Optimal User Experience

White Paper of Home Wi-Fi Networks

White Paper of Home Wi-Fi Networks with Optimal User Experience Contents

Contents

1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Wi-Fi Technologies and Working Principles .......................................................................... 3
2.1 Basic Wi-Fi Concept and Working Principle .............................................................................................................3
2.1.1 Concept .................................................................................................................................................................3
2.1.2 How to Send Data ..................................................................................................................................................4
2.1.3 Working Channel and Frequency Bandwidth .........................................................................................................5
2.2 Physical Rate of an Air Interface ...............................................................................................................................6
2.2.1 802.11b ..................................................................................................................................................................6
2.2.2 802.11g and 802.11a ..............................................................................................................................................6
2.2.3 802.11n ..................................................................................................................................................................7
2.2.4 802.11ac ................................................................................................................................................................8
2.2.5 802.11ax ................................................................................................................................................................9
2.3 Bearing Rate of an Air Interface................................................................................................................................9
2.4 Technologies Improving the Air Interface Efficiency .............................................................................................. 10
2.4.1 WMM ..................................................................................................................................................................10
2.5 Wi-Fi Application Prospect ..................................................................................................................................... 11

3 Challenges to Home Wi-Fi Networks ..................................................................................... 12

3.1 Hard OAM ............................................................................................................................................................. 12
3.2 Deteriorated Wi-Fi Performance ............................................................................................................................. 13
3.3 Poor Video Experience ........................................................................................................................................... 16
3.4 Failed IPTV and Internet Access Integration ........................................................................................................... 17

4 KQI of Home Wi-Fi Networks.................................................................................................. 18

4.1 Quality Standards of Home Wi-Fi Networks ........................................................................................................... 18
4.1.1 Experience KQI of Home Wi-Fi Networks........................................................................................................... 19
4.1.1.1 Web Browsing .................................................................................................................................................. 19
4.1.1.2 Broadband Speedtest ........................................................................................................................................ 20
4.1.1.3 Video Streaming ............................................................................................................................................... 20
4.1.1.4 Online Gaming ................................................................................................................................................. 21
4.1.1.5 High-speed Download ...................................................................................................................................... 22
4.1.2 Network KPI of Home Wi-Fi Networks ............................................................................................................... 23
4.1.2.1 Service Experience ........................................................................................................................................... 23
4.1.2.2 Connection Capability ...................................................................................................................................... 23

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4.1.2.3 Coverage .......................................................................................................................................................... 24

4.1.2.4 Throughput ....................................................................................................................................................... 24
4.1.2.5 Anti-interference ............................................................................................................................................... 24
4.1.2.6 Maintenance and Management .......................................................................................................................... 25
4.2 Target of Next-Generation Home Wi-Fi Networks: 100M@Anywhere ...................................................................25

5 Wi-Fi Coverage Solutions and Key Features ......................................................................... 26

5.1 Specification Requirements of Home Gateways and APs ........................................................................................ 26
5.2 Performance Enhancements for Home Wi-Fi Networks .......................................................................................... 27
5.2.1 Intelligent Channel Management ......................................................................................................................... 27
5.2.2 Dynamic Anti-Interference...................................................................................................................................29
5.2.3 Intelligent Band Steering ..................................................................................................................................... 30
5.2.4 Intelligent Seamless Roaming .............................................................................................................................. 31
5.2.5 Baseband Beamforming ....................................................................................................................................... 32
5.2.6 Intelligent Antenna Selection ............................................................................................................................... 33
5.2.7 Airtime Fairness Scheduling ................................................................................................................................ 34
5.3 Key Features of Video Bearing of Home Wi-Fi Networks ....................................................................................... 34
5.3.1 QoS Scheduling Preferentially for Video Services ................................................................................................ 35
5.3.2 CAC Control and Airtime Assurance Preferentially for Video Services ................................................................ 36

6 Home Wi-Fi Network Deployment Suggestions in Typical Scenarios ............................ 37

6.1 Unified Multi-Service Network............................................................................................................................... 37
6.2 Multi-Media Expanded APs .................................................................................................................................... 38
6.3 Deployment and Design Principles of Home Network Wi-Fi .................................................................................. 40
6.4 Home Wi-Fi Network Deployment in Typical Scenarios ......................................................................................... 42
6.4.1 Wi-Fi Solution Design for a Small House ............................................................................................................ 42
6.4.2 Wi-Fi Solution Design for a Medium House ........................................................................................................ 43
6.4.3 Wi-Fi Solution Design for a Large House............................................................................................................. 45
6.4.4 Wi-Fi Solution Design for a Multi-Floor House or Villa ....................................................................................... 46
6.5 Building Visible and Manageable Home Wi-Fi Networks ....................................................................................... 48
6.5.1 AP PnP ................................................................................................................................................................ 49
6.5.2 Visible and Manageable Home Wi-Fi Networks ...................................................................................................49
6.5.3 Remote O&M over Home Wi-Fi .......................................................................................................................... 50
6.5.4 Installation and Maintenance Tool of Home Wi-Fi Networks ............................................................................... 51
6.5.5 Performance Analysis Tool ..................................................................................................................................51
6.5.6 User App, Bringing Smart Wi-Fi Networks .......................................................................................................... 52

7 Outlook ......................................................................................................................................... 53
8 Appendix A: References ............................................................................................................ 54
9 Appendix B: Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................... 55

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White Paper of Home Wi-Fi Networks with Optimal User Experience 1 Introduction

1 Introduction

With the rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, Big Data, and
ultra-broadband, services such as 4K, virtual reality (VR), and smart home applications are
booming under the background of "Internet+". Wi-Fi gradually becomes a rigid demand for
broadband users. Data demonstrates that 80% traffic of the current carrier comes from Wi-Fi
and most of the traffic belongs to video services, which is mainly consumed in home
scenarios. This is also a market opportunity for carriers in new business models.
However, after broadband acceleration (for example, 100 Mbit/s/1000 Mbit/s), the bandwidth
of user homes increases, but the bandwidth of 100 Mbit/s is not equal to 100 Mbit/s
experience. The bottleneck lies in the poor quality of home networks on the user side. In
addition, HD video services and high-quality high-speed Wi-Fi connecting mobile terminals
become the focuses of user complaints. The main problems are: The Wi-Fi speed is slow, the
Wi-Fi coverage is narrow and is interfered, and the Wi-Fi quality is invisible to carriers.
Therefore, it is difficult to locate and solve problems. As a result, the carrier's broadband
brand is affected, invalid guarantee is increased, and high-value service development is
restricted. For large-size houses, carriers operating video bearing and smart home can
leverage their advantages in home Wi-Fi networks to build differentiated home network
capabilities.
As Wi-Fi becomes the main connection mode for home networks and users pay attention to
video experience, when frame freezing occurs, 1/3 users feel unbearable and immediately stop
watching, and 84% users stop watching 1 minute after their experience deteriorates according
to user video report released by Conviva. Also data shows that nearly 1/3 users are not
satisfied with the Wi-Fi coverage and speed in their homes; 1/2 users are willing to pay for
Wi-Fi service packages. Therefore, video experience through Wi-Fi is pivotal to successful
home network business.
For the home Wi-Fi network coverage and quality issues that carriers and users are eager to
pay attention to, the carrier-level home Wi-Fi network should be centered on dual-band Wi-Fi
home gateways and fully utilize routed indoor cables or 5G Wi-Fi as Wi-Fi extension media to
implement smart Wi-Fi coverage. The gateway functions as the control center to implement
seamless Wi-Fi roaming and channel optimization on the entire home network. The gateway
provides optimal video experience and can manage and maintain home Wi-Fi networks. In
addition, home gateway-centric Wi-Fi experience measurement standards need to be provided,
including key quality indicators (KQIs) and key performance indicators (KPIs). These
indicators quantify user experience (such as the video streaming delay, web page loading time,
and response time to online gaming). Based on such information, guidance on end-to-end best
video experience improvement is posed to construct a manageable and maintainable home
Wi-Fi network architecture to help carriers deploy home Wi-Fi networks in a high-quality and
efficient manner, improve QoS of 4K video over Wi-Fi, sense Wi-Fi networks, and enhance
cloud management and O&M. This guidance effectively solves problems such as poor home

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Wi-Fi coverage, low Internet access rate, and even complaints about fault locating and
troubleshooting failures.
By building a home gateway-centric home Wi-Fi network with the optimal experience, the
Wi-Fi signal can be flexibly extended through the Ethernet cable, power line, wireless relay,
and 5G Wi-Fi to effectively solve the Wi-Fi coverage and performance problems. The 1+N
home network supports intelligent synchronization of network parameters, seamless roaming
of terminals, Wi-Fi channel optimization on the entire network, and QoS of video services
carried over Wi-Fi networks, achieving smart and full home Wi-Fi coverage and optimal
video experience. Furthermore, self-service home Wi-Fi management is supported, facilitating
easy maintenance and ease of use. Through the cloud management platform and mobile phone
App, the home Wi-Fi network can be quickly installed and maintained, and managed,
improving the operation efficiency for home Wi-Fi networks.

Keywords
4K, experience, network, home network, KQI, KPI, 100M, Wi-Fi, FTTH, WMM, cloud
management platform

Abstract
With the increasing number of mobile terminals at homes, mobile video and ultra HD (UHD)
IPTV continuously drive ultra-broadband development, and also enable Wi-Fi to become the
main video bearing mode for home networks. Furthermore, carriers also transform their focus
from connection to experience. Accordingly, the idea of home network construction also
changes to business and experience. To provide users with good Wi-Fi coverage and optimal
4K video experience, a home Wi-Fi network centered on user experience needs to be built up.
This document describes the technologies and working principles, quality standard KQIs, and
deployment suggestions for home Wi-Fi networks providing superior video experience.
Carriers can select the most appropriate deployment solution based on their network
infrastructure and service development policies.

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2 Wi-Fi Technologies and Working

Principles

With the development of the Wi-Fi technology, 802.11ac is a new-generation Wi-Fi standard
that works on the 5 GHz frequency band. The mainstream configuration is 5 GHz 2x2 MIMO,
the highest air interface rate is 1166 Mbit/s, and the actual throughput reaches about 500–600
Mbit/s. Compared with the 2.4 GHz frequency band based on the IEEE 802.11n, the
dual-band Wi-Fi gateway has multiple advantages, including a large number of available
channels, stronger anti-interference capacity, higher rate, and shorter latency, better supporting
high-speed Wi-Fi services such as HD videos.
2.1 Basic Wi-Fi Concept and Working Principle
2.2 Physical Rate of an Air Interface
2.3 Bearing Rate of an Air Interface
2.4 Technologies Improving the Air Interface Efficiency
2.5 Wi-Fi Application Prospect

2.1 Basic Wi-Fi Concept and Working Principle

2.1.1 Concept
Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network (Wi-Fi) technology based on the IEEEE 802.11
standard. A Wi-Fi network consists of the following components:

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Figure 2-1 Components of a Wi-Fi network

 Stations (STA): a workstation refers to a laptop, tablet, or smartphone with the Wi-Fi
function.
 Access point (AP): an access hotspot refers to the ONT, CPE, cable modem (CM), or
router with the Wi-Fi function.
 Wireless medium: a radio medium, which uses radio frequency (RF) and antenna, and
transmits signals through air.
 Distribution system: consists of STAs, APs, and wireless media.
When an AP provides the wireless access service, the service set identifier (SSID) must be
configured. When an STA enables the Wi-Fi function, the scanned Wi-Fi hotspot name is the
SSID.
A physical AP can be configured with multiple SSIDs, which is equivalent to multiple virtual
APs (VAPs). When enabling the Wi-Fi function, an STA can scan multiple hotspots. Multiple
VAPs are used to differentiate services and do not increase air interface resources.

