Prof.

Ijaz Ahmad Khan Abbasi (Lecturer Biology PGC)

CHAPTER

• Exercise Short Answers

• Important Short Answers

• Exercise MCQ’s
• Important Additional
MCQ’s
• Past MDCAT MCQ’s

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 Prof. Ijaz Ahmad Khan Abbasi (Lecturer Biology PGC)

Exercise Short Answers

Q:1 What is the advantage of a digestive tract as compared with digestive cavity?

Ans: Digestive tract is better digestive system as compared to digestive cavity because digestive tract is comparable to tube like and digestive cavity is
comparable to sac-like digestive system. Moreover in tube like digestive system food passes through different segments so offering better digestion and
absorption in respective section (division of labour) rather than a single cavity performing all functions.

Q:2 What are functions of human liver?

Ans: Functions of human liver:

• It secretes bile which may be temporarily stored in the gall bladder and released into the duodenum through the bile duct.
• Bile contains bile salts, which acts on fats and emulsifies them.
• It converts highly toxic ammonia into less toxic urea to be extracted through kidneys.
• It filters and stores blood.
• It is storage site for vitamins, iron, blood substances used in blood clotting.

Q:3 What measures should be taken to avoid food poisoning?

Ans: Preventive measures to avoid food poisoning:

• The liquid that escape during defrosting frozen meat contains Salmonella bacteria.
• The dishes and utensils while the meat is defrosting must not be allowed to come in contact with any other food.

Q:4 Can we get along without large intestine?

Ans: We cannot get along without large intestine because:

• In large intestine absorption of water and salts take place.

• Large intestine also harbors many useful bacteria that synthesize vitamin k.
• Rectum is the part of the large intestine where feces are temporarily stored and then rejected through anus,

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Important Short Answers

Q:1 Define nutrition.

Ans: Nutrition: The process of acquiring nutrients and energy foe cell metabolism is called nutrition. OR

The sum total of all the processes involved in taking and utilization of elements by which growth, repair and maintenance of activities in the organisms
are accomplished is called nutrition.

• It includes all the processes by which we take in food and utilize it, including ingestion, digestion, absorption and assimilation.
• The food or any substance that supplies the body with elements, necessary for metabolism is called nutrient.
• Certain nutrients (Carbohydrates, fats and proteins) provide energy while other nutrients (water, electrolytes, minerals and vitamins) are essential to the
metabolic processes.

Q:2 Differentiate between autotrophy and hetrotrophy.

Autotrophy Heterotrophy

• Mechanism in which organisms prepare their own organic food by • Mechanism in which organism depends upon on other organisms for
themselves using simple inorganic substances/molecule and such their food and such organism are called heterotrophs.
organisms are called autotrophs.
• Raw materials are accumulated from the environment for making food. • Ready food is taken and used as source of nutrition.

• Autotrophs are either photoautotrophs or chemoautotrophs. • Heterotrophs are either photoheterotrophs or chemoheterotrophs.

• Plants and algae etc. • Animals, fungi etc.

Q:3 What is holozoic nutrition? Name steps in holozoic nutrition.

Ans: Holozoic Nutrition: (Greek; Holo=whole and Zoikos=of animals)

It is a type of heterotrophic nutrition that is characterized by the internalization (Ingestion) and internal processing of liquids or solid organic
food particles to get energy.

Steps of holozoic nutrition:

1) Ingestion
2) Digestion
3) Absorption
4) Assimilation
5) Egestion

Q:4 Differentiate between sac like digestive system and tube-like digestive system

Sac like digestive system Tube like digestive system

• Digestive tract which is sac like and has single opening only. • Digestive tract which is tube like and has two separate opening.

• Single opening serves as both and anus. • Separate openings serve separately as mouth and anus.

• No proper demarcations in digestive tract. • Proper demarcation in digestive tract is seen.

• So important steps of nutrition like digestion and absorption occurs in • So important steps of nutrition like digestion and absorption occurs in a
sac like body. tube like body in different regions.

• Such digestive tract is not so efficient. • Such digestive tract is highly efficient.

• Examples: Hydra, planaria etc. • Examples: Earthworm, Cockroach, man etc.

Q:5 Differentiate between herbivore and carnivore.

Herbivore Carnivore

• The animals that feed on plants are called herbivores. • The animals which feed on another animal are called carnivore.

• Canine are absent in them. • The carnivores have large canine teeth. These canine are used for catching
and tearing the prey.

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• The upper incisors are absent in grazing and browsing herbivores like • The incisors, premolars and molars are all adapted for cutting flesh,
deer and sheep. The premolar and molar teeth of the herbivores have cracking bone. They break the chunks to size suitable for swallowing.
large grinding surface.
• There is large gap between incisors and premolars. • The gap is absent.

• The typical herbivores are insects, reptiles, birds and mammals. Two • Examples of carnivores are cat, dog, tiger etc.
important groups of herbivore mammals are rodents and ungulates.

Q: 6 How does jaundice develop?

Ans: Jaundice:

If bile pigments are prevented from leaving digestive tract they many accumulate in blood and cause a condition called jaundice.

Q:7: Differentiate between nutrition and nutrient.

