types of netwo rk based on geographic al area .

ORK (LAN )
1 . LOCAL AREA NETW
or schoo l
When the computers are interconnected within the same build ing or office
with each other
form a local area network. In local area network, computers are linked
g within a
over a limited geographical area. Computer are directly connected by cablin
share data and
limited range of area. It is much similar to telephone system. In order to
se th<~re
information, systems necessary required to be linked with each other. Suppo
netwo rking ,
are ten computers and one printer in any cyber cafe. With the help of LAN
to utlize this
all ten computers can avail the service of printer. LAN i~ d prope r meth od
facility.

Sef"Ver Desktop PC

Hub

Printer

) / Laptop
Modem

Hub

2. METR OPO LITA N AREA NETW ORK (MAN )

in the same
'.n~his.. ne~,~orking, comp uters located at differe nt places are linked but

;,;~n,;::~~~l ~~t~;:;~~~~:~:~~p:;:t~
,· i

:ff:~:~ei ~~~graphical area thban LAN. For

1 1~~:r
rh ro ugh t\1AN but it is operated bv aov . - e same c ity c~n e conne cted
d pjrticu ldr ci tv ~md cn nnect , m , b ernment b?dY or l~rge corporation . It is limite d to
· · · - any comp uters w1thtn a c,tv. area .

Bro,\ St" tht· Worl .:f Part-~ :i'J

 3. WIOE AREA NETWORK (WAN) . d
_ very large geographi,;;;I ~
II)( ",,-.. IYIJ" of ,wtworki11 g, 1Jw cornpul'ers are
, :-i t . • • • Th ~ est exam,, of WAN is Internet, th,.
linke over
•
:,e
;rn,,i. II ctin be citiPs, countries or continents. e J
J
•

;, ;

largPSI' network of the global. . cted th rough public

'd
Cornpult~rs c:onntcted to a w, e-are,a ne w:i t ork are often conne h 11· .
.b nected throug sate ite.
nelworks such as the telephone system. They ca n also e con

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAN f MAN AND WAN

Features
It stands for Widt
1. Full form It stands for Loca l It stands for
,
Metropolitan Area Area Network
Area Network 1
I

Network
- -· - ··-- ------- - - Largest
2. Network size Small Larger
High Highest
3. Cost Low
- ·-----· - ----
Slower Slowest
4. Spef!d Fastest
Twisted pair and Fibre optic/ radio
5. Transmission med ia Twisted pair w·ave and Satell ite
type fibre optic cables
6. Numb(.lr of Comp·u-t~~s·-- -Sm
~a~ll~e:'st..'.___
: - - -+=
La~rg~e_ _ _ _ ---=-L_
ar_g_e_
st_ ~ ~-
7
- -·-·· Room, office, City, province State, cou ntri es,
7. Arf\l~
build.~in~g~ _ ___J__ _ _ _ __ ...Lc_o_n_ti_n_en_t_ __

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
TI-H-ire are two types of architecture that is based of functional relationship among the
1 lernrnls of network.
1

1. CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE
This is a specific type of network in which the power computer acts as server and is
conncictPd to other computers that are cl ients of server. The server or main computer
usut1lly hc:1s large memory space, powerful central processors and large drives than its
dit)nts. Database or files or more comp lex programs are saved on server. The clients
un ,wtwork send request via messages to server then server responds to each client by
rnturning re~u lts.
. The best example is accessing y?ur .bank account from ATM in this, client compute r

,,,~,
vvdl :~end request to server and then 1t will respond or send the result to its cl·,ent c
on1puter.
Pl ~ l~•, 0 ·, , , 1hc \\',,rid :: P:1rt-S
Anvantopor.; or Clff'nt-S,:n vor Architecture
it· providf~ s:c:urity to thf~ centrt1lized database
sy~rem b~· prov iding passwords.

Df!;advontogas of Client-Sarver Architecture

r he_ .system is overloa -. s many
ded and re· ce1ve
. . . .
reque~ts trom many clients then the system wi II be
5low down.

2. PEER-PEER ARCHITECTURE
In the peer-p~er architecture, computers
)reach worksta tion are connected with eac h
, h
>ther but don t. ave server. Each workstation Smart Phone

5 connect~d with each ot.her in this

type Client-Server Architecture
if netw?r~~~g. Each workstation has equal
2spons1bil1t1es and capabilities. If the printer
; connected to anyone workstation then other
mrkstations can share it.

Advantages of Peer-Peer
Architecture
Its distributed processing allows to
distribute the increase workload and it
does not affect the system overal I.

Disadvantages of Peer-Peer
Architecture
Absence of centralised management
system and back up of files.

('r:('i -i '!tY / ; Tf,f!,,,ClUi t'

TO PO LO GY
computers and its peripherals and
The physical arrangement of components such as
.
Jles required to set up a network is called a topology
Browse the World : Part-8 ,:!f)
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,.,. , · ..,, .... ,....
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fopolo8Y·
f types of
rhe followiog ,ire the ew
are connected by on 1:
1. BUS TOPOLOGY . a bus toP
,I nodes on bacr,oo
010
.
f;
ne. The nodes are ce Si~~r
on .1
A ll the devices/
.
computers
. k wn as n1t
. 11· n cJblr or ter sends a signal up tho. r1~r1 I
mpu ',; 'vv· ·I.
1.·able. This single cable is no Ir j · When one co . n but only one accepts It~>
. . -- II I l . ci.11J e. . at10 ' th ,
to the ma111 cable ca ec ( rop k ·,ve the inform an send a message e ,
or rece uter c at
11 tl 1ri computers on the ne tw one comP aIi~~
• · .
1 h message.
information. The rest regrets t e