2.1.2 How to Send Data

The AP and STA must send data in different time periods. Otherwise, they interfere with each
other and cannot receive data. To successfully send data, Wi-Fi has 3 coordination
mechanisms:
 DCF: distributed coordination function. The AP and the STA send data by using carrier
sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA).
 PCF: point coordination function. The AP uniformly coordinates the time for each device
to send data.
 HCF: hybrid coordination function. DCF and PCF are used together.
There may be multiple APs connected to the air interface, and the PCF efficiency is low.
Therefore, DCF is widely used.
The following figure shows the process of sending data in the DCF mechanism. In this
process, whether the air interface is busy is checked first. If the air interface is idle, wait
for the DIFS+random time. After waiting, if the air interface is still idle, the data is sent.

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Figure 2-2 Process of sending data in the DCF mechanism on a Wi-Fi network

Short interframe space (SIFS) is a continuous process interval. PCF interframe space (PIFS) is
used for PCF. DCF interframe space (DIFS) is used for DCF.
If multiple devices have the same random time, a conflict occurs. In this case, data needs to be
reset at an appropriate time. To ensure that the peer end can receive data, the peer end needs to
confirm the data. Frame and ACK involve a continuous process. The air interface does not
need to be checked when the ACK packet is sent.

Figure 2-3 Data transmission mechanism on a Wi-Fi network

2.1.3 Working Channel and Frequency Bandwidth

When a Wi-Fi device transmits data through radio waves, it needs to work in a certain
frequency range. This frequency range is called a channel. The AP selects a working channel,
and the STA follows the working channel of the AP. Wi-Fi devices working on different
channels can send data at the same time. Wi-Fi devices working on the same channel cannot

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send data at the same time. The working Wi-Fi frequency range can be different, which is
called working bandwidth, including 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and 160 MHz.
In the 2.4 GHz frequency band, channels 1–13 are opened in mainland China. These channels
overlap. The bandwidth of 11bg is 22 MHz, and only channels 1, 6, and 11 do not overlap.
When the 40 MHz bandwidth is used, there is only one channel that does not overlap.

Figure 2-4 Channels on the Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz frequency band

In the 5 GHz frequency band, channels 36–64 channel and 149–165 are opened in mainland
China. Among which, channels 52–64 need to support DFS/TPC for radar detection and
power control. Different from 2.4 GHz, channels of bandwidth 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and 160
MHz are defined by the standard and cannot be combined randomly.

Figure 2-5 Channels on the Wi-Fi 5 GHz frequency band

2.2 Physical Rate of an Air Interface

IEEE 802.11 defines multiple physical layer standards. Different standards support different
physical rates of an air interface.

2.2.1 802.11b
802.11b works at the 2.4 GHz frequency band and supports physical rates 1 Mbit/s, 2 Mbit/s,
5.5 Mbit/s, and 11 Mbit/s.

2.2.2 802.11g and 802.11a

802.11g works at the 2.4 GHz frequency band and 802.11a works at the 5 GHz frequency
band. The supported physical rates are as follows:

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Table 2-1 Physical rates supported by 802.11g and 802.11a

Modulation Mode Coding Rate Physical Rate (Mbit/s)

BPSK 1/2 6.0

BPSK 3/4 9.0

QPSK 1/2 12.0
QPSK 3/4 18.0
16-QAM 1/2 24.0
16-QAM 3/4 36.0
64-QAM 2/3 48.0
64-QAM 3/4 54.0

Wi-Fi devices need to dynamically adjust modulation modes and coding rates based on the air
interface status to work at different physical rates.

2.2.3 802.11n
802.11n works at the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz frequency band. It supports MIMO. The physical rate
of multiple spatial streams is multiplied by the number of spatial streams based on the
physical rate of a single spatial stream. Also, it supports 40 MHz frequency bandwidth. The
following table lists the supported physical rates.

Table 2-2 Physical rates supported by 802.11n

MCS Index Number of Modulation Bit Rate Air Interface Air Interface
Spatial Mode Rate in 20 Rate in 40
Streams MHz (Mbit/s) MHz (Mbit/s)
(MIMO)
0 1 BPSK 1/2 7.2 15.0

1 1 QPSK 1/2 14.4 30.0

2 1 QPSK 3/4 21.7 45.0
3 1 16-QAM 1/2 28.9 60.0
4 1 16-QAM 3/4 43.3 90.0
5 1 64-QAM 2/3 57.8 120.0
6 1 64-QAM 3/4 65.0 135.0
7 1 64-QAM 5/6 72.2 150.0
…
15 2 64-QAM 5/6 144.4 300.0
…

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MCS Index Number of Modulation Bit Rate Air Interface Air Interface
Spatial Mode Rate in 20 Rate in 40
Streams MHz (Mbit/s) MHz (Mbit/s)
(MIMO)
23 3 64-QAM 5/6 216.7 450.0
…
31 4 64-QAM 5/6 288.9 600.0

The number of spatial streams depends on the shared capabilities of the AP and STA. If the
number of spatial streams supported by the STA is small, the STA cannot reach a higher rate.
There are lees 2.4 GHz channels and usually they cannot work in the 40 MHz bandwidth.
Generally, 802.11n devices support 2 spatial streams, and reach physical rate 144.4 Mbit/s in
20 Mbit/s bandwidth.

2.2.4 802.11ac
802.11ac works at the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz frequency band. On the basis of 802.11n, 802.11ac
modulation modes are improved, supporting more spatial streams and higher bandwidth. The
following table lists the supported physical rates.

Table 2-3 Physical rates supported by 802.11ac

MCS Number Modulati Bit Rate Air Air Air Air

Index of Spatial on Mode Interface Interface Interface Interface
Streams Rate in Rate in 40 Rate in 80 Rate in
(MIMO) 20MHz MHz MHz 160 MHz
(Mbit/s) (Mbit/s) (Mbit/s) (Mbit/s)
0 1 BPSK 1/2 7.2 15.0 32.5 65.0

…
7 1 64-QAM 5/6 72.2 150.0 325.0 650.0
8 1 256-QAM 3/4 86.7 180.0 390.0 780.0
9 1 256-QAM 5/6 / 200.0 433.3 866.7
…
9 2 256-QAM 5/6 / 400.0 866.7 1733.3
…
9 3 256-QAM 5/6 / 600.0 1300.0 2600.0
…
9 4 256-QAM 5/6 / 800.0 1733.3 3466.7
…
9 8 256-QAM 5/6 / 1600.0 3466.7 6933.4

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802.11ac devices support 80 MHz bandwidth. 2 spatial streams can reach physical rate 866.7
Mbit/s, 3 can reach 1300 Mbit/s, and 4 can reach 1733.3 Mbit/s.

2.2.5 802.11ax
802.11ax works at the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz frequency band. The standard is not finalized yet.
On the basis of 802.11ac, 802.11ax modulation modes are improved, optimizing coding mode.
The following table lists the supported physical rates.

Table 2-4 Physical rates supported by 802.11ax

MCS Number Modulati Bit Rate Air Air Air Air

Index of Spatial on Mode Interface Interface Interface Interface
Streams Rate in Rate in 40 Rate in 80 Rate in
(MIMO) 20MHz MHz MHz 160 MHz
(Mbit/s) (Mbit/s) (Mbit/s) (Mbit/s)
0 1 BPSK 1/2 8.6 17.2 36.0 72.1
…
9 1 256-QAM 5/6 114.7 229.4 480.4 960.8
10 1 1024-QAM 3/4 129.0 258.1 540.4 1080.9
11 1 1024-QAM 5/6 143.4 286.8 600.5 1201.0
…
11 2 1024-QAM 5/6 286.8 573.5 1201.0 2401.9
…
11 3 1024-QAM 5/6 430.1 860.3 1801.5 3602.9
…
11 4 1024-QAM 5/6 573.5 1147.1 2401.9 4803.9
…
11 8 1024-QAM 5/6 1147.1 2294.2 4803.9 9607.8

The mainstream 11ax chip supports 4 spatial streams, 80 MHz bandwidth, and physical rate of
2401.9 Mbit/s. If 4 spatial streams with 160 MHz bandwidth, or 8 spatial streams with 80
MHz bandwidth are supported, the physical rate can reach 4803.9 Mbit/s.

2.3 Bearing Rate of an Air Interface

The rate at which Ethernet packets are transmitted over the air interface is different from the
physical rate of the air interface. The causes are as follows:
 The overhead of the 802.11 frame header is great. Time is consumed by conflict
avoidance mechanism adopted by the air interface, ACK frames, and management
frames.

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 Time is consumed by other wireless devices.

 Due to obstacles, spatial attenuation is generated. Therefore, the highest physical rate
cannot be fulfilled.
 The STA supports less spatial streams, or does not support the latest technical standard,
or does not work on the maximum bandwidth.
When evaluating the bearing rate of an air interface, the current technical standard, bandwidth,
number of spatial streams, signal strength, and interference need to be checked and confirmed.
The following lists reachable bearing rates without considering the mentioned factors.

Table 2-5 Actual rates of air interfaces of different types

Air Interface Working Physical Rate Ideal Test Actual Rate

Type Frequency of an Air Rate
Bandwidth Interface
2*2 11n 20M 144M 80–95M 60–75M
3*3 11n 20M 216M 110–130M 80–100M
2*2 11ac 80M 866M 500–530M 370–420M
3*3 11ac 80M 1300M 650–750M 580–650M

2.4 Technologies Improving the Air Interface Efficiency

2.4.1 WMM
When video and voice services are carried over Wi-Fi, the Wi-Fi multimedia (WMM)
mechanism can be used to prevent data services from affecting the quality of video and voice
services. As mentioned in the preceding content, "DIFS+random time" requires and then data
can be sent out. After WMM is supported, DIFS is changed to AIFS. WMM defines 4 service
types: VO (voice), VI (video), BE (best effort), and BK (background). Different service types
have different AIFS values and different random time windows. The difference between the
AIFS and random window ensures that data of the voice and video services is more likely to
be sent.

Figure 2-6 WMM working principle

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For voice and video packets, correct priority must be set in the IP header or VLAN tag to
ensure that the packets can be mapped to the VO or VI queue. VLAN tag priority is taken as
an example: priorities 6 and 7 correspond to VO, 4 and 5 correspond to VI, 3 and 0
correspond to BE, and 2 and 1 correspond to BK.