Nutrition Nutrrient

• The sum total of all the processes involved in taking and utilization of • The food or any substance that supplies the body with elements, necessary
elements by which growth, repair and maintenance of activities in the for metabolism is called nutrient.
organisms are accomplished is called nutrition. OR
• The process of acquiring nutrients and energy foe cell metabolism is
called nutrition.
• It includes all the processes by which we take in food and utilize it, • It is food or any subtance that is utilized in different steps of nutrition.
including ingestion, digestion, absorption and assimilation.
• Examples: Autotrohic mode of nutrition found in green plants while • Examples: Certain nutrients (Carbohydrates, fats and proteins) provide
hetrotrophic mode of nutrition found in animals. energy while other nutrients (water, electrolytes, minerals and vitamins)
are essential to the metabolic processes.

Q:8: Differentiate between intracellular and extracellular digestion.

Intracellular digestion Extracellular digestion

• In intracellular digestion, breakdown of food occurs within cells. • In extracellular digestion, enzymes are secreted outside the cell into the
gut cavity or lumen where then digestion takes place.

• Digestion occurs in food vacuole. • Digestion occurs in cavity.

• Absorption takes place by final canal. • Absorption takes place by epithelial cells.

• Undigested food removed by exocytosis. • Undigested food removed by anus or cloaca.

• Example: Protozoan i.e. amoeba. • Example: Cockroach, human etc.

Q:9 Differentiate between saprophytic and parasitic mode of nutrition.

Saprophytic mode of nutrition Parasitic mode of nutrition

• These organisms grow on dead and obtain nutrients from decaying • These organisms depend upon other living organisms to obtain nutrients.
organic material.
• The use extracellular mode of digestion. • They use intracellular mode of digestion.

• They absorb nutrients through cell wall. • They absorb nutrients through haustoria.

• They are dependent on decaying organic matter. • They may be completely dependent or free living as well.

• Examples: Bacteria and Fungi. • Examples: Plasmodium, tick and mites, Cuscuta etc.

Q:10 What are salivary glands? What are the types of salivary glands in man?

Ans: Saliva is secreted by 3 pairs of salivary glands:

a) Sublingual glands: These are situated below the tongue.

b) Submaxillary/Submandibular glands: These are situated behind the jaws.
c) Parotid glands: These are situated in front of internal ears.

Composition and functions of saliva:

• The components present in saliva are:

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 Prof. Ijaz Ahmad Khan Abbasi (Lecturer Biology PGC)
• Water and mucus (It lubricates the food).
• Sodium bicarbonate and some other salts (It acts as an antiseptic).
• Amylase or Ptyalin for digestion of carbohydrates (Starch into maltose).

Q:11 What are insectivorous/carnivorous

Ans: Insectivorous plants are truly autotrophs but they grow in marshy area where they cannot fulfil their need of nitrogen. So they catch and digest insects so
as to fulfil their need of nitrogen. This phenomenon of eating insects is called insectivory.

Examples of insectivory plants are as follow:

• Pitcher plant: Saracenia pupurea

• Venus fly trap: Dionaea muscipula
• Sun dew: Drosera intermedia

Q:12 What is heart burn or pyrosis?

Ans: Heart burn or pyrosis:

Heart burn or pyrosis is a painful burning sensation in the chest usually associated with the back flush of acidic chyme into the esophagus. This is due to
overeating, eating fatty food, lying down immediately after a meal, consuming too much alcohol, caffeine or smoking.

Q:13 Differentiate between Peristalsis and antiperistalsis.

Peristalsis Antiperistalsis

• Peristalsis is the downward wave-like movements of smooth muscles • Antiperistalsis is the upward or backward wave-like movements of
along digestive tract. smooth muscle along digestive tract.

• It propels food from mouth to stomach and whole cavity canal. • It propels food from the intestine back into stomach and even into the
mouth.

• Peristalsis is a normal process. • Antiperistalsis leading to vomiting.

• Peristalsis occurs as an involuntary action for the effective digestion of • Antiperistalsis occurs due to undigested foods, vomiting due to
ingested food. metabolic disorders etc.

Q:14 What do you know about hunger pang in human?

Ans: Hunger contractions are peristaltic contractions which are increased by low blood glucose level and are sufficiently strong to create an uncomfortable
sensation often called hunger pangs. Hunger pangs occur usually 12-24 hour after previous meal or in less time for some people.

Q:15 What is dyspepsia?

Ans: Dyspepsia: Incomplete or imperfect digestion is called dyspepsia. Dyspepsia is not a disease itself. Actually it is symptomatic of other diseases.

Symptoms: This is characterized by:

• Abdominal discomfort
• Flatulence
• Heartburn
• Nausea
• Vomiting

These symptoms may occur irregularly and in different patterns from time to time.

Reasons:

• Excessive acidity in stomach

• Faulty function of stomach and intestine
• Insufficient quality or quantity of bile secretion

Q:16 Give the features of sporophytes. What is saprophytic nutrition?

Ans: If food is obtained from non-living/dead organic matter is called saprophytic nutrition.

