Applied Science and Engineering Journal for Advanced Research Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal

ISSN (Online): 2583-2468

Volume-2 Issue-5 || September 2023 || PP. 1-6 DOI: 10.54741/asejar.2.5.1

Development and Experimental Study of Bond between FRP Rebar and

Concrete

Farheen Siddiqui
1
M.Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Walchand Institute of Technology (W.I.T), Solapur, India

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Received: 15-08-2023 Revised: 02-09-2023 Accepted: 23-09-2023

ABSTRACT
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars are frequently used in civil engineering. due to their many benefits, which include
excellent weight-to-strength ratio, light weight, ease of handling, electromagnetic neutrality, and lack of rust, as an alternative
to reinforcement steel. FRP has also developed into a competitive and cost-effective structural material as production
machinery advances and more industries become industrialized. In this study, the flexural presentation of concrete reinforced
(RC) beams and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars after conditioning for 6, 9, and 12 months with simulated saltwater in a
wet-dry environment cycling is investigated. This study's goal is to present new developments in the study of FRP-reinforced
concrete structures based on current research. Among the subjects covered in this study are the bond presentation of FRP
bars' flexural behavior, concrete's compression behavior, and concrete of ductility structures reinforced with FRP bars in
recent years all over the world. The two types of FRP bars employed are basalt FRP (BFRP) and steel-FRP composite bars
(SFCBs). Steel bars are used as a point of reference. The beams are subjected to a continuous load during conditioning. There
are 24 simple-supported rays in all that have been verified.

Keywords: bond, reber, concrete

I. INTRODUCTION
Infrastructure deterioration caused by corrosion of embedded reinforcing steel is a major problem all over the world.
The use of FRP bars as concrete element reinforcement appears to be a viable approach for solving the corrosion difficulties
that plague typical steel-reinforced concrete constructions. As a result, the use of FRP bars instead of steel is becoming
increasingly common around the world. It possesses a great weight-to-strength ratio, no erosion; ease of handling, light weight,
electromagnetic neutrality, a low weight-to-strength ratio 1/4 , 1/5 the density of strengthen, non-magnetic properties, and
strong longitudinal tensile strength. Reinforcement FRP is more expensive now reinforcement steel at first, the entire cost cycle
of a structural or construction component the cost of using there are two types of applications for FRP bars in civil engineering.
The first is to use steel bars instead of concrete regarding the use of bars in concrete buildings second is to strengthen and
maintain existing constructions. FRP to strengthen a structure is reduced. Because structural or structures FRP reinforcements
on components require substantially less maintenance. With the advancement of FRP material technology in recent years, an
increasing number of academics have begun to focus on FRP application research. The main focus of this paper is the
development of research on material constructions FRP reinforced. The bond presentation of FRP bars in concrete,
compressive behaviour, shear resistance, ductility of concrete and flexural behaviour in recent years, FRP bars have been used
to strengthen structures around the world are among the topics enclosed in this study.
To prevent unwanted cracking and/or structural failure, schemes reinforcing are often designed to sustain tensile loads
in specified sections concrete. Engineers can utilize a wide variety of reinforcing materials in reinforced concrete, polymers,
including steel, and alternative composite materials. Reinforced concrete can be permanently stressed to improve the final
structure's performance under operational stresses (reinforcement in tension, and concrete in compression). The United States,
the greatest popular systems for achieving this result are post-tensioning and pre-tensioning. Figure 1 illustrates this concept.
Solid, flexible, and long-lasting structures require the following qualities in their reinforcing materials Exceptional
relative strength.
 Regardless of pH, wetness, or other conditions, there is a good connection to the concrete.
 Thermal compatibility, i.e., the ability to withstand unwanted stresses (such as contraction or expansion) as a effect of
temperature variations,
 High tensile strain tolerance

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Applied Science and Engineering Journal for Advanced Research Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal
ISSN (Online): 2583-2468
Volume-2 Issue-5 || September 2023 || PP. 1-6 DOI: 10.54741/asejar.2.5.1

 The concrete environment durability, regardless of corrosion or long-term stress.

