CS3215: Web Technology TY Div C n D AY 2022-23

Study Material for Section-I-Part-III - PHP n MySQL

(Resource: www.w3schools.com)

Learning PHP Script

The primary difference between a scripting language and a programming language is in their
execution – programming languages use a compiler to convert the high-level programming
languages into machine language, on the other hand, scripting languages use an interpreter.

Is PHP an alternative to JavaScript?

PHP is server-side scripting language whereas JavaScript is a client-side scripting language. PHP
doesn't execute within browser whereas JavaScript executes within browser. PHP supports
database whereas JavaScript doesn't support databases. PHP accepts both upper case and
lower case variables while JavaScript doesn't.

PHP has been one of the oldest and most used scripting languages for server-side development,
and it’s powering over more than 42 million sites today on the World Wide Web, according to
SimilarTech. PHP has certainly grown so much and matured over the course of 25 years, and
the latest major release, PHP7 brought along many enhancements to the performance,
boosting speed to up to 100% of that of PHP 5 and lowering the memory usage.

Alternatives for PHP

C# - ASP.Net web framework. ASP.Net is powering over 17 million sites today and Xfinity

JavaScript - Node.js - is currently the hottest technology in web development; it’s a run-time
environment for JavaScript on the server side, simply put, it allows JavaScript to be used for
server-side development. The node community is growing very fast, and the node package
manager (NPM) boasts the highest amount of packages with 650,000+ packages available for
you to build your applications.

JAVA - frameworks use Java for server-side development like Spring and JEE.

Python - Django and Flask frameworks

Ruby – Rails (MVC), Sinatra, Cuba, Hanami and a few others.

Go- Go is a rich compiled programming language built by Google, and is said to be even simpler
than Python. It’s a concurrent programming language and since its compiled as well, this
contributes to making it a speedy language for web development.

Erlang - is one of the most powerful options on this list. It’s a concurrent functional
programming language that was designed specifically to handle the massive amount of traffic in
real-time applications. It’s certainly ideal for building REST API on your backend.

Elixir - possesses a rich framework called Phoenix

C++ - The most famous frameworks are WT and Crow, which is C++’s version of Flask, a mini
web framework.

Rust - is a popular language and a very beloved one, we ought to mention that you can develop
web applications.

Before you continue you should have a basic understanding of the following:

 HTML
 CSS
 JavaScript

What is PHP?
PHP is a open source server side scripting language, and a powerful tool for making dynamic
and interactive Web pages.

PHP is an acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor"

PHP 7 is the latest stable release.

PHP is a widely-used, free, and efficient alternative to competitors such as Microsoft's ASP.

PHP scripts are executed on the server

PHP is free to download and use

What is a PHP File?

PHP files can contain text, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP code

PHP code is executed on the server, and the result is returned to the browser as plain HTML

PHP files have extension ".php"

What Can PHP Do?

PHP can generate dynamic page content

PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close files on the server

PHP can collect form data

PHP can send and receive cookies

PHP can add, delete, and modify data in your database

PHP can be used to control user-access

PHP can encrypt data

With PHP you are not limited to output HTML. You can output images, PDF files, and even Flash
movies. You can also output any text, such as XHTML and XML.

Why PHP?
PHP runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, etc.)

PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS, etc.)

PHP supports a wide range of databases

PHP is free. Download it from the official PHP resource: www.php.net

PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side

Basic PHP Syntax

A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the document.

A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with ?>:

<?php

// PHP code goes here

?>

The default file extension for PHP files is ".php".

A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, and some PHP scripting code.

PHP Case Sensitivity

In PHP, keywords (e.g. if, else, while, echo, etc.), classes, functions, and
user-defined functions are not case-sensitive.

Note: However; all variable names are case-sensitive!

$color, $COLOR, and $coLOR are treated as three different variables.

PHP Comments
<?php
// This is a single-line comment

# This is also a single-line comment

?>

<?php
/*
This is a multiple-lines comment block
that spans over multiple lines
*/
?>

Displaying Output – echo/echo() and print/print() statements are often used

to output data to the screen.
The differences are small: echo has no return value while print has a return value of 1 so it can
be used in expressions. echo can take multiple parameters while print can take one argument.
echo is marginally faster than print

<?php

echo "<h2>PHP is Fun!</h2>";

echo "Hello world!<br>";

echo "I'm about to learn PHP!<br>";

echo "This ", "string ", "was ", "made ", "with multiple parameters."; ?>

But

<?php

print "<h2>PHP is Fun!</h2>";

print "Hello world!<br>";

print "I'm about to learn PHP!<br>";

print "This ", "string ", "was ", "made ", "with multiple parameters.";

?> gives error

<?php
$txt1 = "Learn PHP";
$txt2 = "W3Schools.com";
$x = 5;
$y = 4;

print "<h2>" . $txt1 . "</h2>";

print "Study PHP at " . $txt2 . "<br>";
print $x + $y;
?>
Creating (Declaring) PHP Variables
In PHP, a variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable:

<?php
$txt = "Hello world!";
$x = 5;
$y = 10.5;
?>

PHP Variables Scope

PHP has three different variable scopes:

 local
 global
 static

A variable declared outside a function has a GLOBAL SCOPE and can only be accessed outside a
function:

<?php
$x = 5; // global scope

function myTest() {

echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>"; // will not dispaly

}

myTest();

echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";

?>
A variable declared within a function has a LOCAL SCOPE and can only be accessed within that
function:
<?php
function myTest() {
$x = 5; // local scope
echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}
myTest();

// using x outside the function will generate an error

echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";
?>

PHP The global Keyword

The global keyword is used to access a global variable from within a function.
<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 10;

function myTest() {
global $x, $y;
$y = $x + $y;
}

myTest();
echo $y; // outputs 15
?>

PHP also stores all global variables in an array called $GLOBALS[index]. The index holds the
name of the variable. This array is also accessible from within functions and can be used to
update global variables directly.