• Saprophyte feed on dead matter like dead leaves in the soil rotting tree trunks.
• Extracellular enzymes are produced by plants which digest the decaying matter and absorb the soluble product back into their cells.
• Some bacteria break the protein of dead plants and animals and release nutrients which are taken up by the plant roots and thus help in nitrogen cycle
i.e. nitrogen fixation in root nodules. Examples: Mushrooms and Rhizopus etc.

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 Prof. Ijaz Ahmad Khan Abbasi (Lecturer Biology PGC)
Q:1Give two ways by which pepsinogen is activated. How pepsinogen is converted into pepsin.

Ans: These cells secrete pepsinogen.

Pepsin:

• Pepsin is an enzyme.
• It is secreted in an inactive form called pepsinogen.
• Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin, when exposed to the acidic medium.
• Pepsin hydrolyses the proteins to yield peptones and peptidoglycan.

Q:18 Define macrophages feeding with example.

Ans: Macrophages feeding:

The animals which take food in the form of large pieces are called microphagous feeders.

The common methods of microphagous feeding are:

I. Tentacular feeding e.g. Hydra

II. Scraping e.g. Snail with Radula
III. Seizing prey and swallowing e.g. spotted dog fish.

Q:19 Differentiate between Gastrin and Secretin.

Gastrin Secretin

• It is released from endocrine lining of stomach. • It is a hormone released from endocrine lining of duodenum.

• Specific proteins in food stimulate the gastrin to release. • It is secreted by stimulation of acidic chyme touching walls of duodenum.

• It causes the release of gastric juice from gastric glands. • It inhibits the secretion of gastric juice and stimulates the release of
hepatic and pancreatic secretion.

Q:20 Differentiate between food poisoning and botulism.

Food poisoning Botulism

• It is an illness of food containing toxic substances. • It is a severe form of food poisoning.

• It is caused by toxins produced by bacteria Salmonella and • It is caused by toxins produced by bacteria known as Clostridium
Comphylobacter. botulinum.

• It symptoms are diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain. • Its symptoms are fatigue, dizziness, double vision, head ache,, vomiting,
diarrhea and abdominal pain. Cardiac and respiratory paralysis may
occur.

• It develops by the use of unpasteurized milk and improperly cooked • It develops by the use of improperly canned or otherwise preserved food
meat. especially meat.

Q:21 Write down the role and deficiency symptoms of K, N and MG in plants.

Elements Role Effect of deficiency

N It is an important part of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids etc. • Stunned growth

• Premature death of plant

K Helps in photosynthesis and growth. • Stunned growth

• Margins of old leaves become yellow

Mg A central atom of chlorophyll. Chlorosis

Q:22 What is Diarrhea:

Ans: Diarrhea:

• Diarrhea is the rapid movement of watery fecal matter through the large intestine due to less absorption of water and electrolytes.
• Any pathology that irritates and increase the motility of intestinal wall especially colon can cause diarrhea.
• Diarrhea may lead to dehydration that always proves to be fatal especially in children.

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 Prof. Ijaz Ahmad Khan Abbasi (Lecturer Biology PGC)
Q:23 Differentiate between Constipation and Diarrhea.

Constipation Diarrhea

• It is slow movement of feces through the large intestine. • It is the rapid movement of fecal matter through the large intestine.

• It is associated with large quantities of dry and hard feces due to • It is associated with watery feces due to less absorption of water and
excessive absorption of water. electrolytes.

• It may lead to piles or hemorrhoids. • It may lead to dehydration that always proves to be fatal especially in
children.

Q:24 What is Obesity?

Ans: Obesity: Obesity means excessive fat in the body.

• Obese is a person who has abnormal amount of fat on the body.

• Obesity occurs when a person eats too much than body requirement and the surplus food is stored in body as fat.
• Fat is stored in the cytoplasm of cells in the form of droplets that later become large globules. These cells are called fat cells or adipose cells.
• Groups of fat cells or adipose cells from adipose tissue around the kidney, in the abdomen and under the skin.

Q:25 How adipose tissue is formed?

Ans: If one eat too much food than body requirement, surplus food is stored in the cells as fat called adipose cells or fat cells. These fats are stored in the
cytoplasm of the cells are droplets. As these droplets increase in number, they join together to form one large globule of fat in the middle of the cell pushing the
cytoplasm into thin layer and nucleus to one side. Groups of fat cells or adipose cells form adipose tissue in the abdomen, around the kidneys and under the
skin.

Q:26 Wat are the symptoms shown in plants of nitrogen deficiency and potassium deficiency in the soil.

Ans: Symptoms shown in plants of nitrogen deficiency:

• Leaves particularly older turn pale yellow due to strong chlorosis.

• Plant growth remains stunted and lateral buds remain dormant.
• Processes of cell division and cell enlargement are inhibited.

Symptoms shown in plants of Potassium deficiency:

• Leaf margin turn yellow and brown in color.

• Premature death of the plants occurs.
• Irregular chlorosis occurs.
• Plant is stunted in growth.

Q:27 How Sundew (Drosera) show its insectivorous activity?