2.5 Wi-Fi Application Prospect

Wi-Fi bears over 42% mobile data traffic and 90% tablet data traffic worldwide. It has
become the foundation in the mobile Internet era. In the future, more devices will be
connected through Wi-Fi in various industries, increasing social automation, productivity, and
comfort.
With popularization of the 4G/5G concept, mobile users' requirements are increasing.
Assuming that an LTE network provides user experience and persons born approximately the
same as those provided by a Wi-Fi network. In this case, sites need to be deployed densely. As
a result, costs on site lease and equipment maintenance increase sharply. In contrast, Wi-Fi
has thousand times lower than LTE in terms of power consumption, maintainability, hardware
cost, and facilities. The future mobile network needs Wi-Fi, and now VoWi-Fi has emerged.
In the smart home field, as more and more Wi-Fi Internet of Things (IoT) devices are
deployed, Wi-Fi is expected to be one of the protocols for smart home connection. Its
advantages lie in fast transmission rate, low product cost, and most popular in daily's life. For
users, smart home based on Wi-Fi is the most cost-effective, and they only need to purchase
devices for network connection. For example, video surveillance based on Wi-Fi can avoid
complex cabling and dramatically reduce the deployment time.
In a word, home Wi-Fi can meet the requirements of home mobile devices, video bearing, and
VR/AR. In the future, mobile communications and smart home applications will also unleash
its unlimited potential.

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White Paper of Home Wi-Fi Networks with Optimal User Experience 3 Challenges to Home Wi-Fi Networks

3 Challenges to Home Wi-Fi Networks

Statistics show that in a China's household, an average of 6 terminals are connected through
Wi-Fi and more than 80% users enjoy video on demands through Wi-Fi. However, the actual
Wi-Fi rate does not match the bandwidth package rate, which severely affects user experience.
As a result, user complaints increase. In addition, there is no efficient method of locating and
resolving Wi-Fi performance issues. As a result, user complaints cannot be addressed in time.
3.1 Hard OAM
3.2 Deteriorated Wi-Fi Performance
3.3 Poor Video Experience
3.4 Failed IPTV and Internet Access Integration

3.1 Hard OAM

High professional skills are required for home Wi-Fi network planning and engineering. If a
user DIYs a Wi-Fi network, many potential quality problems may occur:
1. Network planning is incorrect. It is difficult for users to answer questions, for example,
what kind of home gateways are needed for the house, how many distributed APs are
needed, and where can these home gateways and distributed APs be placed.
2. It is hard to ensure compatibility of self-purchased home gateways or distributed APs,
leading to poor network performance.
3. The gateway or AP is incorrectly configured.
4. Engineering errors occur, such as cable connection and installation.
Regardless of whether carriers provide home Wi-Fi services, users often regard the home
Wi-Fi network as a part of broadband services. Once a problem occurs, users report faults to
carriers. According to statistics, 30% to 50% problems in home networks are caused by Wi-Fi.
However, home Wi-Fi now is hardly managed. On one hand, carriers' management system
does not collect the running Wi-Fi data. On the other hand, there is no effective OAM tool on
CPEs deployed on boundaries of carriers' networks. In this case, if a fault occurs, remote
maintenance personnel cannot quickly determine whether the fault is caused by home Wi-Fi
or broadband network. Instead, the fault can only be handled at users' homes by the
installation and maintenance personnel.

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3.2 Deteriorated Wi-Fi Performance

Inappropriate location and antenna direction of home gateways in users' homes affect Wi-Fi
coverage performance. For example, a home gateway is placed in an information box, in a
closed storage room, or on the ground in the corner; antennas are placed against the wall, or
the omnidirectional antennas are not erected or form a certain angle.

Figure 3-1 Deteriorated Wi-Fi performance

Complex home environment attenuates Wi-Fi signals greatly. The following table lists Wi-Fi
signal attenuation caused by common home obstacles. For example, the bearing wall
attenuates Wi-Fi signals from 1% (20 db) to 0.01% (40 db).

Table 3-1 Wi-Fi signal attenuation caused by common home obstacles

Obstacle Attenuation Obstacle Attenuation

Bearing wall 20–40 db Concrete wall 10–18 db
Floor 30 db Hollow brick wall 4–6 db
Plasterboard wall 3–5 db Glass door and 2–4 db
window
Wooden door 3–5 db Reflective glass 12–15 db
door and window
Wooden furniture 2–10 db Wood partition wall 5–8 db

Metal object Full reflection Water Full absorption

Note that Wi-Fi signals cannot penetrate metal objects. However, many information boxes
housing home gateways have metal plates. As a result, Wi-Fi signals are of poor quality.

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Figure 3-2 Information boxes housing home gateways have metal plates

In a multi-room house, indoor partition walls block Wi-Fi signals obviously, but no distributed
APs are deployed to enhance the Wi-Fi coverage. Even so, many users only purchase costly
high-performance Wi-Fi home gateways, and they do not know how important that distributed
APs brought to large-house Wi-Fi coverage.
Interference also hinders Wi-Fi performance:
 Co-channel or adjacent-channel interference
− Co-channel interference: mutual interference between Wi-Fi devices working on the
same channel. Air interfaces are public transmission media of all devices. The 2
APs back off each other according to the CSMA/CA, which greatly reduces the
performance. The 2.4 GHz frequency band has only 3 non-overlapping channels.
Therefore, it is difficult to find a channel that does not overlap with other channels
in communities.
− Adjacent-channel interference: mutual interference between Wi-Fi devices working
on different channels. If the Tx bandwidth of Wi-Fi devices with different center
frequencies overlap, mutual interference may be generated.

Figure 3-3 Wi-Fi interference

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 Non-Wi-Fi interference source

Table 3-2 Wi-Fi interference brought by common home devices

Interferen Frequency Power Interference Evaluation

ce Source
Microwave Band S > 800 W Severe interference (rate decreases obviously
oven (2.4–2.5G) when the distance is < 4 m; network is
disconnected occasionally when the distance is <
2 m)
Cordless 2.4G, 5G 3W Severe interference (rate decreases when the
phone distance is < 1 m; network is disconnected when
the distance is < 0.5 m)
Wireless 2.4G 0.5–1 W Relative slight interference, but long distance
camera required
Bluetooth 2.4G 1 mW Slight interference
device
Radar 5G kW– Severe interference brought by great radar power
MW despite long distances

Wi-Fi performance deteriorates due to:

1. The Wi-Fi bandwidth is insufficient and mobile performance is poor.
2. Lots of home gateways are not upgraded to 11ac dual-band ones, or gateways are new
11ac dual-band ones, but terminals such as PCs and STBs use 11b/n/g. As a result, the
overall performance lags.
3. When a mobile phone or tablet is used to access the Internet or watch videos, signals
cannot be switched to an AP releasing stronger signals because the home gateway or
terminal does not support band-steering (supported by 11k and 11v). As a result, services
are suspended for a long time.
4. Some users configure different SSIDs for the distributed AP and the home gateway
respectively. As a result, connected terminals cannot be automatically switched.

Figure 3-4 Wi-Fi quality impact brought by terminal moving

Mobile Mobile

Good signals General signals Poor signals Extremely poor signals No signals

Connected to AP-A

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3.3 Poor Video Experience

Many users use Wi-Fi to connect STBs for convenience or beauty. However, the actual
experience is poor. This is because that the Wi-Fi network quality of many households cannot
meet requirements on high-quality videos. The following table lists the end-to-end quality
requirements on IPTV videos. According to the data listed, live TV is based on UDP, which
has no high requirements on delay and jitter but is sensitive to packet loss rate (PLR). Unlike
live TV, TCP-based VoD or over the top (OTT) videos are sensitive to delay. In addition, the
network must meet the bandwidth requirements of 1.3 times or even 1.5 times to the bit rate.
The following table lists video quality KPIs defined by Huawei.

Table 3-3 Video quality KPIs defined by Huawei

IPTV Bit Rate Bandwidth Delay Jitter PLR

Video
HD live CBR 15M > 19.5M < 200 ms < 50 ms < 0.0011%
TV (single-directio
nal)
4K live TV CBR 30M > 39M < 200 ms < 50 ms < 0.001%
(single-directio
nal)
4K TCP VBR–25M, > 37.5M < 55 ms < 20 ms < 0.01%
VoD /OTT peak 40M (bi-directional)
video

The following table lists typical quality parameters of a Wi-Fi network. According to the data
listed, 2.4G frequency bands interfered severely hard to meet high quality requirements on
HD videos.

Table 3-4 Typical quality parameters of a Wi-Fi network

Single STB Bandwidth at 5 m Average Jitter PLR

Without Bi-directional
Obstacles Delay
2.4G 2*2 MIMO weak Down: 65 Mbit/s 5 ms 116 0.1%
interference Up: 63 Mbit/s ms

2.4G 2*2 MIMO strong Down: 19 Mbit/s 12 ms 138 0.6%

interference Up: 17.5 Mbit/s ms

5G 2*2 MIMO weak Down: 420 Mbit/s 4 ms 10 ms 0%

interference Up: 280 Mbit/s

In the future, home video consumption will evolve to multi-channel 4K or even 8K, which
will have higher requirements on Wi-Fi networks.

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3.4 Failed IPTV and Internet Access Integration

Figure 3-5 Failed IPTV and Internet access integration

IPTV port

Network port

Internet Route+NAPT
WAN

Bridge CPE Router purchased by user

Many carriers use the LAN-WAN binding technology to separate the IPTV service from the
Internet access service so as to allocate separate bandwidth and service channels to the IPTV
service. In this case, the STB needs to connect to a fixed port of the CPE, which brings the
following problems:
1. If Ethernet connection is used, only 1 STB can be connected.
2. If the user connects an STB using Wi-Fi, the user cannot use Wi-Fi connection of the
self-purchased home gateway. (Wi-Fi of the home gateway provides only the Internet
access service.)
3. If an STB is connected using Wi-Fi, many purchased APs cannot support multicast and
IGMP. Even if a user purchases a pair of bridging APs to connect to the CPE IPTV port
and STB, the user cannot watch live programs.
4. This harms integration of multiple services on terminals. In the future, terminals must
support multiple services, that is, users can use STBs and smartphones to watch IPTV
programs provided by carriers, watch OTT videos, and access the Internet.
5. Users cannot use smartphones or tablets to watch IPTV videos.

