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Matrices

A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns. There are several types of matrices including row matrices, column matrices, zero matrices, square matrices, diagonal matrices, identity matrices, scalar matrices, triangular matrices, and symmetric/skew-symmetric matrices. The key operations on matrices are addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, matrix multiplication, transpose, and inverse. Matrix multiplication is only defined if the number of columns of the first matrix equals the number of rows of the second matrix.

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Aniket Das
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16 views

Matrices

A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns. There are several types of matrices including row matrices, column matrices, zero matrices, square matrices, diagonal matrices, identity matrices, scalar matrices, triangular matrices, and symmetric/skew-symmetric matrices. The key operations on matrices are addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, matrix multiplication, transpose, and inverse. Matrix multiplication is only defined if the number of columns of the first matrix equals the number of rows of the second matrix.

Uploaded by

Aniket Das
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATRICES

A rectangular arrangement of numbers (which may be real or complex


numbers) in rows and columns, is called a matrix.

A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m×n

Two matrix A and B are said to be equal matrix if they are of same order and their
corresponding elements are equal
1 6 3 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
Example: If 𝐴 = [ ]and 𝐵 = [𝑏 𝑏2 𝑏3 ]are equal matrices.
5 2 1 1

Then 𝑎1 = 1, 𝑎2 = 6, 𝑎3 = 3, 𝑏1 = 5, 𝑏2 = 2, 𝑏3 = 1

(1) Row matrix: A matrix is said to be a row matrix or row vector if it has only one
row. Example: [5 0 3]
(2) Column matrix: A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column
2
Example: [ 3 ]is a column matrix of order 3×1
−6
(3) Singleton matrix: If in a matrix there is only one element then it is called
singleton matrix.
Example: [2], [3], [a], [–3] are singleton matrices.
(4) Null or zero matrix: If in a matrix all the elements are zero then it is called a
zero matrix and it is generally denoted by O.
0 0 0 0 0
Example: [0], [ ],[ ] , [00] are all zero matrices, but of different orders.
0 0 0 0 0
(5) Square matrix: If number of rows and number of columns in a matrix are equal,
then it is called a square matrix.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Example: [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ]is a square matrix of order 3×3
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
(6) Diagonal matrix: If all elements except the principal diagonal in a square
matrix are zero, it is called a diagonal matrix.
2 0 0
Example : [0 3 0]is a diagonal matrix of order 3×3.
0 0 4
(7) Identity matrix: A square matrix in which elements in the main diagonal are all
'1' and rest are all zero is called an identity matrix or unit matrix.
1 0 0
1 0
Example: [1], [ ] , [0 1 0] are identity matrices of order 1, 2 and 3
0 1
0 0 1
respectively.

Prepared by : Pravesh Kumar, PGT(Maths)


(8) Scalar matrix: A square matrix whose all non-diagonal elements are zero
and diagonal elements are equal is called a scalar matrix.
5 0 0
1 0
Example : [2], [ ] , [0 5 0] are scalar matrices of order 1, 2 and 3
0 1
0 0 5
respectively.
(9) Triangular Matrix : A square matrix [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is said to be triangular matrix if each
element above or below the principal diagonal is zero. It is of two types
(i) Upper Triangular matrix :
3 1 2
Example : [0 4 3] is an upper triangular matrix of order 3×3.
0 0 6
(ii) Lower Triangular matrix :
1 0 0
Example : [2 3 0] is a lower triangular matrix of order 3×3.
4 5 2

If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 and 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 are two matrices of the same order then their sum
A+B is a matrix whose each element is the sum of corresponding elements. i.e.
𝐴 + 𝐵 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛
5 2 1 5 5+1 2+5 6 7
Example : If 𝐴 = [1 3] and 𝐵 = [2 2], then 𝐴 + 𝐵 = [1 + 2 3 + 2] = [3 5]
4 1 3 3 4+3 1+3 7 4
Similarly, their subtraction 𝐴 − 𝐵is defined as 𝐴 − 𝐵 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 − 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛
5−1 2−5 4 −3
i.e. in above example 𝐴 − 𝐵 = [1 − 2 3−2 ] = [−1 1]
4−3 1−3 1 −2

Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 be a matrix and k be a number, then the matrix which is obtained
by multiplying every element of A by k is called scalar multiplication of A by k and
it is denoted by kA.
2 4
Thus, if 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 , then 𝑘𝐴 = 𝐴𝑘 = [𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 . Example : If 𝐴 = [3 1], then
4 6
10 20
5𝐴 = [15 5 ]
20 30

Prepared by : Pravesh Kumar, PGT(Maths)


Two matrices A and B are conformable for the product AB if the number of
columns in A (pre-multiplier) is same as the number of rows in B (post multiplier).Thus,
if 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 and 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛×𝑝 are two matrices of order m×n and 𝑛 × 𝑝 respectively,
then their product AB is of order 𝑚 × 𝑝and is defined as (𝐴𝐵)𝑖𝑗 = ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑗
𝑏1𝑗
𝑏
= [𝑎𝑖1 𝑎𝑖2 . . . 𝑎𝑖𝑛 ] [ 2𝑗
⋮
]= (ith row of A) (jth column of B) .....(i), where
𝑏𝑛𝑗
i=1, 2, ..., m and j=1, 2, ...p
Now we define the product of a row matrix and a column matrix.
𝑏1
Let 𝐴 = [𝑎 𝑎 . . . . 𝑎 ]be a row matrix and 𝐵 = [ 𝑏2 ]be a column matrix.
1 2 𝑛 ⋮
𝑏𝑛
Then 𝐴𝐵 = [𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 +. . . . +𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 ] …(ii). Thus, from (i),
(𝐴𝐵)𝑖𝑗 =Sum of the product of elements of ith row of A with the corresponding
elements of jth column of B.

The matrix obtained from a given matrix A by changing its rows into columns or
columns into rows is called transpose of Matrix A and is denoted by 𝐴𝑇 or 𝐴′ .
From the definition it is obvious that if order of A is m×n, then order of A T is n×m

𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎1 𝑏1
Example : Transpose of matrix [𝑏
1 𝑏2 𝑏3 ]2×3 is [𝑎2 𝑏2 ]
𝑎3 𝑏3 3×2
Properties of transpose : Let A and B be two matrices then
(i) (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝐴
(ii) (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇 , 𝐴and B being of the same order
(iii) (𝑘𝐴)𝑇 = 𝑘𝐴𝑇 , 𝑘 be any scalar (real or complex)
(iv) (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 , 𝐴and B being conformable for the product AB
(v) 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼

(i) Symmetric matrix : A square matrix A is called symmetric matrix if 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴


𝑎 ℎ 𝑔
Example : [ ℎ 𝑏 𝑓]
𝑔 𝑓 𝑐
(ii) Skew-symmetric matrix : A square matrix A is called skew- symmetric matrix
0 ℎ 𝑔
𝑇
if 𝐴 = −𝐴. Example : [ −ℎ 0 𝑓 ]
−𝑔 −𝑓 0

Prepared by : Pravesh Kumar, PGT(Maths)


Note : All principal diagonal elements of a skew- symmetric matrix are always
zero because.

(i) If A is a square matrix, then 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 is symmetric matrices, while 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 is skew-


symmetric matrix.
(ii) Every square matrix A can uniquelly be expressed as sum of a symmetric and
skew-symmetric matrix i.e.
1 1
𝐴 = [ (𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 )] + [ (𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 )].
2 2

A non-singular square matrix of order n is invertible if there exists a square


matrix B of the same order such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐵𝐴.

Prepared by : Pravesh Kumar, PGT(Maths)

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