<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 10;

function myTest() {
$GLOBALS['y'] = $GLOBALS['x'] + $GLOBALS['y'];
}

myTest();
echo $y; // outputs 15
?>

PHP The static Keyword

Normally, when a function is executed, all of its variables are deleted. However, sometimes we
want a local variable NOT to be deleted. We need it for a further job.
<?php
function myTest() {
static $x = 0;
echo $x;
$x++;
}

myTest();
myTest();
myTest();
?>

My First PHP Script Program

<html>
<body>
<?php
echo "Hello World - My first PHP script!";
?>
</body>
</html>

Program for Addition of two numbers

<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 4;
echo $x + $y;
?>
PHP Data Types
String
Integer
Float (floating point numbers - also called double)
Boolean
Array
Object
NULL
Resource

String
<?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$y = 'Hello world!';

echo $x;
echo "<br>";
echo $y;
?>

Integer
<?php
$x = 5985;
var_dump($x);
?>

Float
<?php
$x = 10.365;
var_dump($x);
?>
Boolean
$x = true;
$y = false;
-------------------------------------------------------

Array
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
var_dump($cars);
?>

Class
<?php
class Car {
public $color;
public $model;
public function __construct($color, $model) {
$this->color = $color;
$this->model = $model;
}
public function message() {
return "My car is a " . $this->color . " " . $this->model . "!";
}
}

$myCar = new Car("black", "Volvo");

echo $myCar -> message();
echo "<br>";
$myCar = new Car("red", "Toyota");
echo $myCar -> message();
?>

PHP NULL Value

If a variable is created without a value, it is automatically assigned a value of NULL.
<?php
$x = null;
var_dump($x);
?>
PHP Strings
strrev() - Reverse a String
<?php
echo strrev("Hello world!"); // outputs !dlrow olleH
?>

str_word_count() - Count Words in a String

<?php
echo str_word_count("Hello world!"); // outputs 2
?>

strpos() - Search For a Text Within a String

<?php
echo strpos("Hello world!", "world"); // outputs 6
?>

str_replace() - Replace Text Within a String

Replace the text "world" with "Dolly":

<?php
echo str_replace("world", "Dolly", "Hello world!"); // outputs Hello
Dolly!
?>
Richness of PHP

Function Description

addcslashes() Returns a string with backslashes in front of the

specified characters

Note: Be careful using addcslashes() on 0 (NULL), r (carriage return), n

(newline), f (form feed), t (tab) and v (vertical tab). In PHP, \0, \r, \n, \t,
\f and \v are predefined escape sequences.

addslashes() Returns a string with backslashes in front of

predefined characters

The addslashes() function returns a string with backslashes in front of predefined

characters.

single quote ('), double quote ("), backslash (\), NULL

This function can be used to prepare a string for storage in a database and
database queries.

bin2hex() Converts a string of ASCII characters to hexadecimal

values

convert "Hello World!" to hexadecimal values:

<?php
$str = bin2hex("Hello World!"); //48656c6c6f20576f726c6421
echo($str);
?>

chop() Removes whitespace or other characters from the right

end of a string

chr() Returns a character from a specified ASCII value

chunk_split() Splits a string into a series of smaller parts

convert_cyr_string() Converts a string from one Cyrillic character-set to

another

convert_uudecode() Decodes a uuencoded string [unix to unix coding /

mime ]

convert_uuencode() Encodes a string using the uuencode algorithm

count_chars() Returns information about characters used in a string

crc32() Calculates a 32-bit CRC for a string

Print the result of crc32():

<?php
$str = crc32("Hello World!"); //472456355
printf("%u\n",$str);
?>
crypt() One-way string hashing

The crypt() function returns a hashed string using DES, Blowfish, or MD5
algorithms.

echo() Outputs one or more strings

explode() Breaks a string into an array

fprintf() Writes a formatted string to a specified output

stream

get_html_translation_table() Returns the translation table used by

htmlspecialchars() and htmlentities()

hebrev() Converts Hebrew text to visual text

hebrevc() Converts Hebrew text to visual text and new lines

(\n) into <br>

hex2bin() Converts a string of hexadecimal values to ASCII

 characters

html_entity_decode() Converts HTML entities to characters

htmlentities() Converts characters to HTML entities

htmlspecialchars_decode() Converts some predefined HTML entities to characters

htmlspecialchars() Converts some predefined characters to HTML entities

implode() Returns a string from the elements of an array

join() Alias of implode()

lcfirst() Converts the first character of a string to lowercase

levenshtein() Returns the Levenshtein distance between two strings

Calculate the Levenshtein distance between two strings:

<?php
echo levenshtein("Hello World","ello World");
echo "<br>";
echo levenshtein("Hello World","ello World",10,20,30);
?>
localeconv() Returns locale numeric and monetary formatting
information

For localization

ltrim() Removes whitespace or other characters from the left

side of a string

md5() Calculates the MD5 hash of a string

Calculate the MD5 hash of the string "Hello":