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4 KQI of Home Wi-Fi Networks

How to measure the quality of home networks, especially Wi-Fi quality, is a problem that
carriers and users willing to resolve. Therefore, it is critical to define KQIs and KPIs for
Wi-Fi experience measurement. These indicators quantify user experience (such as the video
streaming delay, web page loading time, and response time to online gaming). Based on such
information, guidance on end-to-end best video experience is posed to construct a manageable
and maintainable home Wi-Fi network architecture to help carriers deploy home Wi-Fi
networks in a high-quality and efficient manner, improve QoS of 4K video over Wi-Fi, sense
Wi-Fi networks, and enhance cloud management and O&M.
4.1 Quality Standards of Home Wi-Fi Networks
4.2 Target of Next-Generation Home Wi-Fi Networks: 100M@Anywhere

4.1 Quality Standards of Home Wi-Fi Networks

QoE: quality of experience sensed by users.
QoS: quality of service.
MOS: mean opinion score, which can be subjective MOS or objective MOS. According to
ITU-T P.800 and P.830 proposals, different persons compare their feelings on services under
different network conditions, obtain the MOS, and finally calculate the average value.
Experience KQI: objective service quality parameters that are determined based on service
feature analysis and are used to determine the service quality.
Service KPIs: technical indicators that are not directly perceived by users but affect user
experience.
Network KPI: key network performance indicators.
Home Wi-Fi network service experience indicators are divided into: experience KQIs, service
KPIs, and network KPIs.
Experience KQIs are decomposed and quantified from users' perspectives. Such KQIs can be
divided into multiple service KPIs.
Service KPIs analyze technical factors that affect user experience from O&M technical
personnel's perspectives.

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Network KPIs directly reflect key performance indicators of network operations. Such KPIs
directly affect service KPIs and indirectly affect experience KQIs.
The relationship between these indicators is shown in the following figure.

Figure 4-1 Relationship between these indicators

Experience Experience Experience

KQI A KQI B KQI C

Service KPI 1 Service KPI 2 Service KPI 3 Service KPI 4 Service KPI 5

Network KPI 1 Network KPI 2 Network KPI 3

4.1.1 Experience KQI of Home Wi-Fi Networks

4.1.1.1 Web Browsing
This KQI refers to the experience KQI for the mobile terminal to browse web pages through
Wi-Fi.
KQIs of web browsing experience perceived by users are: page response time, above-the-fold
time, and full loading time.
Page response time: defined for the user access page (DNS resolution process is required). It
refers to the time period from when the user initiates an access instruction on the terminal
(enters a URL address in the browser's address bar and touches or presses Enter) to the time
when the user views the first content on the page. For the browser (Windows OS), the first
content is represented by the displayed title of the browser; for the browser (smartphone App),
the first content is represented by the first displayed element.
Above-the-fold time: time used for fully displaying the upper screen (assume that the terminal
resolution is 1920*1080) on the browser. It refers to the time from when the user initiates an
access instruction (enters a URL address in the browser's address bar and touches or presses
Enter), and the browser sends out a request to obtain the target website data, to the time when
needed data is returned and the terminal screen is fully displayed.
Full loading time: defined for the user access page (DNS resolution process is required). It
refers to the time period from when a user initiates an access instruction on a terminal (enters
a URL address in the browser's address bar and touches or presses Enter) to the time when
the entire page is completely loaded on the browser.

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Table 4-1 Web browsing service experience KQI

User MOS Indicator

Experience
Level Page Response Above-the-Fold Full Loading
Time (Unit: s) Time (Unit: s) Time (Unit: s)

Very good 4.5–5 < 0.6 < 1.5 <8

Good 3.5–4.5 0.6–1.5 1.5–3 8–18

Average 2.5–3.5 1.5–2 3–5 18–30

Poor 1.5–2.5 2–2.5 5–7 30–48

Very poor 0–1.5 > 2.5 >7 > 48

4.1.1.2 Broadband Speedtest

This KQI refers to the experience KQI for the mobile terminal to test broadband speed
through Wi-Fi.
KQIs of broadband speedtest experience perceived by users are: ratio of the download rate
and ratio of the upload rate.
Ratio of the download rate: ratio of the highest download rate obtained from the specified
server to the average downstream user bandwidth in peak hours (obtained from the wireless
planning department) by using the speed test software recommended (see the tool
requirements).
Ratio of the upload rate: ratio of the highest upload rate obtained from the specified server to
the average upstream user bandwidth in peak hours (obtained from the wireless planning
department) by using the speed test software recommended (see the tool requirements).

Table 4-2 Broadband service experience KQI

User Experience MOS Indicator

Level
Ratio of the Ratio of the Upload
Download Rate Rate
Very good 5.0 ≥ 100% ≥ 100%

Good 3.5–4.9 ≥ 90% ≥ 90%

Average 2.5–3.5 ≥ 70% ≥ 70%

Poor 1.5–2.5 ≥ 50% ≥ 50%

Very poor 0–1.5 < 50% < 50%

4.1.1.3 Video Streaming

This KQI refers to the experience KQI for the mobile terminal to order online videos through
Wi-Fi.

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KQIs of video streaming experience perceived by users are: initial buffering time, number of
frame freezing times, and frame freezing ratio.
Initial buffering time: time elapsed from when a terminal sends OTT program requests until
the OTT cloud platform returns data large enough for the terminal to display the first video
image. An OTT program request can be triggered when a user initiates a VoD request or fast
forwards or rewinds during the video playback.
Number of frame freezing times: number of times when the image freezes because the
downloaded data amount is less than that required for the decoding and playing of a video
within a specified watching time (for example, 5 minutes). The pauses actively performed by
a user and the pauses that occur when the terminal CPU runs under heavy load are not
counted.
Frame freezing ratio: ratio of the buffering time to the watching time when the image freezes
because the downloaded data amount is less than that required for the decoding and playing of
a video within a specified watching time (for example, 5 minutes). The pauses actively
performed by a user and the pauses that occur when the terminal CPU runs under heavy load
are not counted.

Table 4-3 Video streaming service experience KQI

User MOS Indicator

Experience
Level Initial Buffering Number of Frame Frame
Time (Unit: ms) Freezing Times* Freezing
Ratio*
Very good 5 ≤ 100 0 0%

Good 4 1000 1 0.1%

Average 3 2000 3 1%

Poor 2 5000 6 5%

Very poor 1 8000 > 10 10%

* The statistical period is 45 minutes. (Generally, an episode has 45 minutes.)

4.1.1.4 Online Gaming

This KQI refers to the experience KQI for the mobile terminal to play games online through
Wi-Fi.
KQIs of online gaming experience perceived by users are: operation response time and
operation freezing ratio.
Operation response time: average time (unit: ms) difference between the time when a user
clicks the mouse or keyboard to the time when the gaming client starts to respond to user
operation during repeated operations (1000 times recommended).
Operation freezing ratio: ratio (unit: %) of the number of gaming suspension times to the total
number of operations (not considering the terminal performance bottleneck) during the
repeated operation test (1000 times recommended).

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Table 4-4 Online gaming service experience KQI

User Experience MOS Indicator*

Level
Operation Response Operation Freezing
Time (Unit: ms) Rate (Unit: %)

Very good 4.5–5 < 0.4 0%

Good 3.5–4.5 0.4–0.7 < 3%

Average 2.5–3.5 0.7–0.9 3%–7%

Poor 1.5–2.5 0.9–1.2 7%–10%

Very poor 0–1.5 > 1.2 > 10%

* MMORPG online gaming is used as an example.

4.1.1.5 High-speed Download

This KQI refers to the experience KQI for the mobile terminal to perform high-speed
download through Wi-Fi.
The KQIs of high-speed download experience perceived by users are: transmission request
response delay, transmission rate stability, and average transmission rate.
Transmission request response delay: delay from the time when a user initiates a request to
the time when the file transfer connection is successfully set up, including DNS resolution
(optional), TCP connection setup, and first connection request.
Transmission rate stability: ratio of the time when the real-time transmission rate falls within
the average rate 80%–120% to the total transmission time, which reflects rate fluctuation.
Average transmission rate: average rate during data transmission, which reflects the network
transmission capability.

Table 4-5 High-speed download service experience KQI

User MOS Indicator

Experience
Level Transmission Transmission Average
Request Response Rate Stability Transmission
Delay (Unit: s) (Unit: %) Rate (Unit:
Mbit/s)

Very good 4.5–5 0.1–0.14 65%–70% 4–5 Mbit/s

Good 3.5–4.5 0.14–0.22 55%–65% 2–4 Mbit/s

Average 2.5–3.5 0.22–0.3 45%–55% 0.8–2 Mbit/s

Poor 1.5–2.5 0.3–0.38 35%–45% 0.5–0.8 Mbit/s

Very poor 0–1.5 0.38–0.5 20%–35% 0–0.5 Mbit/s

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4.1.2 Network KPI of Home Wi-Fi Networks

Network KPIs determine the actual end-to-end throughput between user terminals and
Internet content, affecting the time of transmitting Internet content to user terminals and
further affecting user experience KQIs.
Home Wi-Fi network KPIs include service experience, connection capability, coverage,
throughput, and anti-interference. Network KPIs affecting Internet user experience include
two-way delay and PLR. These indicators are related to the cloud features of Internet services
and device features of client applications.

4.1.2.1 Service Experience

1. Web browsing
Two-way delay: two-way delay between the client (device) and web page object (cloud).
This indicator applies to both fixed broadband Internet users and mobile Internet users.
PLR: rate of packet loss between the client (device) and web page object (cloud). This
indicator applies to both fixed broadband Internet users and mobile Internet users.
2. Broadband speed test
Two-way delay: two-way delay between the client (device) and speed test server (cloud).
This indicator applies to both fixed broadband Internet users and mobile Internet users.
PLR: rate of packet loss between the client (device) and speed test server (cloud).
3. Video streaming
Two-way delay: two-way delay between the client (device) and server (cloud) on which the
video fragmentation file played locates. This indicator applies to both fixed broadband
Internet users and mobile Internet users.
PLR: rate of packet loss between the client (device) and server (cloud) on which the video
fragmentation file played locates. This indicator applies to both fixed broadband Internet users
and mobile Internet users.

4.1.2.2 Connection Capability

Indicators measuring Wi-Fi connection stability include signal stability, abnormal
disconnection rate, balance between Tx and Rx capabilities, multi-STA hybrid service, and
multi-AP roaming performance.
Signal stability refers to signal fluctuation in extreme scenarios. In the same area, signal
strength of an STA cannot fluctuate greater than 1 signal bar.
Abnormal disconnection rate refers to the proportion of abnormal STA disconnections when
the Wi-Fi network is interfered or the device is abnormal.
Balance between Tx and Rx capabilities refers to the budget balance between uplinks and
downlinks between the Wi-Fi AP and STA. This indicator prevents Internet access failures
though there are signals.
Multi-STA hybrid service includes 2 indicators: performance, delay, and PLR of the Wi-Fi
network when multiple STAs are running different services, and mutual impact (hybrid
service) of the STAs at different distances.
Multi-AP roaming performance refers to the comprehensive impact on service experience
when an STA roams between 2 APs.