Figure 1: Before and after the concrete was placed in place around the rebar cage of a massive reinforced concrete column

II. REVIEW LITERATURE

Galati et al. stability of concrete with FRP bars at various temperatures conducted experimental research on
specimen’s concrete reinforced with a FRP bar and thermal to subjected cycles with a extreme temperature of 70 °C. When the
bars were put at a lower cover, the bond presentation in ultimate terms of load is impaired, the thermal treatment caused a little
because of the discrepancy in CTE, and the concrete microcomputer extremely is extended of the concrete and GFRP bars. In
addition, Robert and Benmo krane conducted an experiment to determine the longevity of the link together concrete and GFRP
bars. To accelerate potential degradation, the in concrete, GFRP saloons stood entrenched then tested to tap aquatic at
temperatures of 23°C, 40 °C, and 50 °C. The goal of this study was to see how bar age pretentious the pledge between the
GFRP bars and the actual, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), Robert and Benmo krane used transform scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), and Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The grades show that, under the conditions used in this
investigation, ageing had no result on the endurance of the concrete-bar interface.

III. COMPONENTS AND PROCEDURES

3.1 Reinforcement Bar
As illustrated in Figure 2, the bottom longitudinal reinforcements were made up of three different kinds of
reinforcements: BFRP bar, bar steel, and SFCB. Displays table 1 the tensile characteristics as dignified by the authors using
ACI440.3R-12. The SFCB had a rib depth of roughly 1.0 m/m and a nominal diameter of 13.5 mm, respectively. During
pultrusion , with a depth of 0.06 d, where d was the trifling length, the BFRP bars' surfaces were ribbed with a nylon laminate.
The SFCB has thirty bundles of twenty four thousand tax vinyl ester longitudinal wrapped outside basalt fiber-reinforced
polymer and 8.0-m/m steel bar within, similar to the SFCB used by Dong et al Outmoded toughen inns were also used a
comparison. The insignificant diameters of steel bars were 9.0 m/m or 11.0 m/m the BFRP, and individually, as stated in Table
1.

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Applied Science and Engineering Journal for Advanced Research Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal
ISSN (Online): 2583-2468
Volume-2 Issue-5 || September 2023 || PP. 1-6 DOI: 10.54741/asejar.2.5.1

Figure 2: In this investigation, there were longitudinal reinforcement bars. Steel, BFRP, and SFCB are the three types of bars
available

3.2 Determinants of Bond Strength

Bond stress transfer among concrete and FRP reinforcement has been thoroughly researched. Shearing pressure
parallel to FRP bars and concrete have an interface plane is known as bond stress. The connection of an inserted regardless of
material. The first is chemical adhesion at the contact point among two resources. The friction bond, on the other hand, is a
caused by the coarseness of the bar's surface. The lugs on the reinforcing bars on the concrete surrounding, for example,
provide mechanical bearings, is the third mechanism that contributes to the bond. The parameters that determine bond strength
can be separated into many divisions based on investigations into concrete reinforced with FRP bars:
The mechanical presentation, deformation, serviceability, failure mode, crack breadth, and structural analysis and
design are all influenced by the concrete's basic mechanical properties of FRP bars behaviour.

3.3 Concrete
It was created in a lab, much like the concrete itself. The concrete mix design is shown in detail in Table 2. Water to
cement was a ratio of 0.42. It was between 5 and 15 millimeters wide in the coarse aggregate. Cube specimens having a
compressive strength of 42.7 MPa were used to test the concrete's compressive strengths.

Table 1: Mixture Concrete

Water W/C Sand Cement Corse Aggregate
(kilogram/milimeters3) (kilogram/milimeters3) (kilogram/milimeters3) (kilogram/milimeters3)

193 0.42 624 471 1252

3.4 Laboratory with a Controlled Environment

In order to model the load in the service state, a continued shipment was given to two equal beams, as indicated in
Figure 3A. The precise procedure of applying the sustained load is described in detail in Dong et al.'s the continued packing
regime was the same as in the flexural tests that followed. Many other researchers have used a similar sustained loading
mechanism. The applied sustained load for all conditioned beams was set at 30 kN, cracking was a little higher than this load,
built proceeding the trial findings the controller rays the shipment on every end strengthen platter was 15 kN, as exposed in
Figure 3A about 20 kN. Figure 3B shows the specimens in a dry-wet cycling tank constructed by hand.