Ans: Sundew plant shows its insectivorous activity by modification of its leaves into two halves that bear numerous hairs like tentacles, each with a gland at its
tip. When the insect, attracted by plant odor, triggers the hair, the two halves of the leaf are enclosed trapping the insect.

Q:28 What is holozoic nutrition?

Ans: Holozoic nutrition: The nutrition in which complete, non-diffusible food is taken in and digested into smaller diffusible molecules which can be
absorbed and assimilated is called holozoic nutrition.

• It is found in free living animals which have specialized digestive tract in which various process occur.
• Holozoic nutrition is achieved by ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion.

Q:29 What are nematocysts? What is their role in ingestion of prey?

Ans: Nematocysts: Nematocysts are numerous stinging cells embedded in the tentacles of coelenterates.

• Each nematocyst consists of a hollow thread coiled within a capsule and a tiny hair like trigger projecting outside.

Role of nematocyst in ingestion of prey:

When a prey such as Daphnia or Cyclops comes in contact with the trigger of nematocyst, the hollow thread of nematocyst turns out ejects poison and
prey is paralyzed or sometimes killed. Coelenterate such as Hydra then grasps its prey with its tentacles and pushes it into the digestive cavity through open
mouth.

Q:30 Write down causes and treatment of anorexia nervosa?

Ans: Causes of anorexia nervosa:

• An anorexia girl over estimates the size of her body and so insists that she is over-weight when in reality her weight has dropped to dangerous level.
• An anorexic girl is often immature psychologically and unable to cope with challenges of puberty and her emerging sexuality.

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Treatment of anorexia Nervosa:

• Psychiatric therapy is usually required when anorexic girl refuses to eat.

• Anorexic girl is usually fed through any route other than alimentary canal that is intramuscularly or intravenously.

Q:31 How is food swallowed by you?

Ans: Swallowing of food: Following steps take place in swallowing the food;

• The tongue moves upwards and backwards against the roof of the mouth cavity forcing the bolus to the back of the mouth cavity.
• The backward movement of the tongue elevates the soft palate. Elevation of soft palate:
1. Closes nasal cavity and prevents food from entering it.
2. Exerts pressure against the back wall of the pharynx that triggers an automatic involuntary response which include;
a) Contraction of a ring of muscle of glottis closing it partly.
b) Rise of larynx.
c) Taking of epiglottis in the elevated position keeping food out of the respiratory tract, directing it instead into esophagus.
• The food is forced down the esophagus by peristalsis.

Q:32 What is ulcer?

Ans: Ulcer:

• Ulcer is a lesion or sore on the skin or a mucous membrane, that erodes away the skin or mucous membrane.
• Peptic ulcer is a break in mucus layer of the stomach or first part of small intestine, duodenum.
• Occasionally, peptic ulcer is so severe that a hole develops in the wall of digestive tract and the contents of the tract spill into the abdominal cavity,
leading to serve infection which may prove to be fatal.

Q:33 How the secretion of gastric juice is regulated?

Ans: Regulation of secretion of gastric juice:

The secretion of gastric juice is regulated by smell, sight and quality of food (protein). But all these secrete a very small amount of gastric juice. The
enzyme present in the gastric juice partially digests protein molecules. When partially digested protein particles touch the mucosal surface of stomach they
stimulate the production of gastrin hormone that is carried by the blood to the gastric glands and stimulates them to produce a large quantity of gastric juice.

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Exercise MCQ’s
❖ Encircle the correct answer from the multiple choices.

1) A plant requires nitrogen and sulfur for its:

a) Cell wall b) Enzymes c) Starch deposits d) DNA replication
2) A plant requires potassium for:
a) Synthesizing protein
b) Synthesizing chlorophyll
c) Opening and closing of stomata
d) Synthesizing fats
3) Carnivorous plants live in soils that are deficient in:
a) Water b) Oxygen c) Nitrogen d) Iron
4) Most vitamins functions as:
a) Catalyst b) High energy compound c) Gastro vascular cavity d) Mouth
5) Digestion in hydra and planaria takes place within its:
a) Transport molecules b) Alimentary canal c) Gastro vascular cavity d) Coelom
6) Mucus in saliva is made of:
a) Saturated fatty acids b) Glycoproteins c) Phospholipids d) Glycolipids
7) The structure in mouth that prevents food from entering the nasal cavities is the:
a) Epiglottis b) Soft palate c) Tongue d) Pharynx
8) A mammalian herbivore has:
a) Fewer teeth than carnivore
b) Flatter teeth than a carnivore
c) More teeth than a carnivore
d) More pointed than a carnivore
9) Many humans become ill from consuming milk and milk products because they lack:
a) Bacteria in intestine b) Hydrochloric acid c) Lactase d) Renin
10) Which of the following animals has no need for a gallbladder?
a) Cat b) Man c) Lion d) Goat

Answer key:
1 b 2 c 3 c 4 a 5 c
6 b 7 b 8 b 9 c 10 d

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Most important MCQ’s

❖ Encircle the correct answer from the multiple choices.