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4.1.2.3 Coverage
Indicators that measure the Wi-Fi coverage performance include the basic RF performance
indicators, Tx power, and receiver sensitivity of a Wi-Fi AP, and distance coverage
performance and 360°angle coverage performance that can comprehensively measure
coverage capabilities.
Tx power refers to the equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of a Wi-Fi transmitter in a
shielded environment, which can be seen as the strength of signals transmitted. Receiver
sensitivity refers to the minimum Rx power at which the Wi-Fi receiver can correctly extract
useful signals in the shielded environment.
Theoretically, the larger the Tx power, the better the coverage in the Tx direction, the lower
the receiver sensitivity, the better the performance in the Rx direction. However, the coverage
performance is related to the Tx power and receiver sensitivity of an STA. Optimal coverage
can be achieved only when signals are balanced in the Tx and Rx directions. If signals in the
Tx direction are weak, STA signals are weak. If signals in the Rx direction are weak, the STA
may have signals but cannot connect to the network.
Distance coverage performance refers to throughputs at different distances in an open area
without obstacles and without interference.
360°angle coverage performance refers to the throughput measured at a fixed angle by
rotating the Wi-Fi AP or STA located at a fixed distance. Generally, 12 points are tested every
30°. This indicator measures the omnidirectional coverage capability of Wi-Fi AP antennas.
Compared with the distance coverage performance, the 360°angle coverage performance is
more suitable for measuring the comprehensive coverage performance in the home scenario.

4.1.2.4 Throughput
Indicators that measure the throughput of a home Wi-Fi network include extreme throughput,
home environment throughput, multi-user throughput, and RvR performance.
Extreme throughput refers to the maximum Wi-Fi throughput between a Wi-Fi AP and STA in
a shielded environment.
Home environment throughput refers to the 360°angle performance after signals are
transmitted over different positions or attenuated in the actual home environment with
interference. Generally, 4 positions are selected: short distance, medium distance, long
distance, and extreme distance (that is, extreme coverage point). 360°angle performance is
recorded at every position.
Multi-user throughput refers to the maximum total Wi-Fi throughput of multiple STAs in
short, medium, and long-distance concurrent services in the actual home environment with
interference.
RvR performance refers to the curve of the maximum throughput and attenuation obtained
after the Wi-Fi AP is connected to the STA through the coaxial cable and different attenuation
values are increased. This curve intuitively shows the ultimate performance of a Wi-Fi AP
under different distances.

4.1.2.5 Anti-interference
Indicators that measure the anti-interference performance of a home Wi-Fi network include
co-channel/adjacent-channel/overlapping interference, and strong/medium/weak interference.

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Co-channel/adjacent-channel/overlapping interference refers to the performance of a single

user and multiple users in terms of throughput, delay, and PLR in the case of co-channel,
adjacent-channel, or overlapping interference.
Strong/medium/weak interference refers to the performance of a single user or multiple users
in terms of throughput, delay, and PLR in a specified interference model (severe interference,
moderate interference, or weak interference).

4.1.2.6 Maintenance and Management

Carriers' home Wi-Fi networks must be operable and manageable to bring benefits to carriers.
Maintenance and management include fault diagnosis and fault demarcation.
Fault diagnosis refers to the capability of remotely collecting fault information and analyzing
and locating faults based on the collected fault information when a home Wi-Fi network is
abnormal.
Fault demarcation refers to the capability of locating a specific fault position, such as
upstream port, Wi-Fi AP, or Wi-Fi line, based on the collected fault information when a home
Wi-Fi network is abnormal. In this way, the fault scope can be narrowed down to quickly
recover the network.

4.2 Target of Next-Generation Home Wi-Fi Networks:

100M@Anywhere
The 100M@Anywhere home network must meet the requirements of at least 2-channel 4K
TV (30P) services and 100 Mbit/s mesh coverage.

Table 4-6 Home Wi-Fi bandwidth, delay, and PLR requirements of 4K TV (30P) services

1080p Pseudo 4K Basic 4K Real 4K Ultra 4K

Resolution 1920*1080 3840*2160 3840*2160 3840*2160 3840*2160
Frame rate 23P 23P 30P 50/60P 100/120P
Sample bits 8 8 8 10 12
Compression H.264 H.264/H.265 H.265 H.265 H.265

Bandwidth 5–8 Mbit/s 8–15 Mbit/s 20–30 30–50 50–100

Mbit/s Mbit/s Mbit/s
Delay 12–20 ms 7–12 ms 6–11 ms 6–11 ms 6–11 ms
PLR 5*10-4 5*10-4 1*10-4 5*10-5 5*10-5

To achieve 100 Mbit/s mesh coverage in the next-generation home network, Wi-Fi throughput
of the main Internet access location in the typical home environment must reach about 100
Mbit/s. In STAs roaming between different APs, the bandwidth, delay, and PLR must meet the
4K TV (30P) service experience requirements.

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5 Wi-Fi Coverage Solutions and Key

Features

When building home networks that bring premium experience, operators need to focus on
home gateways and extend Wi-Fi signals through multi-medium such as Ethernet cables,
power lines, Wi-Fi relays, and 5 GHz Wi-Fi to effectively solve the issues related to home
Wi-Fi coverage and performance. "1+N" home networks are being built to support intelligent
synchronization of network parameters, seamless roaming and switching of terminals,
network-wide Wi-Fi channel optimization, Wi-Fi video bearing QoS, and other key features,
realizing intelligent and full home Wi-Fi coverage and delivering premium video experience.
5.1 Specification Requirements of Home Gateways and APs
5.2 Performance Enhancements for Home Wi-Fi Networks
5.3 Key Features of Video Bearing of Home Wi-Fi Networks

5.1 Specification Requirements of Home Gateways and

APs
Hardware configurations and specifications of gateways and APs are important for home
network performance and quality. For example, specifications of CPUs, memories, flashes,
and Wi-Fi have great impacts on forwarding and Wi-Fi throughput, and surge protection and
power saving features are important for network security and stability. Smart gateways can
support smart home services in the future. Specification requirements of home gateways and
APs are as follows:

Table 5-1 Specification requirements of home gateways and APs

Items Specification Requirements Specification

of Home Gateways Requirements of APs
Memory Above 256 MB Above 128 MB
Flash Above 256 MB Above 128 MB
Wi-Fi specification Above 2 x 2 11ac + 2 x 2 11n Above 2 x 2 11ac + 2 x 2
11n
NNI GPON/XG-PON/10G 1GE/5 GHz Wi-Fi/PLC
EPON/1GE

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Items Specification Requirements Specification

of Home Gateways Requirements of APs
UNI 2–4 GE + 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi + 5 1GE + 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi + 5
GHz Wi-Fi GHz Wi-Fi
Antenna gain Above 2 dBi Above 2 dBi
Wi-Fi channel Automatic channel optimization Automatic channel
optimization optimization and smart
gateway-controlled channel
optimization
Proactive Wi-Fi roaming STA roaming and switching STA roaming and switching
through the IEEE 802.11k or through the IEEE 802.11k
IEEE 802.11v or IEEE 802.11v
Roaming and switching
decision-making center
Video bearing Video packet priority marking WMM
and WMM
Band steering Preferential configuration of 5 Preferential configuration of
GHz and 2.4 GHz 5 GHz and 2.4 GHz
Beamforming Beamforming; directional Beamforming; directional
sending sending
Service provisioning Inheriting existing provisioning Zero configuration; PnP
modes
Intelligent operating Open OSGi-based system ----
system (OS)
Remote management Plug-in-based home network Management through smart
and maintenance management gateways
Power saving Wi-Fi power-saving mode Wi-Fi power-saving mode
Surge protection 4 kV 4 kV
CE certification Needs to be supported Needs to be supported
Wi-Fi Alliance Needs to be supported Needs to be supported
authentication

5.2 Performance Enhancements for Home Wi-Fi Networks

5.2.1 Intelligent Channel Management
The 2.4 GHz band provides only 3 non-repeated channels. Each AP selects one channel from
them and needs to have a different channel from its adjacent AP. The 5 GHz band provides
many channels, but users also need to take good care of relationships between adjacent APs
regarding channels and power. Without ideal functions, users have to configure channels and

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power for APs one by one, which is complex. While surrounding environments dynamically
change, configured AP channel and power may fail to meet usage requirements. To simplify
AP configuration, these users are urgently demanding for comprehensive and intelligent
channel and power adjustment.

Figure 5-1 Working principle of periodical and automatic Wi-Fi optimization

Gateway AP
Issue channel monitoring parameters (RF mode, Tx
power, probing channel, and channel scanning).
The periodical
optimization timer
expires. Switch to the terminal mode, scan channels,
obtain information (such as the neighbor AP
RSSIs, PLRs, working channels, BSSID, and
user data), and use spectrum data to analyze
and match
non-Wi-Fi characteristics.

Report Wi-Fi and non-Wi-Fi interferences of all channels.

Global optimization algorithms

are used to check global
channel combinations and
select the combinations with
the minimum interference.
Issue new channels and Tx power parameters.

Figure 5-2 Working principle of event-triggered Wi-Fi optimization

Gateway AP

Find out that unauthorized APs with

unrecognized SSIDs exist and the interference
exceeds the threshold; non-Wi-Fi devices exist
based on the analysis of spectrum data, and the
interference exceeds the threshold. In addition,
the BER exceeds the threshold.

Report gateway information and apply for partial optimization .

Partial optimization: Ensure

that the channels and power of
other APs remain unchanged,
and optimize the channel,
power, and CCA threshold of
partial APs.
Issue new channel and Tx power parameters.

Intelligent power management aims to balance the maximal Wi-Fi coverage and the minimum
external interferences. As shown in the following figure, a strong coverage area and a weak
coverage area are defined based on room layouts and service demands. For example, when the
2.4 GHz band is used, the area with signal strength greater than –70 dBm is the strong

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coverage area while the area with single strength between –90 dBm and –70 dBm is the weak
coverage area. The strong coverage area must cover the terminals served by a specific AP. If
its neighbor AP is in the failure area, Wi-Fi coverage may be insufficient. Try to place as
many neighbor APs as possible in the weak coverage area to provide certain overlapped
coverage. Also, prevent neighbor APs from the strong coverage area. Otherwise, conflicts
occur and channels are hard to allocate. In addition, adjust the Tx power of APs to extend or
narrow down the coverage area based on the preceding principles.

Figure 5-3 Intelligent power management

Failure area

Weak coverage area

Strong coverage area

AP
Neighbor
AP

Neighbor
AP

When a new distributed AP is added, reduce the Tx power of the gateway and the AP to
eliminate external interferences. When a distributed AP is faulty, increase the Tx power of the
gateway and the other APs to enhance coverage.
When data traffic and Tx power increase, external interferences increase accordingly. Under
the conditions that performance meets requirements, traffic is small, and BER is low, reduce
the Tx power. If data traffic increases or BER is high, increase the Tx power.
Gateways and APs can control their power for packets one by one. They check the signal
strength of all terminals in real time. For a terminal close to an AP, if the signal strength of
this terminal is greater than the target value, the AP automatically reduces the Tx power when
sending data packets to it. For a terminal far away from an AP, if the signal strength of this
terminal is small than the target value, the AP increases the Tx power when sending data
packets to it.

5.2.2 Dynamic Anti-Interference

In dense and high-rise residential areas, users are hard to find clear channels. When APs share
a congested channel, clear channel assessment (CCA) can be used to improve systems'
capabilities to tolerate interferences. APs or terminals determine whether channels are idle by
check their power.

