National University-Fairveiw

INTRODUCTION
- READINGS IN
THE PHIL.
HISTORY
Prepared by: Aazin Carl A. Sumalinog
 OUTLINE
WHAT WE'LL DISCUSS

Definition of History
Divisions of History
Importance of History
Historiography
Sources of History
Historical Criticism
Content and Contextual Analysis
What are your views about history as a subject?
 Greek word "Hisotria"

Knowledge acquired by investigation.

WHAT IS HISTORY?
Past

Significant events that shaped the course of human life.

Human Experiences

History as broadly defined, encompasses the entire scope

of human experience on this planet. And this meaning of
the word things that happened in the past is what most
people have in mind when they use the term in daily
conversation (Ford as cited in Furay, 2000).

History - an account of the past of a person or a group of

people using written documents and historical evidence.
 Events occuring before written record.

PRE-HISTORIC

Events occurred when people started

recording the past.

HISTORIC
To be ignorant of the past is to
remain as a child.
Marcus Tullius Cicero
Those who do not remember the
past are condemned to repeat it.
George Santayana
A people without the knowledge of
their past history, origin, and
culture is like a tree without roots.
Marcus Garvey
We are not makers of history. We
are made by history. We are
products of our history but that
does not mean that we are bound to
produce same set of people.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Fear History as it respects no
secrets.
Gregoria de Jesus
In your travel, learn the brief
history of the place visited. History
is rich knowledge.
Gregoria de Jesus
History is the sum-total of
everything that has actually
happened in the past-every thought,
every action, every event. In this
sense, history is surely one of the
braodest concepts conceived by the
human intellect (Ford cited in
Furay, 2000).
Gregoria de Jesus
HISTORIOGRAPHY The practice of historical writing. This is the
traditional method of doing historical research
that focuses on gathering documents from
different libraries and archives to form a pool of
evidence needed in making a descriptive or
analytical narrative.

How was a certain historical text written?

Who wrote it?
What was the context of the publication?
What historical method was employed?
What were the sources used?
 To avoid the mistakes of the past.
To apply lessons from the past to current
WHY CONDUCT

problems.
HISTORICAL
RESEARCH? To use the past to make predictions about the
present.
To understand present practices and policies in
light of the past.
To examine trends across time.

Famous historians - Teodoro Agoncillo, Trinidad

Pardo De Tavera, Fr. Horacio De La Costa,
Gregorio F. Zaide
 Factual History.
INVESTIGATING
Speculative
THEORIES IN

HISTORY
History.
FACTUAL HISTORY Presents readers with plain and basic
information about the events that took place
(what).
The time and date with which the event
happened (when).
The place with which the event took place
(where).
The people who were involved (who).
SPECULATIVE HISTORY It goes beyond facts because it is concerned
about the reasons for which events happened
(why).
The way an event/s happened (how).
Cause and effect of an event (Cantal, Cardinal.
et.al).
SOURCES OF HISTORY An object from the past or testimony
concerning the past, which historians depend
on in creating their own depiction of the past.
SOURCES OF HISTORY Documents
handwritten, printed, drawn, designed, and
other composed materials. Examples are
books, newspapers, magazines, journals,
maps, architectural perspectives, paintings,
advertisements, and photographs.
Archaeological Records - preserved remains of
human beings, their activities, and the
environment where they lived.
Oral and Video Accounts - these are
audiovisual documentation of people, events,
and places.
PRIMARY SOURCES
Materials, documents, physical objects, oral/video accounts produced by people
or groups directly involved in the event or topic being studied/described. These
sources are either participants or eyewitnesses to the event.
These sources range from eyewitness accounts, diaries, letters, legal documents,
official documents (government or private), and even photographs (Torres, 2016).