Nutrition and Modes of Nutrition

1. Animals obtain carbohydrates mainly from:
a) Glucose b) Starch c) Sucrose d) Glycogen
2. The chemical link between catabolism and anabolism is:
a) Transpiration b) ATP c) Respiration d) Growth
3. Carbohydrates, fats & proteins are essential for:
a) Metabolic processes of an organism
b) Providing energy
c) Formation of structures
d) All of these
4. Autotrophic organisms can exist in an exclusively ______ environment:
a) Organic b) Inorganic c) Wet d) Terrestrial

Nutritional deficiency in plants

5. Magnesium is an important nutrition in green plants as it is essential component of:
a) Cell sap b) Proteins c) Chlorophyll d) Glucose
6. Deficiency of phosphorus in plant causes:
a) Yellow leaf margins b) Studded growth of roots c) Premature plants death d) Chlorosis
7. In plant studded growth of roots is due to deficiency of:
a) Potassium b) Phosphorus c) Magnesium d) Nitrogen
+
8. Deficiency of K causes:
a) Stunted growth & strong chlorosis
b) No electron transport chains
c) Premature death of leaves
d) Stunted growth of roots
9. Deficiency of which of the following causes chlorosis?
a) Nitrogen b) Magnesium c) Iron d) Both a and b
10. Strong chlorosis is due to the deficiency of _____ in plants:
a) Magnesium b) Nitrogen c) Potassium d) Phosphorus

Nutrition in plants
11. Which one is parasitic plant?
a) Pitcher plant b) Venus fly trap c) Sundew d) Dodder
12. In root nodules bacteria convert nitrogen into:
a) Ammonia b) Nitrate c) Urea d) Nitrite
13. Carnivorous plants grow in the soil that are deficient in:
a) Water b) Oxygen c) Nitrogen d) Iron
14. What is the special adaptation in sundew plant (Drosera intermedia) for insectivory?
a) Blobbed Lamina of leaf b) Stiff bristles on leaf margin c) Glandular tentacles on leaf d) Leaf modified into pitcher
15. Drosera intermedia is commonly called:
a) Sundew b) Venus Fly Trap c) Pitcher plant d) Dodder
16. All of the insectivorous plants are true:
a) Heterotrophs b) Autotrophs c) Carnivores d) Saprotrophs
17. Nodules on roots of leguminous plants have _____ bacteria:
a) Anaerobic b) Nitrogen fixing c) Nitrifying d) Ammonifying
18. The leaf is bilobed with midrib between them. The plant is:
a) Saraccnia b) Dionaea c) Pitcher plant d) None of these

Nutrition in Animals
19. The animals which feed on organic debris are:
a) Herbivores b) Carnivores c) Omnivores d) Detritivores
20. Bacteria and fungi are examples of:
a) Products b) Consumers c) Decomposers d) Detritivores
21. The animals which feed on plants are:
a) Detritivores b) Herbivores c) Carnivores d) Omnivores
22. Deer and sheep are examples of:
a) Herbivores b) Detritivores c) Carnivores d) Omnivores

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23. Rodents are:
a) Herbivores b) Detritivores c) Carnivores d) Omnivores
24. Which one of the following is not a carnivore?
a) Cat b) Dog c) Lion d) Deer
25. Which one of the following is not a carnivore?
a) Cat b) Dog c) Bear d) Tiger
26. The animals which feed upon other animals are called:
a) Carnivores b) Detritivores c) Herbivores d) Omnivores
27. The animals have large canine:
a) Carnivores b) Detritivores c) Herbivores d) Omnivores
28. Which of the following is not omnivore?
a) Crow b) Bear c) Pig d) Deer
29. The animals which eat both plant and animals are called:
a) Herbivores b) Carnivores c) Filter feeder d) Omnivores
30. A common mussel (Filter feeder) has 2 large gills covered with:
a) Flagella b) Cilia c) Pseudopodia d) Shell
31. Certain types of whales are:
a) Detritivores b) Fluid feeder c) Omnivores d) Filter feeder
32. Which of the following is fluid feeder?
a) Aphid b) Earthworm c) Sheep d) Man
33. The animals which ingest food in liquid form are called:
a) Carnivores b) Filter feeder c) Microphagous feeder d) Fluid feeders
34. Seizing and swallowing type of microphagous feeding is found in:
a) Aphids b) Hydra c) Mussels d) Spotted dog fish
35. There is a rasping tongue-like stature in mollusks called:
a) Radula b) Blastula c) Gastrula d) Morula
36. The feeding that occurs in the garden snail is:
a) Tentacular b) Seizing c) Scraping d) Filter
37. An organism that live upon or within another organisms (parasitism) is called:
a) Predator b) Pest c) Parasite d) Host
38. Of the following, which one has more variety of nutrition?
a) Animals b) Bacteria c) Plants d) Fungi
39. Earthworm is an example of ______ feeder:
a) Detritus b) Fluid c) Macrophages d) Filter
40. Of the following, which one is missing in herbivores?
a) Premolars b) Canines c) Incisors d) Molars

Holozoic Nutrition
41. The process of intake of food:
a) Absorption b) Ingestion c) Assimilation d) Egestion
42. Utilization of products of digestion for production of energy or synthesis of cellular material is:
a) Absorption b) Digestion c) Assimilation d) Egestion