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Figure 5-4 Working principle of CCA

P (dBm)

CCA (dBm)

 When the power of a channel is great than or equal to the CCA threshold, the channel is
considered busy and packets are not sent over this channel.
 When the power of a channel is smaller than the CCA threshold, the channel is
considered idle and packets are sent over this channel.
In dense and high-rise residential areas, there are many APs and terminals close to each other,
resulting in stronger signal strength than that in common scenarios. The power of channels is
often greater than the CCA threshold and therefore, APs and terminals cannot send data over
these channels. With the CCA optimization feature, the CCA threshold can be dynamically
adjusted based on Wi-Fi channel interference conditions, BERs, and service demands. When a
terminal meets BER requirements and has a high priority, the CCA threshold can be increased
for it so that it receives more chances to transmit data.

5.2.3 Intelligent Band Steering

For band steering, when terminals support dual-band, gateways or APs steer the terminals to
suitable bands based on the congestion conditions of the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, service
features of the terminals, and received signal strength indicators (RSSIs) of bands.

Figure 5-5 Working principle of band steering

2.4 GHz

5 GHz Dual-band
terminals

The AP steers the dual-band terminal to a light-loaded band.

For SSID steering, when terminals can join multiple SSIDs, gateways or APs enable the
terminals to join the most suitable SSID based on SSID congestion conditions and load
balancing requirements.

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Figure 5-6 Working principle of SSID steering

Terminal

The AP steers the terminal to the light-loaded SSID.

AP steering: APs periodically scan channel information, find out overlapped neighbor APs,
and record probing messages sent by all terminals. APs also need to record the current user
density (RSSI) and air interface usage of each user, and periodically report the information to
home gateways. These gateways then determine which AP of 2 adjacent APs is traffic or user
overloaded, find out the terminals in the overlapped coverage area of the 2 adjacent APs, and
switch the terminals connected to the overloaded AP to the light-loaded AP.

Figure 5-7 Working principle of AP steering

Terminal

The AP steers the terminal to the light-loaded AP.

5.2.4 Intelligent Seamless Roaming

Seamless roaming technologies include the IEEE 802.11K, IEEE 802.11V, and IEEE 802.11R
technologies. Through the IEEE 802.11K, STAs can measure the signal strength of APs and
implement roaming based on measured results. Through the IEEE 802.11V, STAs can roam to
specified channels and basic service set identifiers (BSSIDs). Through the IEEE 802.11R,
STAs do not need to re-negotiate keys during roaming, saving roaming time.

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Figure 5-8 Intelligent seamless roaming

Intelligent seamless roaming technologies IEEE 802.11K and IEEE 802.11V are supported by
most terminals. However, many terminals do not switch to the AP with the strongest signal
when they move. Gateways or APs are required to trigger proactive roaming to improve
network performance. When an AP detects that indicators such as the RSSI, transmission
success rate, and and rate of a terminal are lower than thresholds, this terminal is being away
from the AP. In this case, the AP notifies the terminal to trigger roaming, and provides the
terminal with information about the optimal target AP based on RSSI, cascading level,
backhaul path, and load. Then, the terminal switches to the optimal target AP accordingly.
For the terminal that does not the IEEE 802.11K, when an AP detects that there is another AP
which can provide better signal coverage for the terminal, the current AP forces the terminal
to go offline; instead, the new AP connects to this terminal.

5.2.5 Baseband Beamforming

Figure 5-9 Working principle of baseband beamforming

Today's Wi-Fi 802.11ac beamforming technology

Beamforming is a part of the IEEE 802.11n and IEEE 802.11ac protocols. It is referred to as
"Tx beamforming" in these protocols. Through protocol-based interaction, APs obtain the
basic channel information about terminals. Based on this information, baseband chips

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calculate the phase differences between spatial streams of different antennas and terminals.
Multiple antennas are used to transmit the same data symbol, but the data symbol of each
antenna uses a unique phase amplitude. In this way, the phases of multiple antenna signals are
superposed in different directions and present different strengths, and the signal power of a
specific Rx direction can be maximized. Because different antennas transmit the same data
symbol, diversity gains are mainly obtained.

5.2.6 Intelligent Antenna Selection

Figure 5-10 Working principle of intelligent antenna selection

Interference

Antenna
selection

Similar to baseband beamforming, the intelligent antenna technology uses different hardware
antennas to achieve different energy directivities for terminals.
1. Different omnidirectional antennas on an antenna array have some position differences.
The length of the paths for transmitting signals to a terminal varies depending on
omnidirectional antennas, resulting in different reaching time points (different phases).
When the Tx phases are the same, some antennas have good impacts on the received
signals of the terminal while the other antennas have bad impacts. For different terminals,
an antenna combination needs to be selected to ensure the strongest signal superposition.
2. Directional antennas support much greater gains for signals in certain directions
compared with omnidirectional antennas. Some antennas on the antenna array are
designed with different directivities. For terminals in different directions, the optimal
antenna combination can be selected to greatly improve the EIRP of specific terminals.
Each gateway or AP has a historical database, which records historical antenna combinations
for all home terminals. When a terminal goes online, the optimal antenna combination is
selected for the terminal based on historical information.
Data about the optimal antenna combination is sent to corresponding terminals.

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Gateways or APs periodically send detection signals to terminals through antennas, analyze
the antennas' impacts on these terminals, select the optimal antennas, and update historical
databases accordingly.
When terminals move and RSSIs decrease, the process of reselecting the optimal antenna is
triggered.
Unlike baseband beamforming, intelligent antenna selection does not obtain wireless channel
parameters through protocol packet exchanges. In low-speed scenarios, diversity gains of
antennas can be obtained. In high-speed scenarios where multiple spatial streams exist,
multiplexed gains of antennas can be obtained.

5.2.7 Airtime Fairness Scheduling

For airtime fairness scheduling, the wireless channel occupation time of a certain type of
service on each terminal is scheduled under the same RF to ensure that each terminal fairly
occupies wireless channels when bearing the same type of service. Traditional APs implement
first in first out (FIFO) queue scheduling on air interfaces and are confronted with problems
as follows:
1. One terminal uses excessive downstream bandwidth resources, which is unfair for other
terminals.
2. Some old (802.11b/g) low-speed terminals occupy excessive air interface resources. As a
result, the overall throughput of the air interface decreases.
For certain service queues, airtime fair scheduling makes the following improvements
compared with FIFO queue scheduling:
3. The scheduler periodically sends the same number of airtime tokens to all terminals. For
to-be-sent packets, the scheduler estimates the airtime the packets requires and reduces
corresponding airtime tokens of the destination terminal.
4. When the scheduler sends packets to the air interface, terminals are ranked based on the
remaining time tokens from top to bottom. The packets of the terminal occupying the
least airtime (that is, the terminal with the largest number of time tokens) are
preferentially sent.
5. The scheduler periodically allocates time tokens to ensure statistics fairness in a long
period.

5.3 Key Features of Video Bearing of Home Wi-Fi

Networks
Home Wi-Fi networks need to be the networks that ensure video quality awareness and
provide optimal video experience. As described in the preceding, video services have
extremely high requirements on PLR and latency. To improve video bearing over Wi-Fi,
operators need to focus on providing clear and exclusive channels and QoS scheduling
preferentially for IPTV, and using re-transmission technologies if possible.

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5.3.1 QoS Scheduling Preferentially for Video Services

Figure 5-11 QoS scheduling preferentially for video services
Early-drop
Category Marking Air interface QoS
management Back pressure signal Buffer and queue

Drop non-IPTV Multi-level

Congestion level
OTT identifier queue
frames
scheduling Air interface
Drop OTT fairness
frames Intelligent management
Drop priority buffer
IPTV identifier Drop non-key management
IPTV frames

In the overall QoS architecture of a home gateway shown in the preceding figure, when this
home gateway is directly connected through a Wi-Fi band to the STB with built-in Wi-Fi, the
air interface channel in the downstream direction is a bottleneck for video services. If video
services cannot exclusively occupy the downstream wireless channel, use the QoS scheduling
mechanism to ensure that video packets are sent with high priorities.
The identifier identifies multi-channel IPTV video streams, OTT video streams, and key video
frames while the marker marks 802.1p or DSCP values based on rules, and also marks the
non-key frames for dropping.
The early-drop management module initiates an early drop based on back-end congestion
levels. As the congestion deteriorates, this module drops the packets on queue tails based on
service, terminal, and SSID priorities.
The queue and buffer management module sets the queue length, scheduling priority, weight,
and rate limitation for all types of services on all terminals. The queue length of the
UDP-based IPTV service must be as long as possible, while the queue length of the
TCP-based OTT video service must be equal to bi-directional latency of mainstream OTT
operators. Currently, the latency of 50 ms is generally designed.
The IEEE 802.11e is a Wi-Fi QoS standard and mainly defines the WMM mechanism. In this
mechanism, there are 4 access categories (ACs): voice, video, best-effort, and back-ground
queues in the descending order of priority. This mechanism ensures that the high-priority
packets preferentially occupy wireless channels for transmission.
The WMM mechanism also defines enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) parameters
for channel competition between services.
1. Arbitration interframe spacing number (AIFSN): determines the channel idle time. A
greater AIFSN value indicates longer channel idle time. When the channel idle time is
short, there are more chances to obtain channels.
2. Exponent form of Cwmin (ECWmin) and exponent form of Cwmax (ECWmax):
determine the average backoff time. A greater value indicates longer average backoff
time.
3. Transmission opportunity (TXOP): determines the maximum duration in which a service
can occupy a channel after it succeeds in a channel competition.
For video services, configure small AIFSN, ECWmin, and ECWmax values, and configure a
large TXOP value to ensure that video services are preferentially transmitted on air interfaces.
In the IEEE 802.11ac wave2 MU-MIMO technology, a gateway forwards multiple data
streams to different user terminals at the same time. By using the elimination or nulling

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method at the Rx end, the downlink MU-MIMO separates data streams and transmits them to
different terminals. Alternatively, beamforming is used at the Tx end to separate data streams
for different terminals in advance. This simplifies the operation at the Rx end. If the home
gateway and the STB or the STB AP support the MU-MIMO technology, this technology can
be enabled so that the STB or the STB AP can reach the maximum gain to receive signals.

5.3.2 CAC Control and Airtime Assurance Preferentially for Video

Services
If video services cannot occupy exclusive wireless channels, shared channels need to be
preferentially provided for them. For example, when a home gateway is cascaded to an STB
AP through a 2.4 GHz channel and is also connected to many other terminals through the
same channel, this gateway needs to increase the time slice scheduling weight for the STB AP
upon AP startup. In this example, the STB AP is considered as a terminal connected to the
home gateway through the 2.4 GHz band.
WMM conditional access control (CAC) mechanism:
1. Terminals must obtain permissions from APs or home gateways before sending
high-priority voice and video packets in the upstream direction. Generally, home
gateways only allow STBs or STB APs to transmit voice and video packets in the
upstream direction, but prohibit other terminals from sending such packets. In this way,
in the downstream direction of the air interfaces of the home gateways, video packets
face no competition.
2. When the Rx BERs of STBs or STB APs are degraded, the terminals with low-speed and
weak signals are forced to go offline, preventing them from affecting downstream video
services.