<?php
$str = "Hello";
echo md5($str); //8b1a9953c4611296a827abf8c47804d7
?>

md5_file() Calculates the MD5 hash of a file

Calculate the MD5 hash of the text file "test.txt":

<?php
$filename = "test.txt";
$md5file = md5_file($filename);
echo $md5file;
?>
metaphone() Calculates the metaphone key of a string

money_format() Returns a string formatted as a currency string

nl_langinfo() Returns specific local information

nl2br() Inserts HTML line breaks in front of each newline in

a string

number_format() Formats a number with grouped thousands

ord() Returns the ASCII value of the first character of a

string

parse_str() Parses a query string into variables

print() Outputs one or more strings

printf() Outputs a formatted string

quoted_printable_decode() Converts a quoted-printable string to an 8-bit string

quoted_printable_encode() Converts an 8-bit string to a quoted printable string

quotemeta() Quotes meta characters

rtrim() Removes whitespace or other characters from the right

side of a string

setlocale() Sets locale information

sha1() Calculates the SHA-1 hash of a string

Calculate the SHA-1 hash of the string "Hello":

<?php
$str = "Hello";
echo sha1($str); //f7ff9e8b7bb2e09b70935a5d785e0cc5d9d0abf0
?>

sha1_file() Calculates the SHA-1 hash of a file

similar_text() Calculates the similarity between two strings

soundex() Calculates the soundex key of a string

sprintf() Writes a formatted string to a variable

sscanf() Parses input from a string according to a format

str_getcsv() Parses a CSV string into an array

str_ireplace() Replaces some characters in a string (case-

insensitive)

str_pad() Pads a string to a new length

str_repeat() Repeats a string a specified number of times

str_replace() Replaces some characters in a string (case-sensitive)

str_rot13() Performs the ROT13 encoding on a string

str_shuffle() Randomly shuffles all characters in a string

str_split() Splits a string into an array

str_word_count() Count the number of words in a string

strcasecmp() Compares two strings (case-insensitive)

strchr() Finds the first occurrence of a string inside another
string (alias of strstr())

strcmp() Compares two strings (case-sensitive)

strcoll() Compares two strings (locale based string comparison)

strcspn() Returns the number of characters found in a string

before any part of some specified characters are
found

strip_tags() Strips HTML and PHP tags from a string

stripcslashes() Unquotes a string quoted with addcslashes()

stripslashes() Unquotes a string quoted with addslashes()

stripos() Returns the position of the first occurrence of a

string inside another string (case-insensitive)

stristr() Finds the first occurrence of a string inside another

string (case-insensitive)

strlen() Returns the length of a string

strnatcasecmp() Compares two strings using a "natural order"
algorithm (case-insensitive)

strnatcmp() Compares two strings using a "natural order"

algorithm (case-sensitive)

strncasecmp() String comparison of the first n characters (case-

insensitive)

strncmp() String comparison of the first n characters (case-

sensitive)

strpbrk() Searches a string for any of a set of characters

strpos() Returns the position of the first occurrence of a

string inside another string (case-sensitive)

strrchr() Finds the last occurrence of a string inside another

string

strrev() Reverses a string

strripos() Finds the position of the last occurrence of a string

inside another string (case-insensitive)
strrpos() Finds the position of the last occurrence of a string
inside another string (case-sensitive)

strspn() Returns the number of characters found in a string

that contains only characters from a specified
charlist

strstr() Finds the first occurrence of a string inside another

string (case-sensitive)

strtok() Splits a string into smaller strings

strtolower() Converts a string to lowercase letters

strtoupper() Converts a string to uppercase letters

strtr() Translates certain characters in a string

substr() Returns a part of a string

substr_compare() Compares two strings from a specified start position

(binary safe and optionally case-sensitive)

substr_count() Counts the number of times a substring occurs in a

 string

substr_replace() Replaces a part of a string with another string

trim() Removes whitespace or other characters from both

sides of a string

ucfirst() Converts the first character of a string to uppercase

ucwords() Converts the first character of each word in a string

to uppercase

vfprintf() Writes a formatted string to a specified output

stream

vprintf() Outputs a formatted string

vsprintf() Writes a formatted string to a variable

wordwrap() Wraps a string to a given number of characters

PHP Numbers
 is_int()
 is_integer()
 is_long()
 is_float()
 is_double()
 is_finite()
 is_infinite()
 is_nan()
 is_numeric()

Type Casting:
(int), (integer), or intval()

PHP Math Functions

Function Description

abs() Returns the absolute (positive) value of a number

acos() Returns the arc cosine of a number

acosh() Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number

asin() Returns the arc sine of a number

asinh() Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number

atan() Returns the arc tangent of a number in radians

atan2() Returns the arc tangent of two variables x and y

atanh() Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number

base_convert() Converts a number from one number base to

another

bindec() Converts a binary number to a decimal number

ceil() Rounds a number up to the nearest integer

cos() Returns the cosine of a number

cosh() Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number

decbin() Converts a decimal number to a binary number

dechex() Converts a decimal number to a hexadecimal
number

decoct() Converts a decimal number to an octal number

deg2rad() Converts a degree value to a radian value

exp() Calculates the exponent of e

expm1() Returns exp(x) - 1

floor() Rounds a number down to the nearest integer

fmod() Returns the remainder of x/y

getrandmax() Returns the largest possible value returned by rand()