SECONDARY SOURCES
Secondary sources refer to testimony of anyone who is not an eyewitness
(Gottschalk, as cited in Torres, 2016).
These are books, articles, and scholarly journals that had interpreted primary
sources or had used them to discuss certain subjects of history (Torres, 2016).
Is something written about a primary source.
PRIMARY SOURCES
Advantages
They provide a window into the past - unfiltered access to the record of
artistic, social, scientific, and political thought and achievement during the
specific period under study, produced by people who lived during that period.
Disadvantages
They are often incomplete and have little context. Students must use prior
knowledge and work with multiple primary sources to find patterns.
In analyzing primary sources, students move from concrete observations and
facts to questioning and making inferences about the materials.
SECONDARY SOURCES
Advantages
They can provide analysis, synthesis, interpretation, or evaluation of the
original information.
Best for uncovering background or historical information about a topic and
broadening one's understanding of a topic by exposing an individual to others'
perspectives, interpretations, and conclusions.
Allows the readers to get expert views of events and often brings together
multiple primary sources relevant to the subject matter.
Disadvantages
Their reliability and validity are open to question, and often they do not
provide exact information.
They do not represent first-hand knowledge of a subject or event.
There are countless books, journals, magazine articles, and web pages that
attempt to interpret the past and finding good secondary sources can be an
issue.
LOCATING PRIMARY
SOURCES
Government institutions like National
Library and National Archives
Academic institutions like UP, UST,
ADMU, University of San Carlos
Privately owned museums and archives -
Ayala Museum, Lopez Museum, religious
congregations.
Outside of the Philippines - Archivo
General De Indias in Spain, US Library of
Congress, US National Archives
HISTORICAL CRITICISM In order for a source to be used as an evidence
in history, basic matters about its form and
content must be settled.
 External Criticism

HISTORICAL CRITICISM
Determine the authenticity of the evidence
by examining physical characteristics.
Consistency of evidence with the historical
characteristic of the time when it was
produced and the material used for the
evidence - the quality of paper, type of ink
used in the material, etc.
Determine the author, his/her handwriting,
signature, and seal.
Anachronism - an error in chronology -
misplacing of persons, events, objects, or
customs in regard to each other (Merriam-
webster.com).
HISTORICAL CRITICISM Internal Criticism
Aims to determine the truthfulness,
factuality, and credibility of the evidence.
Focus is on the substance and message of
the evidence.
It looks into the following:
Author of the source
Its context
The Agenda behind the creation
The knowledge, which informed it.
Its intended purpose.
CONTENT ANALYSIS According to Encyclopedia.com, it is used in the
social sciences as one means of studying
communication - its nature, its underlying
meanings, its dynamic processes, and the
people who are engaged in talking, writing or
conveying meaning to one another.
Study the content itself - intentions, motives,
biases of the authors and even publishers.
 Is simply an analysis of a text (in whatever medium, including

CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS multi-media) that helps us to assess that text within the
context of its historical and cultural setting, but also in terms
of its textuality - or the qualities that characterize the text as
text (english.unl.edu).
To situate the text within the milieu of its time and to assess
the roles of authors, and readers in the reception of the text.
It answers several questions:
What does the text reveal about itself as a text?
What does the text tell about its apparent intended
audience(s)?
What seems to have been the author's intention?
What is the occasion for this text?
Is the text intended as some sort of call to or for - action?
Is the text intended rather as some sort of call to or for -
reflection or consideration than direct action?
Can we identify any non-textual circumstances that
affected the creation and reception of the text?
 References:
Ariola, Mariano M., (2018). Reading in Philippine History, Manila: Unlimited Books.
Camagay, Ma. Luisa, (2018). Unraveling the Past: Readings in Philippine History, Manila: Vibal
Publishing House.
Diaz, Christine L, (2018). The Other Philippine History Textbook: Precolonial Philippines to the
Philippine Revolution Book, Manila: Anvil Publishing.
Diaz, Christine L, (2018) The Other Philippine History Textbook: the American Period to the Present
Book 2,2018, Manila: Anvil Publishing.
Umali, Vanessa, (2018) Reading in Philippine History, Manila: Jodeh Publishing.
Del Siegle. (n.d.). Historical Research. UCONN.
https://researchbasics.education.uconn.edu/historical_research/#.
Boragay, J. (n.d.). Reviewer Readings in Philippine History. StuDocu.
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-san-carlos/history-of-civilization/reviewer-
readings-in-philippine-history/10419364.
Literacy Devices. (n.d.). Anachronism. https://literarydevices.net/anachronism/.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Definition of Anachronism. https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/anachronism.
References:
Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Content Analysis. https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-
and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/content-
analysis.
Englih.unl.edu. (n.d.). Using Contextual Analysis to Evaluate Text.
https://english.unl.edu/sbehrendt/StudyQuestions/ContextualAnalysis.html#:~:text=A
%20contextual%20analysis%20is%20simply,the%20text%20as%20a%20text.