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Broadside and End-Fire Array

This document describes a student experiment to design and simulate broadside and end-fire array antennas using EM simulation software. The objectives are to study antenna parameters like radiation pattern, return loss, impedance, directivity and gain. It provides the prerequisites, apparatus, specifications and observations for the experiment. It also includes the theory of array antennas, design of the array elements, diagrams of the broadside and end-fire arrays, and calculations and graphs of the simulation results.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
112 views10 pages

Broadside and End-Fire Array

This document describes a student experiment to design and simulate broadside and end-fire array antennas using EM simulation software. The objectives are to study antenna parameters like radiation pattern, return loss, impedance, directivity and gain. It provides the prerequisites, apparatus, specifications and observations for the experiment. It also includes the theory of array antennas, design of the array elements, diagrams of the broadside and end-fire arrays, and calculations and graphs of the simulation results.

Uploaded by

garibal271
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

ROLL NO:42215 DIVISION: BE 6


CLASS: B.E. E&TC SUBJECT: RMT
EXPT. NO.: 12 DATE:

TITLE: Design and simulate Broadside and End-fire array antenna using EM simulation software.

PREREQUISITES:

1. Radiation pattern
2. Half Power Beam Width
3. First Null Beamwidth
4. Reflection coefficient
5. Voltage standing wave ratio

OBJECTIVE: To study antenna parameters like radiation pattern, return loss, impedance, Directivity,
gain and beam width.

APPARATUS: Any EM Software (CADFEKO)

SPECIFICATION: f=600*10^6 Hz, N=4, d=lambda/4, use Half wavelength

Dipole antenna as an array element

OBSERVATIONS: Structure (Length of an antenna), Radiation Pattern,

HPBW, Directivity, Gain,

ARRAY THEORY:

Radiated field of N-element linear array (uniform amplitude and spacing)

Radiated field = Array element X Array factor

The array factor of N-element

RMT-2019 Pattern
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

𝜓 = progressive phase

d = separation between the elements

𝛽 = phase excitation difference between two elements (relative to the

previous one)

𝜃 = desired angle

If the reference point is the physical center of the array, then

DESIGN OF ARRAY ELEMENT: Length of half-wavelength dipole antenna is

L= Wavelength/2

RMT-2019 Pattern
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

DIAGRAM OF BROADSIDE ARRAY:

CALCULATION OF BROADSIDE ARRAY:

Broadside array: It is desirable to have the maximum radiation of an array directed normal to the axis of
the array [broadside; 𝜃0 = 900]

The first maximum of the array factor occurs when(𝜓=0)

The maxima of the single element and of the array factor should both be directed toward 𝜃0 = 900

To achieve this, calculate the phase excitation difference between two elements (𝛽)

RMT-2019 Pattern
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

GRAPHS OF BROADSIDE ARRAY ANTENNA:

i. Cad-feko Geometry

ii. Radiation pattern 3D

RMT-2019 Pattern
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

iii. Radiation pattern 2D

iv. Gain

RMT-2019 Pattern
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

DESIGN OF ARRAY ELEMENT: Length of half wavelength dipole antenna is


L= Wavelength/2

DIAGRAM OF End-Fire ARRAY:

CALCULATION OF End-Fire ARRAY:

End-Fire array: The maximum radiation broadside to the axis of the array, it may be desirable to direct
it along the axis of the array (end-fire).

i.e., it radiates toward only one direction (either 𝜃0 = 0◦ or 1800)

The first maximum of the array factor occurs when (𝜓=0)

To direct the maximum toward 𝜃= 00

To achieve this, calculate the phase excitation difference between two elements (𝛽)
RMT-2019 Pattern
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

To direct the maximum toward 𝜃=1800

To achieve this, calculate the phase excitation difference between two elements (𝛽)

RMT-2019 Pattern
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

GRAPHS OF End-Fire ARRAY ANTENNA:

i. Cad-feko Geometry

ii. Radiation pattern 3D

RMT-2019 Pattern
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

iii. Radiation pattern 2D

iv. Gain

RMT-2019 Pattern
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

CONCLUSION:

RERFERENCES:

1. Antenna Theory: Analysis and design, Constantine A. Balanis, 3rd Edition,


John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
2. Principles of Antenna Theory, Kai Fong Lee, 1984, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
ISBN 0 471 90167 9.

RMT-2019 Pattern

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