Nutrition in Amoeba, Hydra, Planaria, Cockroach

43. In amoeba digestion is:
a) Intracellular b) Extracellular c) Both a & b d) None of these
44. The one in which only intercellular digestion occur:
a) Cockroach b) Planaria c) Amoeba d) Hydra
45. Digestion in Hydra takes place in:
a) Mouth b) Colon c) Enteron d) Stomach
46. In hydra, ectodermal cells got food from endodermal cells by:
a) Osmosis b) Active transport c) Facilitated diffusing d) Diffusion
47. Tentacles is a characteristics of:
a) Cockroach b) Planaria c) Amoeba d) Hydra
48. The intestinal caeca are present in digestive system of:
a) Hydra b) Planaria c) Cockroach d) Earthworm
49. In cockroach food is temporarily stored in:
a) Gizzard b) Esophagus c) Mesenteron d) Crop
50. In cockroach food (Partially digested food) is temporarily stored in:
a) Rectum b) Gizzard c) Crop d) Colon
51. In planaria, numerous small branches which end blindly are called as:
a) Digestive tract b) Intestinal caeca c) Hepatic caeca d) Both b & c
52. Midgut in cockroach is a short narrow tube called:
a) Hepatic caeca b) Gizzard c) Stomach d) Rectum

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Digestion in Man
53. Saliva is secretion of salivary glands. Which of the following are not its components?
a) Water & Mucus b) Pepsin c) Sodium Bicarbonate d) Amylase
54. Parotid gland is found in:
a) Stomach b) Mouth c) Intestine d) Esophagus
55. Parotid glands are situated in front of the:
a) Jaws b) Ears c) Tongue d) Eyes
56. Sub-lingual glands are located below the:
a) Jaws b) Ear c) Tongue d) All of these
57. pH of fresh saliva is about:
a) 6.0 b) 7.0 c) 8.0 d) 9.0
58. Carbohydrate digesting enzymes are called:
a) Ligase b) Amylase c) Protease d) Lipase
59. During swallowing the food travels from oval cavity to the stomach by way of esophagus:
a) Very quickly b) Pushed down by pharynx c) By antiperistalsis d) Moving due to peristalsis
60. Structure in mouth that prevents food from entering nasal cavities is:
a) Epiglottis b) Nose c) Soft palate d) Glottis
61. The human stomach is situated below the:
a) Diaphragm b) Liver c) Kidneys d) Spleen
62. The mucosa of the stomach possesses ………………. cells:
a) Mucous b) Parietal c) Zymogen d) All of these
63. Oxyntic cell secrete:
a) Mucous b) Bicarbonates c) HCl d) Pepsinogen
64. Which of the following cells secretes hydrochloric acid?
a) Mucous cells b) Zymogen cells c) Epithelial cells d) Oxyntic cells
65. HCl is secreted by which cell in stomach:
a) Mucous cell b) Zymogen cells c) Parietal cells d) Chief cell
66. Pepsin is secreted by:
a) Mucus cell b) Zymogen cell c) Parietal cells d) Oxyntic cells
67. The term chime is applied to:
a) Semi digestive food in oral cavity
b) Semi-solid food in stomach
c) Semi digested food in the small intestine
d) Completely digested food in last part of small intestine
68. The muscles of the stomach walls thoroughly mix up the food with gastric juices and the resulting semi-solid / semi-liquid material is
called:
a) Bolus b) Mucus c) Bolus or chyme d) Chyme
69. Which type of cells in human stomach secrete Gastrin:
a) Mucous cells b) Parietal cells c) Zymogens cells d) Endocrine cells
70. Gastrin is the hormone which is produced by the:
a) Liver b) Pyloric region of stomach c) Mucosal lining of intestine d) Gland
71. The first part of the small intestine is called:
a) Rectum b) Ileum c) jejunum d) Duodenum
72. The length of duodenum is about:
a) 15-20 cm b) 20-25 cm c) 30-35 cm d) 10-15 cm
73. Pancreas is a:
a) Part of stomach b) Part of large intestine c) Part of small intestine d) Separate gland
74. The carbohydrate digesting enzyme in pancreatic juice is:
a) Lipase b) Amylase c) Erypsin d) Trypsin
75. Trypsinogen is converted into trypsin by the activity of:
a) NaHCO3 b) HCl c) Enterokinase d) Peptidase
76. The enzyme which is not secreted by the pancreas is:
a) Trypsinogen b) Amylase c) Enterokinase d) Lipase
77. Liver secretes bile into:
a) Helium b) Stomach c) Tongue d) Jejunum
78. Emulsification is the function of:
a) Bile b) Lipase c) Amylase d) Protease
79. Which animal has no need of gall bladder?
a) Cat b) Man c) Lion d) Goat
80. Gastric secretion is inhibited by:
a) Bile b) Pancreatic juice c) Secretin d) Gastrin
81. Hepatic and pancreatic secretions are stimulated by hormone called:
a) Gastrin b) Insulin c) Pepsinogen d) Secretion
82. If bile pigments are prevented from having digestive tract causing a condition called (if bile pigments are accumulated in blood the
condition is called):
a) Piles b) Obesity c) Jaundice d) Filler