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6 Home Wi-Fi Network Deployment

Suggestions in Typical Scenarios

For high-value customers who live in large houses or villas, a single dual-band gateway
cannot provide sufficient Wi-Fi coverage to ensure service experience. One smart dual-band
gateway and multiple distributed APs can extend UBB to every corner in a house through
media such as Ethernet cables, power lines, or Wi-Fi, so that users are able to enjoy over 100
Mbit/s bandwidth in all their rooms. In addition, the home network management platform
makes home networks visible and manageable, and supports self-reliant home Wi-Fi
management for users, enabling easy maintenance and usage. Through the cloud management
platform and mobile phone App, home Wi-Fi networks can be rapidly installed, maintained,
and managed, improving network operation efficiency.
6.1 Unified Multi-Service Network
6.2 Multi-Media Expanded APs
6.3 Deployment and Design Principles of Home Network Wi-Fi
6.4 Home Wi-Fi Network Deployment in Typical Scenarios
6.5 Building Visible and Manageable Home Wi-Fi Networks

6.1 Unified Multi-Service Network

As mentioned in the preceding, many problems occur when the IPTV service independently
uses a LAN port on the CPE, for example, hindering the development of multi-service
terminals. Operators need to reconstruct their service models to enable IPTV and HSI services
to be carried over one physical home Wi-Fi network.
In the future, the home Wi-Fi network will be a multi-service network. On a physical network,
voice, IPTV, OTT, HSI, and smart home services are logically isolated.

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Figure 6-1 Integrated home network in the future

IPTV headend

Gateway
Home Wi-Fi
Internet access network
Smart home
Smart home AP

The home gateway identifies terminal types based on DHCP option 60 and assign certain
user-side IP address. For the packets that are sent to the network side, they are identified
based on their destination IP addresses and then sent to corresponding WAN ports when
multiple WAN ports are used to differentiate services. For downstream packets, they are
identified based on their source WAN ports, source IP addresses, and destination private
network addresses. Different services can be isolated on a home network by using logical
identifiers such as VLAN tags and SSIDs.

6.2 Multi-Media Expanded APs

Based on different upstream port modes, APs can be divided into Ethernet APs, Wi-Fi APs,
PLC APs, and coaxial APs.
Ethernet APs use Ethernet cables for upstream transmission and transform existing wired
networks into Wi-Fi networks. These APs support bridging and routing modes.
The Wi-Fi and HomePlug standards are common home network standards while the G.hn
standard is a new home network standard. PLC APs are mainly developed based on
HomePlug AV2 or G.hn technologies. In current markets, HomePlug AV2-based PLC
modems are mainly used. Compared with HomePlug AV2-based APs, G.hn APs have a better
mechanism to resist neighbor interferences.

Table 6-1 Technical comparison between G.hn modems and PLC modems

Technical Feature G.hn Modem Current PLC Modem

Neighbor interference Optimized neighbor Limited neighbor interference
processing mechanism interference processing processing mechanism (not
mechanism, which fully standard), which was initially
considers dense residential developed for non-dense
scenarios residential scenarios
Neighbor network Speed decreased by less than Speed decreased by more than
interference testing 10%–15% 60%
Anti-interference Speed decreased by 15%–20% Speed decreased by 20%–30%
(charger)

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Wi-Fi APs are connected to gateways through Wi-Fi. These APs work in the relay mode and
repeat Wi-Fi signals to extend existing Wi-Fi coverage.
Coaxial APs use indoor coaxial cables to transmit signals and comply with the MoCA,
DOCSIS, or G.hn standard.

Table 6-2 Multi-medium extended APs

Device Ethernet Dual-ban Tri-band G.hn G.hn

Model AP d Wi-Fi Wi-Fi AP PLC AP Coaxial AP
AP
Upstream 1 x GE 5 GHz 5GHz band G.hn G.hn coaxial
port A power line cable
User-side air 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz
interface 5 GHz 5 GHz band 5 GHz 5 GHz
B
User-side N x GE N x GE N x GE N x GE N x GE
wireless port

1. Single-band APs are not recommended due to insufficient rates and anti-interference performance.
2. PLC APs and coaxial APs must work together with near-end G.hn PLC modems and coaxial
modems.
3. HomePlug AV and HomePlug AV2 PLC APs are not recommended because they lag far behind
G.hn APs in terms of anti-interference performance.

Figure 6-2 Wi-Fi extension of PLC, Ethernet, and Wi-Fi APs

Near-end PLC AP Far-end PLC AP Supporting up to 7 far-end APs

2.4 GHz
Gateway Power line

Ethernet AP

2.4 GHz
Gateway

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5 GHz
2.4 GHz
Gateway

From the perspective of performance, APs are ranked as follows: Ethernet AP > G.hn coaxial
AP > G.hn PLC AP > Wi-Fi AP. From the perspective of networking convenience, APs are
ranked as follows: Wi-Fi AP > G.hn PLC AP > Ethernet AP > G.hn coaxial AP. Different APs
need to be combined based on room environments.

6.3 Deployment and Design Principles of Home Network

Wi-Fi
1. Based on the size of a house and the number of rooms in the house, determine whether to
use distributed APs and estimate the number of APs required.

Table 6-3 Distributed Wi-Fi coverage solution recommended based on house characteristics

House 1 2 Small 2 Large 3 Small Large Large House Villa with

Type Bedroom Rooms Rooms Rooms House with 2 Floors 3 Floors
+1 (40–60 (70–80 m2) (70–90 m2) (100–120 (Each Floor: (Each
Living m2) m2) 80 m2) Floor: 70
Room m2)
(< 40 m2)
Wi-Fi Dual-band Dual-band Dual-band Dual-band High-end Floor 1: Basement: 1
device smart smart smart smart dual-band High-end x AP
gateway gateway + gateway + 1 gateway + smart dual-band Floor 1:
1 x AP x AP 1 x AP gateway + smart gateway High-end
2 x AP + +1 x AP dual-band
Floor 2: 2 x AP smart
gateway +
+1 x AP
Floor 2: 1 x
AP
Floor 3: 1 x
AP

2. Note that load-bearing walls, floors, and metal coated glass may block Wi-Fi signals. For
outdoor yards, large balconies, and compound rooms, independently add APs for good
Wi-Fi coverage.

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3. Determine the deployment positions of home gateways based on the positions of

broadband drop cables. Generally, broadband drop cables are cross-connected in
integrated information boxes and cannot be extended indoors. If the CPEs provided by
operators are gateway CPEs, place them in the integrated information boxes.
4. Determine the deployment positions of gateways and APs based on house structures,
indoor obstacles, and electrical appliance-caused interferences. If possible, put gateways
and APs in the middle of a planned coverage area and ensure that no obstacles exist and
they are placed at high positions for better coverage. In addition, keep them far away
from electrical appliances such as microwave ovens, 2.4G cordless mice, and 2.4G
cordless phones.
5. For video services, consider networking designs in advance. If possible, use network
cables to connect STBs and gateways. If such operations are prohibited, try to use the
G.hn PLC technology (gateway + near-end PLC modem + far-end PLC AP + GE port +
STB). If sockets are unavailable or power meters are deployed between them, try to
connect the STBs to the gateways through 5G Wi-Fi. If the STBs do not support 5G
Wi-Fi, add APs beside the STBs.
6. For common services, attach great importance to Wi-Fi coverage. For common places
where users access the Internet, such as a living room, study room, or master room,
pre-evaluate whether their signal strength is strong enough. If the signal strength is
insufficient, adjust gateway or AP positions or add new distributed APs.
7. After an overall plan is made, find out signal deadzones and optimize them accordingly.
After an overall plan diagram is output, check for possible signal deadzones and areas
with weak signal coverage. For example, if signals in yards or balconies are found to be
weak, make partial optimizations: increase Tx power of the APs or slightly adjust their
positions.
8. Networking design: Home network devices include the bridge CPE, home gateway, and
distributed AP. The bridge CPE and the home gateway may be integrated into one device.
When they are separated, try to connect them through a GE link instead of a FE link. For
the backhaul link that connects the distributed AP to the gateway, use the Ethernet cable,
G.hn power line, exclusive 5 Ghz frequency band, or shared 2.4 GHz frequency band
(repeater mode) in the descending order of priority. One or more of them can be used
based on situations.
9. RF design: For the AP and gateway using Wi-Fi frequency bands for backhaul, try to use
a tri-band system. For other APs, use a dual-band system. Ensure that each frequency
band supports as many antenna MIMO and working bandwidths (2.4 GHz: 20 MHz or
40 MHz; 5 GHz: 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and 160 MHz) as possible. In addition, try
to use the antennas that support large gains.
10. Subnet SSID design: Design different SSIDs, such as IPTV SSIDs, HSI SSIDs,
children-intended HSI SSIDs, and guest SSIDs based on service types and user groups.
All the SSIDs are encrypted through WPA2. It is optional to set passwords for guest
SSIDs. The access permissions of guests can be controlled through mobile phone Apps.
11. Allow users to configure security functions, including MAC address access lists, parental
control, MAC address-based traffic limitation, network address and port translation
(NAPT) based on service requirements.

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6.4 Home Wi-Fi Network Deployment in Typical

Scenarios
6.4.1 Wi-Fi Solution Design for a Small House
Figure 6-3 Wi-Fi solution design for a house with a bedroom and a living room

Refrigerator

Washroom

Kitchen

Living room

Master
bedroom

In the house with a room or with a bedroom and a living room, one dual-band gateway
generally can meet requirements because there are few walls affecting signal transmission. In
this scenario, determine whether to connect an STB through Wi-Fi. If this STB does not
support 5 GHz Wi-Fi, it is recommended that a home gateway be deployed on the home
information box and a distributed AP be deployed beside the STB, as shown in the preceding
figure.

Figure 6-4 Wi-Fi solution design for a house with 2 small rooms

Master
Balcony bedroom

Entryway Living room

Secondary
bedroom

Washroom
Kitchen

In the preceding scenario, one dual-band gateway deployed at position A generally can meet
requirements. If an STB needs to be connected through 5 GHz Wi-Fi, it is recommend that the

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gateway be deployed at position B where an information box locates and the STB-intended
AP be deployed at position A.

6.4.2 Wi-Fi Solution Design for a Medium House

Figure 6-5 Wi-Fi solution design for a house with 2 large rooms (tower-style)

In the tower-style house, the thick concrete walls are deployed around the living room, greatly
affecting Wi-Fi transmission. In such a scenario, attach importance to Wi-Fi coverage in the
living room and master bedroom. As there are doors and windows between the living room
and 2 balconies, users in these balconies can receive Wi-Fi signals from the living room. To
bear IPTV services over Wi-Fi, deploy a gateway at position A where an information box
locates and respectively deploy a distributed AP at positions B and C.