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Applied Science and Engineering Journal for Advanced Research Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal
ISSN (Online): 2583-2468
Volume-2 Issue-5 || September 2023 || PP. 1-6 DOI: 10.54741/asejar.2.5.1

Figure 3: Wet-dry cycling conditions and beam specimens (A) Sustained load coupled with (B) tank conditioning

3.5 Tanks for Sea Cycling Water Wet-dry

The automatic cycling wet-dry tanks are depicted in figure 4(A); figure 4(B) depicts the interior structure of the tank.
Thermal insulating cotton was put around the walls and floor of the plastic tank. Bamboo wood and waterproof board were
used to make the top sandwich cover plate, which had cotton in the centre acts as a heat insulator. To speed up the drying of the
specimen, a ventilation hole and fan a in the a cover plate was employed.. A heating rod was also installed in the tank to keep
the seawater warm. The water temperature was kept between 20 and 35 degrees Celsius due to the heating rod's power
limitations and changes in ambient air temperature over a one-year period, summers are hot, while winters are cold. in winter
due to the heating rod's power limitations and changes in ambient air temperature over a one-year period. A surfing pump was
also installed in the tank to encourage the flow of saltwater. Seawater from one side to the other a single drive will transport.
other every 12 hours (it takes approximately 10 minutes). Sodium chloride was added a 5 percent bulk fraction of tap waterto
create a solution that mimicked saltwater. The concentration was maintained by maintaining a consistent water level.

Figure 4: Tanks for Sea Water Cycling Wet-dry. (A) Overview and (B) Inner Structure Diagram

IV. REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH FRP

The ability to prevent specimens from bending or deflecting under load referred as stiffness. Under serviceability
behaviour, it is one of the most essential properties of RC structures. Furthermore, growing the length bond from 1500 mm to
1800 mm improved the rigidity of 8mm to 10mm GFRP bars by 35% and 15%, respectively. When compared to the controller
specimen, growing the size of the bars GFRP from 8 to 10 mm improved stiffness by 100 to 114 percent. Hosen et al.
discovered that SNSM-GFRP-strengthened specimens were more rigid than control specimens. The stiffness of the reinforced
specimens in this investigation was largely determined by the extent of the SNSM bars. The results also back up the hypothesis
that larger diameter rebars have lower binding strengths, especially in higher-grade concrete. According to Baena et al., steel
rebars have a great equal of rigidity with no slip, whereas develop FRP rebars slip from the start (obtained slip values for
GFRP are greater than those for CFRP bars).

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Applied Science and Engineering Journal for Advanced Research Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal
ISSN (Online): 2583-2468
Volume-2 Issue-5 || September 2023 || PP. 1-6 DOI: 10.54741/asejar.2.5.1

4.1 Ductility's Impact on FRP Reinforced Concrete Structures

The supreme volume of the verified samples was overestimated by disregarding the involvement of in the design
equation, there are GFRP bars. Smaller spirals GFRP per nearer space are preferred over diameters larger with wider spacing
improves ductility and confinement efficiency. Sonto et al. discovered that bars GFRP can role play a special function in
enhancing for ductility samples with significant eccentricities, but this effect is minor or non-existent for small-eccentricity
specimens. As a result, the author recommends that the stirrup design in strengthened GFRP-RCCs be when employed in a
minor compression eccentric environment to ductility improve. Belarbi and Wang, found that adding fibres with a volume
fraction of 0.5 percent to concrete increased its characteristics and was found to be an actual technique to improve the ductility
of reinforced FRP systems. When contrasting to plain concrete beams, the ductility index of the FRC beams increased by more
than 30% for both un weathered and weathered conditions.