hexdec() Converts a hexadecimal number to a decimal

number

hypot() Calculates the hypotenuse of a right-angle triangle

intdiv() Performs integer division

is_finite() Checks whether a value is finite or not

is_infinite() Checks whether a value is infinite or not

is_nan() Checks whether a value is 'not-a-number'

lcg_value() Returns a pseudo random number in a range

between 0 and 1

log() Returns the natural logarithm of a number

log10() Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number

log1p() Returns log(1+number)

max() Returns the highest value in an array, or the highest

value of several specified values

min() Returns the lowest value in an array, or the lowest

value of several specified values
mt_getrandmax() Returns the largest possible value returned by
mt_rand()

mt_rand() Generates a random integer using Mersenne Twister

algorithm

mt_srand() Seeds the Mersenne Twister random number

generator

octdec() Converts an octal number to a decimal number

pi() Returns the value of PI

pow() Returns x raised to the power of y

rad2deg() Converts a radian value to a degree value

rand() Generates a random integer

round() Rounds a floating-point number

sin() Returns the sine of a number

sinh() Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number

sqrt() Returns the square root of a number

srand() Seeds the random number generator

tan() Returns the tangent of a number

tanh() Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number

PHP Constants
To create a constant, use the define() function.

PHP Operators
 Arithmetic operators
 Assignment operators
 Comparison operators
 Increment/Decrement operators
 Logical operators
 String operators
 Array operators
 Conditional assignment operators
== Identical $x === $y Returns true if
= $x is equal to $y,
and they are of
the same type

!== Not identical $x !== $y Returns true if

$x is not equal to
$y, or they are
not of the same
type

<= Spaceship $x <=> $y Returns an

> integer less than,
equal to, or
greater than
zero, depending
on if $x is less
than, equal to, or
greater than $y.
Introduced in
PHP 7.

. Concatenation $txt1 . $txt2 Concatenation of

$txt1 and $txt2

.= Concatenation $txt1 .= $txt2 Appends $txt2 to

assignment $txt1

PHP Array Operators

+ Union $x + $y Union of $x and
$y

== Equality $x == $y Returns true if

$x and $y have
the same
key/value pairs

== Identity $x === $y Returns true if

= $x and $y have
the same
key/value pairs
in the same
order and of the
same types

!= Inequality $x != $y Returns true if

$x is not equal to
$y

<> Inequality $x <> $y Returns true if

$x is not equal to
$y

!== Non-identity $x !== $y Returns true if $x

is not identical to
$y
?: Ternary $x = expr1 ? expr2 : expr3 Returns the
value of $x.
The value of $x
is expr2 if expr1
= TRUE.
The value of $x
is expr3 if expr1
= FALSE

?? Null $x = expr1 ?? expr2 Returns the

coalescing value of $x.
The value of $x
is expr1 if expr1
exists, and is not
NULL.
If expr1 does not
exist, or is NULL,
the value of $x
is expr2.
Introduced in
PHP 7

PHP Conditional Statements

In PHP we have the following conditional statements:

 if statement - executes some code if one condition is true

 if...else statement - executes some code if a condition is true and
another code if that condition is false
 if...elseif...else statement - executes different codes for more than
two conditions
 switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to be executed
PHP Loops
In PHP, we have the following loop types:

 while - loops through a block of code as long as the specified condition is

true
 do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the
loop as long as the specified condition is true
 for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times
 foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an array

PHP User Defined Functions

function functionName() {
code to be executed;
}

PHP Arrays

Indexed Array

$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");

echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] .

Associative Array

$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");

echo "Peter is " . $age['Peter'] . " years old.";

Multidimensional Array
$cars = array (
array("Volvo",22,18),
array("BMW",15,13),
array("Saab",5,2),
array("Land Rover",17,15)
);
PHP - Sort Functions For Arrays
In this chapter, we will go through the following PHP array sort functions:

 sort() - sort arrays in ascending order

 rsort() - sort arrays in descending order
 asort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the
value
 ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the key
 arsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the
value
 krsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the
key

------------------------------------------------------------------------
PHP Global Variables - Superglobals
Some predefined variables in PHP are "superglobals", which means that they
are always accessible, regardless of scope - and you can access them from any
function, class or file without having to do anything special.

The PHP superglobal variables are:

 $GLOBALS
 $_SERVER
 $_REQUEST
 $_POST
 $_GET
 $_FILES
 $_ENV
 $_COOKIE
 $_SESSION

$GLOBALS - $GLOBALS is a PHP super global variable which is used to access global
variables from anywhere in the PHP script (also from within functions or methods).

PHP stores all global variables in an array called $GLOBALS[index]. The index holds the
name of the variable.

<?php
$x = 75;
$y = 25;
function addition() {
$GLOBALS['z'] = $GLOBALS['x'] + $GLOBALS['y'];
}
addition();
echo $z;
?>
PHP $_SERVER
$_SERVER is a PHP super global variable which holds information about
headers, paths, and script locations.