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 Prof. Ijaz Ahmad Khan Abbasi (Lecturer Biology PGC)
83. Gall stones are produced in the gall bladder due to precipitation of:
a) Glucose b) Cholesterol c) Glycerol d) CaCO3
84. The length of jejunum is about:
a) 2m b) 2.8m c) 1.4m d) 2.4m
85. Dipeptides are broken down into amino acids by (Enzyme that produce amino acids):
a) Erypsin b) Pepsin c) Trypsin d) Lipase
86. Sites of digestion in the digestive system of man are:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
87. Each villus is richly supplied with blood capillaries and vessel of lymphatic system called:
a) Arteriole b) Bronchiole c) Lacteal d) Coelom
88. Villi and microvilli are present in:
a) Pharynx b) Small intestine (Jejunum) c) Esophagus d) Large intestine
89. A sphincter muscle present at the end of ileum that opens and closes time to allow a small amount of residue to enter the large intestine:
a) Cardiac sphincter b) Pyloric sphincter c) Ileocolic sphincter d) Anal sphincter
90. In large intestine, vitamin K is formed by the activity of:
a) Symbolic bacteria b) Obligate parasite c) Parasitic bacteria d) Facultative bacteria
91. Bacteria that produce vitamin K are found in:
a) Small intestine b) Large intestine c) Stomach d) Duodenum
92. Goblet cells secrete:
a) HCl b) Enzymes c) Mucus d) Amylase
93. If absorption of water & salt does not take place due to infection cause a condition called:
a) Cholera b) Constipation c) Dyspepsia d) Diarrhea
94. Constipation is caused by the excessive absorption of:
a) Water b) Oxygen c) Blood d) Food

Diseases related to Nutrition

95. A severe form of food poisoning called Botulism is caused by:
a) Clostridium b) Campylobacter c) Salmonella d) Vibreo
96. The loss of appetite due to fear of becoming obese is:
a) Bulimia nervosa b) Anorexia nervosa c) Dyspepsia d) Obesity
97. A neurotic disorder in slightly older girl is:
a) Anorexia nervosa b) Bulimia nervosa c) Dyspepsia d) Obesity
98. Name the neurotic disorder characterized by bouts of over eating of fattening foods:
a) Bulimia nervosa b) Anorexia nervosa c) Dyspepsia d) Salmonella
99. Excess gastric secretion is an important factor of:
a) Obesity b) Piles c) Food poisoning d) Peptic ulcer

Answer key:

1 b 2 b 3 d 4 b 5 c 6 b 7 b 8 c 9 d 10 b
11 d 12 b 13 c 14 c 15 a 16 b 17 b 18 b 19 d 20 c
21 b 22 a 23 a 24 d 25 c 26 a 27 a 28 d 29 d 30 b
31 d 32 a 33 d 34 d 35 a 36 c 37 c 38 a 39 a 40 b
41 b 42 c 43 a 44 c 45 c 46 d 47 d 48 b 49 d 50 c
51 b 52 c 53 b 54 b 55 b 56 c 57 c 58 b 59 d 60 c
61 a 62 d 63 c 64 d 65 c 66 b 67 b 68 d 69 d 70 b
71 d 72 b 73 d 74 b 75 c 76 c 77 d 78 a 79 d 80 c
81 d 82 c 83 b 84 d 85 a 86 c 87 c 88 b 89 c 90 a
91 b 92 c 93 d 94 a 95 a 96 b 97 b 98 a 99 d

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 Prof. Ijaz Ahmad Khan Abbasi (Lecturer Biology PGC)

MDCAT MCQ’S
2008
1) Name the nutrition resulted by feeding on dead and decaying matter:
a) Saprophytic b) Symbiotic c) Parasitic d) Both b and c
2) Name the neurotic disorder characterized by bouts of over eating of fattening foods:
a) Bulimia nervosa b) Anorexia nervosa. c) Dyspepsia d) Salmonella
3) Which one of these is an example of tubular excretory system called metanephridia?
a) Planaria b) Cockroach c) Hydra d) Earthworm.

2009
4) Pepsin enzyme is produced in an inactive form and is activated in situation when it is required because:
a) Not produced in complete form
b) It does not work efficiently at that time
c) Quite capable of destroying cells internal structure
d) None of the above
5) At the junction between esophagus and the stomach there is a special ring of muscles called:
a) Cardiac Sphincter b) Esophageal Sphincter c) Ileocolic Sphincter d) Pyloric Sphincter
6) Hepatic and pancreatic secretions are also stimulated by a hormone called:
a) Gastrin b) Insulin c) Secretin d) Glucagon
7) Like pepsin, trypsin is also secreted as inactive trypsinogen, which is activated by:
a) Enterokinase b) Chyme c) Lipase d) Erypsin

2010
8) In human beings, what is the function of amylase in digestion?
a) Digestion of triglycerides
b) Digestion of all types of food
c) Digestion of lipids
d) Digestion of carbohydrates
9) Where is the ileocolic sphincter located in your body?
a) At the junction of esophagus and stomach
b) At the junction of ileum and large intestine
c) At the junction of stomach and small intestine
d) At the junction of small intestine and large intestine
10) The term which is employed to the loss of appetite due to fear of becoming obese is:
a) Obesity b) Dyspepsia c) Anorexia nervosa d) Bulimia nervosa