4.2 Economic Considerations for FRP Reinforced Concrete Construction

The FRP part of the bridge deck performed exceptionally well in trials. The deflections were well within the Canadian
code's restrictions, according to the author, and the supreme strains recorded the static truck were only loading 0.14 percent of
the final for FRP and only 5% for the facility shipment ended a year. The strains on the concrete caused by weights truck were
much the cracking less than strains predicted. Test ongoing data will be useful for comparing FRP reinforced and steel bridge
decks directly.
GFRP-based bridges have been studied by Berg and colleagues, with a minor amount of steel also being used. Due to
the advantages of GFRP bars over traditional reinforcing steel, researchers all over the world are focusing on their usage in
concrete buildings. Construction time for the reinforced GFRP deck was significantly less than that of the reinforced steel deck,
despite the fact that the GFRP deck's original material cost was 60% more. compared to steel, the GFRP deck saved 57 percent
on construction costs. Monitoring long-term bridge and its duplicate will be carried out in order to compare the behavior long-
term of GFRP reinforced and steel decks bridge. The reinforced GFRP bridge deck, concrete was poured at a pace of 52.16 m3
per hour. Compared to 30.06 m3 each hour on the reinforced steel deck. When In addition, long-term cost reductions are
possible due to a reduced need for maintenance or a longer bridge deck service life.

4.3 Details on the Beam and the Test System

As illustrated in Figure 5A, the bar-reinforced steel beams' tensile reinforcements were two steel 10.0-mm bars, the
bar-reinforced beams BFRP ' tensile reinforcements were three BFRP bars 8.0mm, and the SFCB-reinforced beams' tensile
reinforcements were two 12.5-mm SFCBs, as illustrated in Figure 5B. Diameter with Steel bars 6.0mm and yield 240 MPa
strength of were used for the top bars and stirrups. Figure 5 depicts the beam features. The cross-sectional area and span of the
beam were 1200 mm and 120 x 200 mm, correspondingly. The cover concrete was 20 millimeters thick. This design was
ductile chosen to ensure a failure mode, that concrete crushing is used to control the beams. As demonstrated in implying that
the bottom reinforcements will yield before crush concrete. The purpose of this design is to avoid the low section-cross
stiffness and rapid failure brittle mode caused by BFRP bar rupture.

(A) (B)

Figure 5: Details on the beam and the test equipment. (A) Filling mechanism and details beam; (B) Test device
prearrangement

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Applied Science and Engineering Journal for Advanced Research Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal
ISSN (Online): 2583-2468
Volume-2 Issue-5 || September 2023 || PP. 1-6 DOI: 10.54741/asejar.2.5.1

V. CONCLUSION
The steel bar RC concrete beams did not appear to be suitable in terms of durability, despite the fact that the results of
this paper's beam tests demonstrate that their macro-mechanical properties should be at their best for the full year. Steel bars
enclosed in a concrete cover corrode at an incredibly rapid rate. Due to volume expansion brought on by rust compounds
exposing the inner steel bars to a corrosive environment, the concrete cover will crack. Microscopic analysis revealed that the
steel bars inside completely corroded over the course of the year. In contrast, as a result of seawater and carbonation flushing,
the solution's concrete pore alkalinity decreases, which inhibits the disintegration of the FRP bars. Then, there will be a non-
convergent degradation of the macro-mechanical properties. Macro-mechanical characteristics of FRP bars and RC beams
converged with time. Current research suggests that FRP reinforcement can be effectively used in new concrete structural
components like beams and columns. The behavior of FRP bars in RC structures has been the subject of extensive mechanical
research over the past 20 years. A wide range of design guidelines have been made public throughout the world, and the
resulting corrosion of constructions has sparked investigation into the use of FRPs as potential concrete reinforcement. The
majority of this research has concentrated on the changes in the shear strength and flexural concrete beams reinforced capacity
of with FRP bars, despite the fact that great progress has been achieved in considering the FRP behavior (mostly GFRP) bars in
material. Current research suggests that FRP reinforcement can be effectively used in new concrete structural components like
beams and columns. The behavior of FRP bars in RC structures has been the subject of extensive mechanical research over the
past 20 years. A wide range of design guidelines have been made public throughout the world, and the resulting corrosion of
constructions has sparked investigation into the use of FRPs as potential concrete reinforcement. The majority of this research
has concentrated on the changes in the shear strength and flexural concrete beams reinforced capacity of with FRP bars, despite
the fact that great progress has been achieved in considering the FRP behavior (mostly GFRP) bars in material.

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