The example below shows how to use some of the elements in $_SERVER:

Example
<?php
echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; o/p- /demo/demo_global_server.php
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME']; - 35.194.26.41
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']; -35.194.26.41
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']; -https://tryphp.w3schools.com/showphp.php?
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']; - AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko)
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']; -/demo/demo_global_server.php
?>

Element/Code Description Output

$_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] Returns the filename of /serverglobal.php

the currently executing
script

$_SERVER['GATEWAY_INTERFACE'] Returns the version of the CGI/1.1

Common Gateway
Interface (CGI) the server
 is using

$_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR'] Returns the IP address of ::1

the host server

$_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] Returns the name of the localhost

host server (such as
www.w3schools.com)

$_SERVER['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] Returns the server Apache/2.4.34 (Win32)

identification string (such
as Apache/2.2.24)
OpenSSL/1.0.2o PHP/5.6.38

$_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] Returns the name and HTTP/1.1

revision of the information
protocol (such as
HTTP/1.1)

$_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] Returns the request GET

method used to access the
page (such as POST)

$_SERVER['REQUEST_TIME'] Returns the timestamp of

the start of the request
(such as 1377687496)

$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] Returns the query string if

the page is accessed via a
query string

$_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT'] Returns the Accept header

 from the current request

$_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET'] Returns the

Accept_Charset header
from the current request Notice: Undefined index:
(such as utf-8,ISO-8859- HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET in
1) C:\xampp\htdocs\serverglobal.php
on line 29

$_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] Returns the Host header

from the current request

$_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] Returns the complete URL

of the current page (not
reliable because not all
user-agents support it)

$_SERVER['HTTPS'] Is the script queried Notice: Undefined index: HTTPS in

through a secure HTTP C:\xampp\htdocs\serverglobal.php
protocol on line 32

$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] Returns the IP address ::1

from where the user is
viewing the current page

$_SERVER['REMOTE_HOST'] Returns the Host name Notice: Undefined index:

from where the user is
viewing the current page
REMOTE_HOST
$_SERVER['REMOTE_PORT'] Returns the port being 49169
used on the user's
machine to communicate
with the web server

$_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME'] Returns the absolute C:/xampp/htdocs/serverglobal.php

pathname of the currently
executing script

$_SERVER['SERVER_ADMIN'] Returns the value given to postmaster@localhost

the SERVER_ADMIN
directive in the web server
configuration file (if your
script runs on a virtual
host, it will be the value
defined for that virtual
host) (such as
[email protected])

$_SERVER['SERVER_PORT'] Returns the port on the 80

server machine being used
by the web server for
communication (such as
80)

Apache/2.4.34 (Win32)
$_SERVER['SERVER_SIGNATURE'] Returns the server version OpenSSL/1.0.2o PHP/5.6.38
and virtual host name
which are added to server-
Server at localhost Port 80
generated pages

$_SERVER['PATH_TRANSLATED'] Returns the file system

based path to the current
script
$_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] Returns the path of the
current script

$_SERVER['SCRIPT_URI'] Returns the URI of the

current page

What is HTTP?
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is designed to enable communications
between clients and servers.

HTTP works as a request-response protocol between a client and server.

Example: A client (browser) sends an HTTP request to the server; then the
server returns a response to the client. The response contains status
information about the request and may also contain the requested content.

HTTP Methods
 GET
 POST
 PUT
 HEAD
 DELETE
 PATCH
 OPTIONS

The two most common HTTP methods are: GET and POST.

The GET Method

GET is used to request data from a specified resource.

GET is one of the most common HTTP methods.

Note that the query string (name/value pairs) is sent in the URL of a GET
request:
/test/demo_form.php?name1=value1&name2=value2

Some other notes on GET requests:

 GET requests can be cached

 GET requests remain in the browser history
 GET requests can be bookmarked
 GET requests should never be used when dealing with sensitive data
 GET requests have length restrictions
 GET requests are only used to request data (not modify)

The POST Method

POST is used to send data to a server to create/update a resource.

The data sent to the server with POST is stored in the request body of the HTTP request:

POST /test/demo_form.php HTTP/1.1

Host: w3schools.com
name1=value1&name2=value2

POST is one of the most common HTTP methods.

Some other notes on POST requests:

 POST requests are never cached

 POST requests do not remain in the browser history
 POST requests cannot be bookmarked
 POST requests have no restrictions on data length

Comparison Chart

GET POST

Parameters are URI Body

placed inside

Purpose Retrieval of documents Updation of data

 GET POST

Query results Capable of being Cannot be bookmarked.

bookmarked.

Security Vulnerable, as present in Safer than GET method

plaintext

Form data type Only ASCII characters No constraints, even

constraints are permitted. binary data is permitted.

Form data length Should be kept as Could lie in any range.

minimum as possible.

Visibility Can be seen by anyone. Doesn't display variables

in URL.

Variable size Up to 2000 character. Up to 8 Mb

Caching Method data can be Does not cache the data.

cached.
PHP $_REQUEST

PHP $_REQUEST is a PHP super Global variable which is used to collect data
after submitting an HTML form.

<form method="post" action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];?>">

Name: <input type="text" name="fname">
<input type="submit">
</form>

<?php
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
// collect value of input field
$name = $_REQUEST['fname'];
if (empty($name)) {
echo "Name is empty";
} else {
echo $name;
}
}
?>

PHP $_POST

$_POST is an array of variables passed to the current script via the HTTP POST
method.

PHP $_POST is a PHP super global variable which is used to collect form data
after submitting an HTML form with method="post". $_POST is also widely used
to pass variables.

