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The document discusses key concepts related to sampling in research methods. It defines population as the entire group being studied, while a sample is a subset of the population. There are two main types of sampling: probability sampling, where every member has an equal chance of selection, and non-probability sampling, which uses subjective methods. Some common probability sampling methods include simple random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling, and cluster sampling. Non-probability sampling includes convenience sampling, quota sampling, and purposive sampling. The sampling process involves defining the population, determining the sampling frame, choosing a sampling design, and selecting an appropriate sample size.

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29 views

Group 2

The document discusses key concepts related to sampling in research methods. It defines population as the entire group being studied, while a sample is a subset of the population. There are two main types of sampling: probability sampling, where every member has an equal chance of selection, and non-probability sampling, which uses subjective methods. Some common probability sampling methods include simple random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling, and cluster sampling. Non-probability sampling includes convenience sampling, quota sampling, and purposive sampling. The sampling process involves defining the population, determining the sampling frame, choosing a sampling design, and selecting an appropriate sample size.

Uploaded by

rimshach142
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Research Methods And

Techniques
Topic :-Sampling 13
Group Members
Farasat Hussain
Aina Aslam
Sara Asif
POPULATION
• The population refers to the entire group of people, events, or
things of interest that researcher wishes to investigate. It is a
group of people, events, or things of interest for which the
researcher wants to make interfaces (based on sample
statistics).For instance if an organizational consultant is
interested in studying the effects of a four day work week on the
white collar workers in a telephone company in Ireland, then all
white collar workers in that company will make up the population.
ELEMENT
• An element is a single member of the population. If 1000 blue
collar workers in a particular organization happen to be
population of interest to a researcher, each blue collar worker
therein is an element.
• For instance the Census is a count of all elements in the human
population.
SAMPLE
• The process of selecting the right individuals, objects, or events as
representatives for the entire population is known as sampling. In
other words some but not all elements of the population form the
sample. For instance if 200 members are drawn from a
population of 1000 blue collar workers, these 200 members form
the sample for study, from a study of that 200 members the
researcher will draw conclusion about the entire population of
1000 blue collar workers.
SAMPLING UNITS
• The sampling unit is the element or set of elements that is available for
selection in some stage sampling process.
• SUBJECT
• A subject is a single member of the sample, just as an element is a single
member of the population.
• For instance if 200 members from the total population of 1000 blue
collar workers form the sample for study, then each blue collar worker in
the sample is a subject.
SAMPLE DATA AND POPULATION
VALUES
When we sample, the sampling units (employees, consumers, and the
like) provide us with responses.
For instance a consumer responding to a survey question may give a
response of "3". when we examine the responses we get for our
sample, we make use of statistics there is a variety of statistics like
mean, median, mode, we can use. The reason we sample, however is
that we are interested in the characteristics of the population we
sample from.
PARAMETERS
• The characteristics of the population such as (the population
mean), (the population standard deviation), and (the population
variance) are referred to as its parameters. All conclusions about
the sample study are generalized to the population and all three
characteristics above-mentioned are used as estimates of the
population parameters.
REPRESENTATIVENESS OF SAMPLES

• A representative sample is a statistical snapshot that is used to make


inferences about a wider population. While it is possible to get
accurate results from a simple random sample, a representative
sample is one that shares the same demographic characteristic of the
larger population.
THE SAMPLING PROCESS
• Sampling is process of selecting a sufficient number of the right elements from
the population .
• The major steps in sampling include;
• 1: define the population
• 2: determine the sample frame
• 3: determine the sampling design
• 4: determine the appropriate sample size
• 5: execute the sampling process
DEFINING THE POPULATION

• Sampling begins with precisely defining the target population. The


target population must be defined in terms of elements,
geographical boundaries and time.
• For instance, for a banker interested in saving habits of blue
collar workers in the mining industry in the US, the target
population might be all blue collar workers in that industry
throughout the country.
DETERMINING THE SAMPLE FRAME
• The sampling frame is a physical representation of all the elements in the population from which
the sample is drawn. The payroll of an organization would serve as sampling frame if its
members are to be studied. Like wise the university registry containing a listing of all students,
faculty, administrators, and support staff in the university during a particular academic year or
semester could serve as a sampling frame for a study of the university population. Although the
sampling frame is useful in providing a listing of each element in the population, it may not
always be a current, up to date document. May be some members or workers of organization and
university left recently or some join recently may not appear in organization payroll or University
registers on a given day. Hence though the sampling frame is not available in many cases , it may
not always be entirely correct and complete. When the sampling frame does not match the
population the coverage error occure.The researcher might recognize this problem and not be too
concerned about it because the discrepancy between the target population and sampling frame is
small enough to ignore.
Determining the sampling design

• There are two major types of sampling design:


• Probability Sampling
• Nonprobability sampling
Probability Sampling
• Every member of the population has equal chance of being selected for
research.
• Types of Probability Sampling
• Simple Random Sampling
• Stratified Sampling
• Systematic Sampling
• Cluster Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
• In this technique every member of the sample is selected purely random
basis with equal chance.
• Picking chits from bowl, lottery system, random number generator etc. are
the methods of simple random sampling.
Stratified Sampling
• In this technique population is divided into mutually exclusive
groups, and then every member of the group has equal chance
of being selected for research.
Systematic Sampling
• In this technique population is arranged in ascending or descending order,
then researcher randomly picks first items from population
• Sampling interval=total population/sample size=1000/100=10
• Suppose first number picked by researcher is 7, the next will be 7+10=17,
next will be 17+10=27, 27+10=37 and so on.
Cluster/Area Sampling
• This technique is used when large population (geographically dispersed) is
under study. Whole population is divided into small groups which is called
clusters.
• For example:
• A company want to study the performance of a particular product in the
country. The country is divided into cluster (cities, towns, metropolitan areas
etc.)
Non probability sampling
Non-probability sampling is a method of selecting units from a
population using a subjective (i.e. Non-random) method
Types:-
• Convenience sampling.
• Quota sampling.
• Purposive (judgmental) sampling.
Convenience sampling
• Convenience sampling Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling
method where units are selected for inclusion in the sample because they are
the easiest for the researcher to access.
• It is used primarily because they are easy to collect
example
online and social media surveys, asking acquaintances, and surveying
people in a mall, on the street, and in other crowded locations.
Quota sampling
• Quota sampling Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling
method that relies on the non-random selection of a
predetermined number or proportion of units.
• It is the nonprobability equivalent of statisfied sample.
• The convenience or judgment sampling is used to select the
required nmber of subjects from each stratum.
Judgemental sampling
• Gathering a selection of items for testing based on examiners’
professional judgment, expertise, and knowledge to target known
or probable areas of risk.
• The sample is selected based upon judgmental.
• It is an ectension of convenience sample.

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