~ [I]
K_ Node

Main
Drop Cable
Cable

tD
Bus Tapology

computer must wait until the bus is free before it can transmit. When the signal reacn .
the end of the wire, it bounces back and travels back up the wire. ~
Adv ntages of Bus Topology
·l The bus is simple, reliable in small network, easy to use and understand
Requires the least amount of cable to connect the computers and less expensive
Easy to extend the main cable

C, sadva ·1tages of Bus Topology

Heavy network traffic can slow a bus considerably
, Each barrel connector weakens the electrical signal
Difficult to troubleshoot a bus

2. STAR l'OPOLOGV
ln this topology II h
a t e com puters are connect d .
~., .~,1 · l '

. e to central connection called

1:. , Browse the W0r!d :: Part-R
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t ~ f • vC,i l ~ • · .,, r ' J • ~.- ..
''
·dt-Yh :-..-.,•t"''i... •
f\
T ...

,,· ,rt i~ •,._t_r.·~, fn-.'r1,..,.'d~ ~fu

: , n• ., + •·
· rh• · ,t•r. .f,ff ~i•n o,fl'• f• ·m~ t
tf , ,,r,~w,t,1
I r

(f J ~"-\ tr,-~iif t •'t'flU\-'I• ~\ t •f~' f"9f if )ft\

'" HI Jt,IJ,t -ditlij h•,h ,Jf'}(' f •tfl •)(•
,,,-plfnt n,,,,fv

1 u ;'!. , .r1.,.y fo f r,wbl,··-lm,qJ d ttd

1~c.u.1ffi ,m,t,f,,u,

• Mo,,,., .Jhf in~ ii, requi rr~J

• · T}H' fdilu rP o( hub wi ll br~,i k
do~ n fh P f'ntirf• nPtwork

f 3. RitJG TOPOLOGY
tw<; neighbo ur1.i to
f very v"orkstJtion ii, connec ted in form of ring and has
t ommunic arf> on. ThP cfata I mP~sdges
travel 1n unidirec:1ionc3f e,th,•r clockwise r;r
s. Each rP.r;:w,iter '" connPCted
anticlo<:kwise . This network l onsi~ts of a set of repeater
fkt·.vPen two work stdf ions.

[[' ]
.:JI':"'

! f11 CJ / '{'Of ,, y

Browse the Worl d :: Part-8 ~

 .. 11 , , p ·•-
♦ ,1
I '

.
'v ·nt 19@ nl n1na fopofogy r
thus making troubles hooting easie
A
, • . . . /1,, (, ·,slly located 1
,1 (. itb1( t,lll 11,~ ( .dll 1 · ,( .
1

• l\in>I ndworks di'<' ,noderale/y

eas y to inst-all

Dt . ·dvontarw of Ring Topolo<

Jy
bredkdown the entire network and adding/removing of any devIr
• f,ii/un' in c(lb /e ·
• , ,
requ11·f Srew
1 mn g

4. TREE TOPOLOGY
m of tra ns mi ssi on wh ich is a bra nched cable without closed
It is a ge neralized for
co nn ect ed so as to for m a tre e like structure. Tree structure h
/oops. All co mputers are of th as
rm ediate no de s and lea ves . Ro ot node is the main or head node
a root node, inte furthe r child nodes. This structuree
t no des wh ich has no
structure and l,·c1v< s are the las
1

l for m, any no de s can ha ve an y number of the child nodes

is arranged in a hierarchica
ission fro m on e wo rks tat ion is received by all workstations on th
In this network, transm e
network.

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Ad vanta ge s of Tre e To po log y
s not affect the overall
• The failure of one workstation doe
network The information on
nehrork is divi ded
and software vendors
• It is supported by several hardware into small packers
and each packet has
y sequence number
Disad vantages to Tr ee To po log The firs t packet has
• It is costly and complex dest ination address
and the address of
, It is more difficult to configure next packer. The l.ast
packet has an end of
5. MESH TOPOLOGY the.file pointer that
indicates that number
of install packets are
ices (computers) to each
The mesh topology connects all dev
other for redundancy and fault tole
interconnect L-\ ;\s and for mis sio n
rance. It is used in \VA~s to
crit
tion s.
ica l networks like those
completed

Implementing the mesh topology is

.
expensive
--
used by ban ks and financ ial institu
and difficult

Advantages of r,. es h Topology

• Fault tolerance
• Guaranteed commun ica tion
channel capacity
«. Easy to troubleshoot

Disadvaniages of Mesh Topology

0 Difficulty of install
ation and
reconfiguration
-. Cost of maint aining redundant

, -1-- ~-

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I 1,, ·, "'n f'"" '" ,,m rrr/ i,rct
mneLl<•d ov er ;, very /,,T'. J/1 ,re
.\. ' · •

{,t1l·.., , < o wi f rie~ or co ntl nen lG, ne tworki n(J , the powerfu l compu ter i(, ·,erv~r c.0nn ~<.l~d
nt n- 1 . •ri hit r'.d tirr ! . In thi .,
cl ien l'J o f 5e rve r
n /h, •11_cHT1JHll crs 1110.'-l,1 are with each nth(!r
ute r5 t1re int,!rconnected
!<1

~
· ·, ,,, f-\ r l • "1 111• , 111,, ' · 1-:i' H;h wo rks tation I co rnp

hut du n't h,wc :;e rver

uf ca bles, computer, an d its periph~rals are ca lled
The physict.:1 / arru nq<'m e11t
. •H .', ··•·

topt;lr,(JV to !:)e t up d netw ork.

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