<html>

<body>

<form method="post" action="collect.php">

Name: <input type="text" name="fname">

Middle Name: <input type="text" name="mname">

Last Name: <input type="text" name="lname">

<input type="submit">

</form>

</body>
</html>
collect.php
<?php

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {

// collect value of input field

$name = $_POST['fname'];

$mname = $_POST['mname'];

$lname = $_POST['lname'];

if (empty($name)) {echo "Name is empty"; } else { echo $name; }

if (empty($mname)) {echo "Name is empty"; } else { echo $mname; }

if (empty($lname)) {echo "Name is empty"; } else { echo $lname; }

?>

</body>

</html>

PHP $_GET

PHP $_GET is a PHP super global variable which is used to collect form data
after submitting an HTML form with method="get".

$_GET is an array of variables passed to the current script via the URL parameters.

PHP Form Handling

PHP - A Simple HTML Form
<form action="welcome.php" method="post">
Name: <input type="text" name="name"><br>
E-mail: <input type="text" name="email"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
When the user fills out the form above and clicks the submit button, the form
data is sent for processing to a PHP file named "welcome.php". The form data
is sent with the HTTP POST method.
<?php
if( $_POST["name"] || $_POST["email"] ) {
if (preg_match("/[^A-Za-z'-]/",$_POST['name'] )) {
die ("invalid name and name should be alpha");
}
echo "Welcome ". $_POST['name']."<br />";
echo "You mail id is". $_POST['email']. "<br />";
exit();
}
?>

PHP Form Handling – GET Method

<html>
<body>
<form action="welcome1.php" method="get">
Name: <input type="text" name="name"><br>
E-mail: <input type="text" name="email"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>

<?php
if( $_GET["name"] || $_GET["email"] ) {
if (preg_match("/[^A-Za-z'-]/",$_GET['name'] )) {
die ("invalid name and name should be alpha");
}
echo "Welcome ". $_GET['name']."<br />";
echo "You mail id is". $_GET['email']. "<br />";
exit();
}
?>

GET vs. POST

Both GET and POST create an array (e.g. array( key1 => value1, key2 => value2, key3 =>
value3, ...)). This array holds key/value pairs, where keys are the names of the form
controls and values are the input data from the user.
Both GET and POST are treated as $_GET and $_POST. These are superglobals, which
means that they are always accessible, regardless of scope - and you can access them from
any function, class or file without having to do anything special.

$_GET is an array of variables passed to the current script via the URL parameters.

$_POST is an array of variables passed to the current script via the HTTP POST method.

When to use GET?

Information sent from a form with the GET method is visible to everyone (all variable
names and values are displayed in the URL). GET also has limits on the amount of
information to send. The limitation is about 2000 characters. However, because the
variables are displayed in the URL, it is possible to bookmark the page. This can be useful in
some cases.

GET may be used for sending non-sensitive data.

Note: GET should NEVER be used for sending passwords or other sensitive information!

When to use POST?

Information sent from a form with the POST method is invisible to others (all
names/values are embedded within the body of the HTTP request) and has no limits on the
amount of information to send.

Moreover POST supports advanced functionality such as support for multi-part binary input
while uploading files to server.

However, because the variables are not displayed in the URL, it is not possible to bookmark
the page.

Developers prefer POST for sending form data.

For Security

1. Strip unnecessary characters (extra space, tab, newline) from the user input data
(with the PHP trim() function)
2. Remove backslashes (\) from the user input data (with the PHP stripslashes()
function)
3. Use htmlspecialchars() function converts special characters to HTML entities. This
means that it will replace HTML characters like < and > with &lt; and &gt;. This
prevents attackers from exploiting the code by injecting HTML or Javascript code
(Cross-site Scripting attacks) in forms.
 <?php

// define variables and set to empty values

$name = $email = $gender = $comment = $website = "";

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {

$name = test_input($_POST["name"]);

$email = test_input($_POST["email"]);

$website = test_input($_POST["website"]);

$comment = test_input($_POST["comment"]);

$gender = test_input($_POST["gender"]);

function test_input($data) {

$data = trim($data);

$data = stripslashes($data);

$data = htmlspecialchars($data);

return $data;

?>

PHP Regular Expressions

A regular expression is a sequence of characters that forms a search
pattern.

$exp = "/w3schools/i";

Function Description
preg_match() Returns 1 if the pattern was found in the string and 0 if not

preg_match_all() Returns the number of times the pattern was found in the string, which
may also be 0

preg_replace() Returns a new string where matched patterns have been replaced with
another string

<?php
$str = "The rain in SPAIN falls mainly on the plains.";
$pattern = "/ain/i";
echo preg_match_all($pattern, $str); // Outputs 4
?>

Regular Expression Patterns

Brackets are used to find a range of characters:

Expression Description

[abc] Find one character from the options between the brackets

[^abc] Find any character NOT between the brackets

[0-9] Find one character from the range 0 to 9

Metacharacter Description
| Find a match for any one of the patterns separated by | as in:
cat|dog|fish

. Find just one instance of any character

^ Finds a match as the beginning of a string as in: ^Hello

$ Finds a match at the end of the string as in: World$

\d Find a digit

\s Find a whitespace character

\b Find a match at the beginning of a word like this: \bWORD, or at the

end of a word like this: WORD\b

\uxxxx Find the Unicode character specified by the hexadecimal number xxxx

Quantifier Description

n+ Matches any string that contains at least one n

n* Matches any string that contains zero or more occurrences of n

n? Matches any string that contains zero or one occurrences of n

n{x} Matches any string that contains a sequence of X n's

n{x,y} Matches any string that contains a sequence of X to Y n's

n{x,} Matches any string that contains a sequence of at least X n's

Get a date --- Date() Function

<?php

Echo(“l”);

echo date("Y/m/d");

echo date("Y.m.d");

echo date("Y-m-d");