2011
11) Which of the following enzyme is released in an inactive form:
a) Amylase b) Enterokinase c) Lipase d) Pepsin
12) Which of the following hormones stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juice from pancreas in liver?
a) Secretin b) Gastrin c) Pepsinogen d) Both Gastrin and Secretin
13) In large intestine, vitamin k is formed by the activity of:
a) Symbiotic Bacteria b) Parasitic Bacteria c) Obligate Bacteria d) Facultative Bacteria
14) During swallowing of food which structure close nasal opening?
a) Hard Palate b) Epiglottis c) Soft Palate d) Larynx

2012
15) The muscles of the stomach walls thoroughly mix up the food with gastric juices and the resulting semi-solid / semi-liquid material is
called:
a) Bolus b) Mucus c) Bolus or chime d) Chyme
16) Trypsinogen is converted into trypsin by the activity of:
a) Goblet cells b) Enterokinase c) Absorptive cells d) Peptidase
17) In large intestines, vitamin K is formed by the activity of:
a) Symbiotic bacteria b) Parasitic bacteria c) Obligate parasite d) Facultative bacteria
18) Goblet cells secrete:
a) HCl b) Enzymes c) Mucus d) Amylase

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 Prof. Ijaz Ahmad Khan Abbasi (Lecturer Biology PGC)

2013
19) Which one of the following vitamins is produced by microflora of large intestine?
a) Vitamin K b) Vitamin A c) Vitamin C d) Vitamin D
20) _____ is activated to_____ by Enterokinase/enteropeptidase enzyme secreted by the lining of duodenum:
a) Pepsinogen, Pepsin
b) Trypsinogen, Trypsin
c) Pepsinogen, Trypsin
d) Chymotrypsinogen, Chymotrypsin
21) Which of the following are absorbed in the large intestine?
a) Water and salts b) Salts and glycerol c) Water and peptones d) Amino acids and sugars
22) Saliva is basically composed of water, mucus, amylase and:
a) Sodium bicarbonate b) Sodium hydroxide c) Sodium chloride d) Hydrocarbons

2014
23) In human, Escherichia coli is involved in the formation of:
a) Calcium b) Vitamin A c) Vitamin D d) Vitamin K
24) The function of Goblet cells is to secrete:
a) Gastrin b) Pepsinogen c) Hydrochloric acid d) Mucus
25) Gastric glands are composed of ___________ types of cells:
a) Two b) Four c) Three d) Five
26) HCl in gastric juice is secreted by which one of the following cells?
a) Chief cells b) Mucous cells c) Oxyntic cells d) Kupffer cells

2015
27) Oxyntic cells in stomach produces:
a) Pepsin b) Gastrin c) Pepsinogen d) HCl
28) The hormone which inhibits the secretion of pancreatic juice is:
a) Secretin b) Thyroxine c) Gastrin d) Parathormone
29) Trypsinogen is activated to trypsin by:
a) HCl b) Mucus c) Enterokinase d) Gastrin
30) The emulsification of fats is the role of:
a) Saliva b) Gastrin c) Pancreatic juice d) Bile

2016
31) Digestion of __________ starts in oral cavity due to the action of enzyme present in saliva:
a) Starch b) Fatty Acids c) Cellulose d) Polypeptides
32) Food enters from stomach into small intestine through:
a) Pyloric Sphincter b) Semilunar valve c) Cardiac Sphincter d) Diaphragm
33) ___________ are the part of a gastric gland which produce hydrochloric acid:
a) Parietal Cells b) Chief Cells c) Goblet Cells d) Zymogen Cells
34) Protein components of food are digested by the enzymatic secretion of:
a) Goblet Cells b) Zymogen Cells c) Parietal Cells d) Oxyntic Cells

2017
35) Food is diverted in the esophagus by:
a) Glottis b) Cheeks c) Tongue d) Epiglottis
36) Label 'a' in the following diagram:
a) Cardiac sphincter
b) Stomach valve
c) Sinoatrial valve
d) Pyloric sphincter a

MDCATBYFUTUREDOCTORS(TOUSEEFAHMADKHAN) 03499815886
 Prof. Ijaz Ahmad Khan Abbasi (Lecturer Biology PGC)
37) Enzyme pepsin acts on:

A Protein Polypeptides

B Polypeptide Dipeptides

C Fats Fatty acids/glycerol

D Protein Amino Acids

38) Following is the structure of gastric glands in stomach wall where 'x' is:
a) Mucosa b) Visceral fat cells c) Mucus cells d) Oxyntic cells

Answer key:

1 a 2 d 3 a 4 c 5 a
6 c 7 a 8 d 9 b 10 c
11 d 12 a 13 a 14 c 15 d
16 b 17 a 18 c 19 a 20 b
21 a 22 a 23 d 24 d 25 c
26 c 27 d 28 a 29 c 30 d
31 a 32 a 33 a 34 b 35 d
36 d 37 a 38 d

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