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Figure 6-6 Wi-Fi solution design for a house with 3 rooms

Kitchen

Secondary
bedroom
Master
bedroom Storage
room

Storage
room

Washroom

Living room

Secondary
bedroom

Master
bedroom

Balcony

In the house with 3 square-like rooms, each AP can provide wider Wi-Fi coverage. To ensure
good Wi-Fi coverage, deploy a gateway at position A where a home information box locates
and deploy an AP at position B in the living room where an STB locates. This AP is used for
STB backhaul and also provides Wi-Fi coverage in the living room. In addition, deploy a
distributed AP at position C to provide Wi-Fi coverage in several bedrooms.

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6.4.3 Wi-Fi Solution Design for a Large House

Figure 6-7 Wi-Fi solution design for a large house

Garden

Servant
Secondary bedroom
Secondary bedroom
bedroom
Washroom

Kitchen

Washroom
Study room

Washroo
Entryway
m

Living/dining room

Embedded closet

Secondary
Master bedroom
bedroom

A large house requires more APs to enhance Wi-Fi coverage. In the preceding scenario,
deploy a gateway at position A where a home information box locates, deploy an AP at
position B to meet STB demands, and respectively deploy an AP at positions C and D to
provide Wi-Fi coverage in the bedroom and study room.

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6.4.4 Wi-Fi Solution Design for a Multi-Floor House or Villa

Figure 6-8 Wi-Fi solution design for a multi-floor house or villa

In the preceding scenario, try to put a home gateway at position A in the living room where an
STB locates. If broadband cables are only available on an information box, place the gateway
at position D. In addition, respectively deploy an AP at positions A, B, and C.

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Figure 6-9 Wi-Fi solution design for a multi-floor (greater than 3 floors) house or villa

In the preceding scenario, deploy a home gateway at position A in the living room at floor 1,
deploy an AP beside an STB in the entertainment room of the basement, and add an AP at
position C to cover the dining room, kitchen, and garden. In addition, respectively deploy an
AP at floors 2 and 3 to cover bedrooms.

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6.5 Building Visible and Manageable Home Wi-Fi

Networks
Figure 6-10 Visible and manageable home Wi-Fi networks
Near-end/remote control
User App SDK CO near-end control
Cloud management
platform of home Operation web portal
Near-end/remote control
networks
Installation and maintenance App SDK

Simple and
Visible connection Visible quality
intelligent

Smart
Home IoT network Home Internet Connection gateway

Key Features, Meeting Demands in All Phases of All Scenarios

Operation Role Values
Simplified Remote Proactive
Easy to Use Visible Detection Operation Analysis
Configuration Troubleshooting Optimization

Easy to use, customization, self-reliant management, and

User enhanced experience

Installation and Fast networking and enhanced onsite maintenance capabilities

maintenance personnel

NOC Visible network, remote troubleshooting, and proactive

optimization
Measurement and analysis of home network experience
Operation Dept. indicators for better operations

The operation and management architecture of home Wi-Fi networks includes the following
logical components:
1. Home gateway:
(1) Serves as a border between the home network and broadband network to identify
videos and other services.
(2) Serves as the center to manage and optimize home network topologies and Wi-Fi in
a centralized way.
(3) Provides topologies, network status data, logs, and event alarms for the management
platform.
2. Basic home Wi-Fi network:
(1) Uses distributed APs and user-side Wi-Fi components of gateways to provide Wi-Fi
for upper-layer services.
(2) Provides basic Wi-Fi running status for gateways.
(3) Receives management instructions from gateways.
3. Home service network: consists of multiple service terminals, including STBs, tablets,
and PCs of the basic Wi-Fi network.
4. Smart home IoT network: consists of the IoT components with low power consumption.
5. Cloud management platform:
(1) Collects data and status of home Wi-Fi networks.
(2) Provides functions including device management, troubleshooting, performance
management, service data configuration, and logs for big data analysis.
(3) Provides O&M APIs for portal components.
6. Portal components: include the O&M App, user App, and O&M portal.

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6.5.1 AP PnP
After a new AP is powered on, the gateway automatically discovers the AP and displays a
prompt on the mobile phone App. Users can allow the AP to access through the App or by
pressing the WPS button. By doing so, wireless configurations of the gateway are
automatically synchronized to the AP.

Figure 6-11 Gateway and AP PnP

PnP
Ethernet cable Power line/coaxial cable

Ethernet cable
PnP

I/O Automatic identification

and paring upon
pressing the Hi button
Wi-Fi

Intelligent configuration Security

Fast access Level-based account permission Unified App for
Automatic synchronization of parameters interconnection protocols
Automatic identification; one- management; chip-level keys
and passwords; synchronization of
click connection
changes in an entire home network;
automatic hotspot switching

6.5.2 Visible and Manageable Home Wi-Fi Networks

Figure 6-12 Management over the home network topologies

The following information about home Wi-Fi networks need to be visible:

1. WAN-side connection status of home gateways
2. Status, topologies, link status, rates, and congestion conditions of gateways and
distributed APs
3. Air interface status, channels, BERs, and power of gateway Wi-Fi components and APs

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4. IP addresses, MAC addresses, access SSIDs, signal strength, BERs, and real-time
upstream and downstream rates of all terminals connecting Wi-Fi
5. Home Wi-Fi devices can be managed as follows:
6. Gateway and AP software can be upgraded.
7. Gateways and distributed APs can be reset, removed from networks, and added to
networks, and their ports can also be enabled or disabled.
8. Gateways and distributed APs can be set to perform loopback tests, rate testing, and
hardware and software self-check. Their topologies can also be changed.
9. Terminals can be removed from networks, added to networks, or forcibly switched to
new APs.
10. Home Wi-Fi data can be configured.
11. Information about channels, SSIDs, power, encryption, and passwords can be set and be
automatically synchronized among APs.
12. Parental control, security policies, terminal rate limitation, and CAC policies can be
configured.
The cloud management platform provides the installation and maintenance App, user App,
and O&M portal with different visibility and management scopes.

6.5.3 Remote O&M over Home Wi-Fi

The cloud management platform provides the following automatic O&M capabilities:
1. Collects home Wi-Fi network information in real time and automatically analyzes data
including Wi-Fi and video services to detect abnormalities. If a threshold-crossing event
occurs, an automatic handling process is initiated:
(1) Check the broadband network and Wi-Fi network.
(2) Test pre-configured service plug-ins.
(3) Trigger partial or comprehensive Wi-Fi network optimization.
(4) If abnormalities persist, report them to maintenance personnel for processing.
2. Outputs expected data based on the collected historical data of all users, and compares
the expected data with the data collected in real time to detect abnormalities.
3. Learns and trains accumulated big data to improve algorithm accuracy to detect
abnormalities.

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6.5.4 Installation and Maintenance Tool of Home Wi-Fi Networks

Figure 6-13 Installation and maintenance App of home networks

Installation and maintenance App

Application scenario: The App can be directly connected to the ONT over Wi-Fi and
used to configure authentication parameters, and complete service bindings. This
App can also diagnose optical path quality and complete acceptance.

Provisioning, diagnosis, and

acceptance

Maintenance personnel/
Users

The installation and maintenance App provides work order processing, site entrance planning,
design deployment, project acceptance, and other functions. This App can:
1. Accept, process, and submit electronic work orders.
2. Analyze household characteristics, provide deployment suggestion, select APs, and
output plans in the planning process.
3. Automatically connect to the cloud and gateways, obtain configurations, and complete
the configuration of accounts, Wi-Fi, and APs through one click.
4. Provide professional automation test tools to evaluate quality and automatically output
acceptance reports in the acceptance process.
This App can be used by community managers to rapidly resolve faults. Because this App is
developed based on the cloud management platform, it enables people to obtain status data
quickly. In addition, with the one-click detection tool package, this App supports real-time
detection and fast fault identification.

6.5.5 Performance Analysis Tool

The cloud management platform provides various performance analysis tools to support
operations. Based on a large amount of historical Wi-Fi performance data, this platform can
generate Wi-Fi performance quality reports from multiple dimensions, such as the dimensions
of single-user historical data, regional Wi-Fi quality analysis, and community signal strength
analysis.
For example, the cloud management platform can evaluate the quality of single-user data
periodically and score data quality. It can also rank these scores to identify poor-quality users
and then perform proactive maintenance and optimization. In addition, this platform can
compare user quality scores before and after optimization, and evaluate optimization effects.

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6.5.6 User App, Bringing Smart Wi-Fi Networks

Figure 6-14 User App of home networks

Users can install the mobile phone App to easily manage their Wi-Fi networks:
1. Remote management: Users can use the user App anywhere to manage and control their
Wi-Fi networks.
2. Terminal-based policy formulation: Users can define policies such as bandwidth allowed
or prohibited based on the terminals connecting to Wi-Fi.
3. Security management: The Wi-Fi function can be enabled on a regular basis,
guest-intended SSIDs can be set, and guest devices can connect to Wi-Fi without
password authentication.
4. Self-reliant service subscription: Users can subscribe for bandwidths based on demands
and apply for bandwidth acceleration for video services.
Users can use the mobile phone App to maintain Wi-Fi networks, relieving operators'
pressures in maintenance. This App can enable users to:
1. Install new extended APs by themselves.
2. Identify connection and hardware faults on the visible home Wi-Fi interface.
3. Use the one-click detection tool to detect configuration faults.

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White Paper of Home Wi-Fi Networks with Optimal User Experience 7 Outlook

7 Outlook

End users are always pursuing better service experience, higher definitions, more screens, and
more watch modes, driving video traffic to grow continuously.

Figure 7-1 Endless pursuit of better service experience

The growing number of mobile terminals and gradual popularization of smart home pose
increasingly high demands on Wi-Fi coverage, rates, and latency.
With the spring-up of 4K videos, 100 Mbit/s Wi-Fi will be commonly required. In the next
few years, UHD video services such as 8K and VR will gradually emerge, demanding for
over 100 Mbit/s bandwidth.

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White Paper of Home Wi-Fi Networks with Optimal User Experience 8 Appendix A: References

8 Appendix A: References

1. White Paper of the Huawei U-vMOS Video Experience Standard V1.0

2. TR 126: Triple-play services quality of experience (QoE)
3. IEEE 802.11n: Higher throughput improvements using MIMO
4. IEEE 802.11ac: IEEE standard for telecommunications and information exchange
between systems - LAN/MAN specific requirements - Part 11: wireless medium access
control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications: high-speed physical layer in the
5 GHz band

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White Paper of Home Wi-Fi Networks with Optimal User Experience 9 Appendix B: Acronyms and Abbreviations

9 Appendix B: Acronyms and Abbreviations

Acronym and Abbreviation Full Name

AP access point
SSID service set identifier
IPTV Internet Protocol television
GE Gigabit Ethernet
STB set-top box
PLC power line communication
WAN wide area network
LAN local area network
Wi-Fi wireless fidelity

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