?>

Output - Sunday 2020/12/06 2020.12.06 2020-12-06

Automatic Copyright Year

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>
<body>

© 2010-<?php echo date("Y");?>

 </body>
</html>

Get a Time ------ Date() Function

<?php
echo "The time is " . date("h:i:sa");
?>

PHP File Handling

Create File - fopen()
$myfile = fopen("testfile.txt", "w") or die("Unable to open file!");

Write to File - fwrite()

$txt = "Manikrao Dhre\n";
fwrite($myfile, $txt)

readfile() Function
echo readfile("webdictionary.txt");
or
$myfile = fopen("webdictionary.txt", "r") or die("Unable to open file!");
echo fread($myfile,filesize("webdictionary.txt"));
fclose($myfile);

End-Of-File - feof()
while(!feof($myfile)) {
echo fgets($myfile) . "<br>";
}
PHP File Upload
n your "php.ini" file, search for the file_uploads directive, and set it to
On:
file_uploads = On

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<form action="upload.php" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">

<input type="file" name="fileToUpload" id="fileToUpload">

<input type="submit" value="Upload Image" name="submit">
</form>

</body>
</html>

<?php
$target_dir = "uploads/";
$target_file = $target_dir . basename($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["name"]);
$uploadOk = 1;
$imageFileType = strtolower(pathinfo($target_file,PATHINFO_EXTENSION));
// Check if image file is a actual image or fake image
if(isset($_POST["submit"])) {
$check = getimagesize($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["tmp_name"]);
if($check !== false) {
echo "File is an image - " . $check["mime"] . ".";
$uploadOk = 1;
} else {
echo "File is not an image.";
$uploadOk = 0;
}
}
?>

What is a Cookie?
A cookie is often used to identify a user. A cookie is a small file that the
server embeds on the user's computer. Each time the same computer requests a
page with a browser, it will send the cookie too. With PHP, you can both
create and retrieve cookie values.
A cookie is created with the setcookie() function.
setcookie(name, value, expire, path, domain, secure, httponly);
<?php
$cookie_name = "user";
$cookie_value = "alia bhat";
setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value, time() + (86400 * 30), "/"); // 86400
= 1 day
?>
<html>
<body>

PHP Sessions
A session is a way to store information (in variables) to be used across multiple pages.

Unlike a cookie, the information is not stored on the users computer.

What is a PHP Session?

When you work with an application, you open it, do some changes, and then you close it.
This is much like a Session. The computer knows who you are. It knows when you start the
application and when you end. But on the internet there is one problem: the web server
does not know who you are or what you do, because the HTTP address doesn't maintain
state.Session variables solve this problem by storing user information to be used across
multiple pages (e.g. username, favorite color, etc). By default, session variables last until
the user closes the browser.

Start a PHP Session

A session is started with the session_start() function.
Session variables are set with the PHP global variable: $_SESSION.
<?php
// Start the session
session_start();
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// Set session variables
$_SESSION["favcolor"] = "green";
$_SESSION["favanimal"] = "cat";
echo "Session variables are set.";
?>

</body>
</html>

MySQL Database
What is MySQL?

 MySQL is a database system used on the web

 MySQL is a database system that runs on a server
 MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications
 MySQL is very fast, reliable, and easy to use
 MySQL uses standard SQL
 MySQL compiles on a number of platforms
 MySQL is free to download and use
 MySQL is developed, distributed, and supported by Oracle Corporation
 MySQL is named after co-founder Monty Widenius's daughter: My

PHP + MySQL Database System

 PHP combined with MySQL are cross-platform - you can develop in Windows and
serve on a Unix platform

Facts about MySQL Database

 MySQL is the de-facto standard database system for web sites with HUGE volumes of
both data and end-users (like Facebook, Twitter, and Wikipedia).
 Another great thing about MySQL is that it can be scaled down to support
embedded database applications.

PHP Connect to MySQL

PHP 5 and later can work with a MySQL database using:

 MySQL extension (deprecated in 2012)

 MySQLi extension (the "i" stands for improved)
 PDO (PHP Data Objects)

Should I Use MySQLi or PDO?

 If you need a short answer, it would be "Whatever you like".
  PDO will work on 12 different database systems, whereas MySQLi will only
work with MySQL databases.
 So, if you have to switch your project to use another database, PDO makes the
process easy. You only have to change the connection string and a few queries. With
MySQLi, you will need to rewrite the entire code - queries included.
 Both are object-oriented, but MySQLi also offers a procedural API.
 Both support Prepared Statements - Prepared Statements protect from SQL
injection, and are very important for web application security.

