REINFORCED

CEMENT
CONCRETE
UNIT- 4

Ar. Astha
Lecturer in Archi. Assist.
G.P. Panchkula, Sector -26
 CONTENT
 Basic assumptions and stress strain curve, neutral axis,
balanced, under- reinforcement and over reinforced beams,
Moment of resistance for singly reinforced beam
 Design of singly reinforced beam including sketches showing
Unit- 4 reinforcement details.
SINGLY
REINFORCED
BEAM (WSM)
 Beams are flexural members which are provided in the structures to
BEAMS resist bending, caused due to external loading.

Types of beams- there are three types of beams

 Singly reinforced rectangular beams
 Doubly reinforced rectangular beams
 Singly or doubly reinforced flanged beams (T-beams and L-beams)
Singly reinforced beams: The RCC beams in which the steel
reinforcement is provided only in tension zone are known as Singly
reinforced beams.
Doubly reinforced beams: The RCC beams reinforced with steel both in
tension and compression zones are called Doubly reinforced beams.
 Tension reinforcement
 Minimum reinforcement: the minimum area of tension reinforcement
shall not be less than
Reinforcement As/bd = 0.85/fy where As = Minimum area of tension reinforcement
b = Breadth of beam
in Beams d = effective depth of beam
fy = characteristic strength of reinforcement

 Maximum reinforcement: the maximum area of tension

reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04bD (4% of cross-sectional area of
beam)
Compression reinforcement: the maximum area of tension
reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04bD (4% of cross-sectional area of
beam).
Nominal cover of reinforcement: Nominal cover is the design depth of
the concrete cover to all steel reinforcements including shear stirrups or
column ties. It shall not be less than the diameter of the bar in any case.
 Modular Ratio: It is defined as ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel (Es) to that
of concrete (Ec). As per IS:456-2000, the modular ratio (m) is expressed
mathematically by the following relation: m = 280/3σcbc
where σcbc is permissible compressive stress in concrete in bending

 Modular ratio used for compression steel shall be 1.5m

Neutral axis (N.A.): Neutral axis is the axis at which the stresses are zero in the
Modular ratio section and it divides the cross-section into a tension and a compression zone.

Neutral axis The neutral axis of a balanced section beam is known as critical neutral axis
and (nc)
Lever Arm: Lever arm may be defined as the distance between the resultant
Lever arm compressive force and tensile force. It is denoted by ‘z’.
 Moment of Resistance (Resisting Moment)
Moment of resistance of a beam may be defined as the resistance
offered by a beam to the bending moments developed at the section.
It is denoted by ‘Mr’.

Steps for calculating the moment of resistance of beam are:

 First step is to find the critical neutral axis (nc).
 Then, find the depth of actual neutral axis (na).
 Final step is to compare na and nc
Moment of i. if na = nc, then the moment of resistance
Resistance can be calculated by formula
ii. If na < nc, then the moment of resistance
can be calculated by formula
iii. If na > nc, then the moment of resistance
can be calculated by formula
where, area of tensile steel (Ast)
maximum permissible stresses in concrete and steel (σcbc and σst)
 Beam sections are classified in the following types:
Types of Beam
Sections  Balanced section: a balanced section is that in which the compressive
stress in concrete and tensile stress reach their maximum permissible
values at the same time. Balanced section is also known as critical section.
Formula of neutral axis for balance beam section nc = kd, where ‘k’ is
neutral axis constant and ‘d’ is effective depth of beam.
 Unbalanced section: the RCC section in which the area of steel provided is
either less or more than that required for a balanced section is known as
unbalanced section.
Unbalanced section is of two types-
a) Under- reinforced section: the RCC section in which the area of
steel provided is less than required for a balanced section is known as
under-reinforced section. Hence, na < nc in under-reinforced section.
b) Over-reinforced section: the RCC section in which the area of steel
provided is more than that required for a balanced section is known
as over-reinforced section. Hence, na > nc in over-reinforced section.
Failure of an over-reinforced section is brittle.
Difference
between under-
reinforced and
over-reinforced
section
 Stress diagram: As per assumption in the elastic theory, the stress-
strain relationship is linear for steel and concrete. So, the stress
diagram is a straight line with value zero at neutral axis and varying
linearly with the distance.
Strain diagram: the strain in any layer is proportional to its distance
from the neutral axis.
Stress- Strain
diagram
 The elastic theory of bending is based on the following assumptions
for design of R.C.C. structures:
 At any cross-section, plane sections before bending remain plane
after bending.
 All tensile stresses are taken up by reinforcement and none by
Assumptions concrete.
 The stress-strain relationship of steel and concrete, under working
in the theory loads, is a straight line.
of Simple  The modular ratio (m) has the value 280/3σcbc
 The modulus of elasticity of steel and modulus of elasticity of
Bending concrete are constant.
 There is a perfect bond between steel and concrete.
 There are no initial stresses in steel and concrete.
 Concrete area in tension zone is assumed to be ineffective and steel
area is assumed to be concentrated at the centroid of steel area.
  An RCC beam 300mm x 600mm (effective) is reinforced with 6-
25mm dia longitudinal tensile steel bars. It is subjected to a shear
force of 150kN. Take m=13.33Find whether shear reinforcement is
Design of required for the beam using M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 steel.
 Find the moment of resistance of an RCC beam 300mm x 600mm
Singly (effective) reinforced with 3 bars of 20mm diameter. The
Reinforced permissible stress in steel and concrete are not to exceed 140
N/mm2 and 7 N/mm2 respectively. Take m = 13.33
Beam (WSM)  An RCC beam 300mm x 600mm (effective) is reinforced with 4
bars of 25mm diameter. The beam is subjected to a bending
moment of 120kNm. Find the stresses developed in steel and
concrete. Take m = 13.33
Thank you