Example (MySQLi Procedural)

<?php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";
// Create connection
$conn = mysqli_connect($servername, $username, $password);
// Check connection
if (!$conn) {
die("Connection failed: " . mysqli_connect_error());
}
echo "Connected successfully";
?>

Example (MySQLi Object-Oriented)

<?php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";

// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password);

// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}
echo "Connected successfully";
?>
Example (PDO)
<?php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";

try {
$conn = new PDO("mysql:host=$servername;dbname=myDB", $username, $password);
// set the PDO error mode to exception
$conn->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
echo "Connected successfully";
} catch(PDOException $e) {
echo "Connection failed: " . $e->getMessage();
}
?>

Close the Connection

MySQLi Procedural: mysqli_close($conn);

MySQLi Object-Oriented: $conn->close();

PDO: $conn = null;

Create a MySQL Database Using MySQLi (OOP)

<?php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";

// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password);
// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}

// Create database
$sql = "CREATE DATABASE myDB";
if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {
echo "Database created successfully";
} else {
echo "Error creating database: " . $conn->error;
}

?>
Create a MySQL Database Using MySQLi (Procedural)
<?php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";

// Create connection
$conn = mysqli_connect($servername, $username, $password);
// Check connection
if (!$conn) {
die("Connection failed: " . mysqli_connect_error());
}

// Create database
$sql = "CREATE DATABASE myDB";
if (mysqli_query($conn, $sql)) {
echo "Database created successfully";
} else {
echo "Error creating database: " . mysqli_error($conn);
}

mysqli_close($conn);
?>

Create a MySQL Database Using PDO

<?php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";

try {
$conn = new PDO("mysql:host=$servername", $username, $password);
// set the PDO error mode to exception
$conn->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
$sql = "CREATE DATABASE myDBPDO";
// use exec() because no results are returned
$conn->exec($sql);
echo "Database created successfully<br>";
} catch(PDOException $e) {
echo $sql . "<br>" . $e->getMessage();
}

$conn = null;
?>
Create a MySQL Table Using MySQLi
CREATE TABLE Personalinfo (
grno INT(6) UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
firstname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
lastname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR(50),
reg_date TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
)

<?php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";
$dbname = "myDB";

// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);
// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}

// sql to create table

$sql = "CREATE TABLE Personalinfo (
id INT(6) UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
firstname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
lastname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR(50),
reg_date TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
)";

if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {

echo "Table Personalinfo created successfully";
} else {
echo "Error creating table: " . $conn->error;
}

$conn->close();
?>

Insert Data Into MySQL Using MySQLi

Here are some syntax rules to follow:

 The SQL query must be quoted in PHP

 String values inside the SQL query must be quoted
 Numeric values must not be quoted
 The word NULL must not be quoted
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

$sql = "INSERT INTO Personalinfo (grno,firstname, lastname, email)

VALUES (123456, 'Disha', 'Dhore', '[email protected]')";

if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {

echo "New record created successfully";
} else {
echo "Error: " . $sql . "<br>" . $conn->error;
}

Insert Multiple Records Into MySQL Using MySQLi

$sql = "INSERT INTO Personalinfo (grno,,firstname, lastname, email)
VALUES (123456'Disha', 'Dhore', '[email protected]');";
$sql .= "INSERT INTO Personalinfo (grno,firstname, lastname, email)
VALUES (234567'Ruchi', 'Dhore', '[email protected]');";
$sql .= "INSERT INTO Personalinfo (grno,,firstname, lastname, email)
VALUES (456789'Manik', 'Dhore', '[email protected]')";

if ($conn->multi_query($sql) === TRUE) {

echo "New records created successfully";
} else {
echo "Error: " . $sql . "<br>" . $conn->error;
}

Prepared Statements and Bound Parameters

// prepare and bind
$stmt = $conn->prepare("INSERT INTO Personalinfo (grno, firstname, lastname, email)
VALUES (?, ?, ?)");
$stmt->bind_param("isss", $grno, $firstname, $lastname, $email);

// set parameters and execute

$grno = 123456
$firstname = "Disha";
$lastname = "Dhore";
$email = "[email protected]";
$stmt->execute();
Select Data From a MySQL Database
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name

SELECT * FROM table_name

$sql = "SELECT grno, firstname, lastname, email FROM Personalinfo ";

$result = $conn->query($sql);

if ($result->num_rows > 0) {
// output data of each row
while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
echo "Grno: " . $row["grno"]. " - Name: " . $row["firstname"]. " " .
$row["lastname"]. row["email"]."<br>";
}
} else {
echo "0 results";
}

Select and Filter Data From a MySQL Database

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value

$sql = "SELECT id, firstname, lastname FROM Personalinfo WHERE lastname='Dhore'";

$result = $conn->query($sql);

if ($result->num_rows > 0) {
// output data of each row
while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
echo "id: " . $row["id"]. " - Name: " . $row["firstname"]. " " .
$row["lastname"]. "<br>";
}
} else {
echo "0 results";
}

Select and Order Data with MySQLi

The ORDER BY clause is used to sort the result-set in ascending or descending order.

The ORDER BY clause sorts the records in ascending order by default. To sort the records in
descending order, use the DESC keyword.
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC

$sql = "SELECT grno, firstname, lastname FROM Personalinfo ORDER BY lastname";

$result = $conn->query($sql);

Delete Data from a MySQL Table Using MySQLi

DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE some_column = some_value
$sql = "DELETE FROM Personalinfo WHERE id=123456";
if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {
echo "Record deleted successfully";
} else {
echo "Error deleting record: " . $conn->error;
}

Update Data In a MySQL Table Using MySQLi

UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value, column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value

$sql = "UPDATE Personalinfo SET lastname='More' WHERE grno=123456";

if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {

echo "Record updated successfully";
} else {
echo "Error updating record: " . $conn->error;
}

Limit Data Selections From a MySQL Database

MySQL provides a LIMIT clause that is used to specify the number of records to return.

$sql = "SELECT * FROM Orders LIMIT 30";

$sql = "SELECT * FROM Orders LIMIT 10 OFFSET 15";
$sql = "SELECT * FROM Orders LIMIT 15, 10";