JAYAWANT SHIKSHAN PRASARAK MANDAL’s

Bhivrabai Sawant Polytechnic

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Govt. of Maharashtra, Affiliated to MSBTE Mumbai)
Gat No. 720 (1&2), Wagholi, Pune-Nagar Road, Pune-412207)
Phone: 020 – 65335100 Tele fax: - + 91-020-65335100
E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.jspm.edu.in
(Academic Year 23-24)

Unit 1 (PIP) Solution

Course: - Advanced Computer Network Course Code : 22520

Que. Bloom’s Assignment Questions Relevance

No. Level to
CO
1 2 Define Home Agent and foreign agent with respect to Mobile IP
Marking Scheme explanation 2 marks each(2/4M)
 ● Mobile IP communication protocol refers to the forwarding of Internet traffic with a fixed IP
COI505.1
address even outside the home network.
● It allows users having wireless or mobile devices to use the Internet remotely.
Answer ● Mobile IP is mostly used in WAN networks, where users need to carry their mobile devices
across different LANs with different IP addresses. Mobile IP is not a wireless protocol.
● However, it could be employed for the IP infrastructure of cellular networks.

Mobile IP has three major components as mentioned below –

● Mobile Node: A device such as a cell phone, personal digital assistant, or laptop
whose software enables network roaming capabilities.
● The Home Agent: A router on the home network serving as the anchor point for
communication with the mobile node; its tunnel packets from a device on the Internet, called a
correspondent node, to the roaming mobile node.
● The Foreign Agent: A router that may function as the point of attachment for the mobile node when it
roams to a foreign network delivers packets from the home agent to the mobile node.

2 2 For the IPV4 addresses given below, calculate subnet mask, broadcast address and number of hosts COI505.1
possible.
(i) 10.0.199.237/22 (ii) 192.168.14.87/26
Marking Scheme Each Numerical 2 mark each (4M)
 Answer

3 2 For the IP address given below : (i) 132.34.45.133 (ii) 14.142.20.20 (iii) 191.0.200.45 (iv) 129.16.123.85 COI505.1
(A) Identify the classes to which
(B) the following IP numbers belong to? (C) Identify the network address section. (D)
Identify host address section. _________
Marking Scheme (4M)
 Answer

4 2 State the concept of Fragmentation in IPV4?

Marking Scheme 2 marks
 Answer Fragmentation: When the maximum size of datagram is greater than maximum size of data that can be COI505.1
held a frame then the network layer divides the datagram received from x-port layer into fragments.
OR
Fragmentation is the division of a IP datagram into smaller units. After fragmentation, each fragment
will have its own header with few fields changed and few fields remaining same.
OR
In fragmentation, a datagram is divided into smaller units. Most of the fields of the original header
are copied into the fragment header. The
Three fields Flags, Fragmentation offset and Total length are altered.

5 2 Differentiate between IPV4 & IPV6?

COI505.1
Marking Scheme Each point 4 Marks
 Sr. IP IP
v4 v6
N
Answer o
.

1 IPv4 addresses are 32 IPv6 addresses are 128 bits

bits i.e.

i.e. 4 bytes length 16 bytes length

2 Header length is 20 Header length is 40 bytes

bytes

3 Checksum is available in No Checksum in header

header

4 IPv4 allows 5 different IPv6 allows storing an

classes of IP address unlimited of IP address

5 No packet flow Packet flow identification is

identification available

6 Limited addresses Larger address space

6 2 Explain VPN
COI505.1
Marking Scheme 2 marks
 Answer
VPN stands for the virtual private network. A virtual private network (VPN) is a technology that creates a safe
and encrypted connection over a less secure network, such as the internet. A Virtual Private Network is a way
to extend a private network using a public network such as the internet. The name only suggests that it is a
Virtual “private network” i.e. user can be part of a local network sitting at a remote location. It makes use of
tunneling protocols to establish a secure connection

7 4 Explain ICMP Protocol & describe the header format of ICMP?

Marking Scheme 2 Mark

The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) supports the unreliable and connectionless
Internet Protocol (IP).
● ICMP messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams. There are two categories of ICMP
messages: error-reporting and query messages. The error-reporting messages report
problems that a router or a host (destination) may encounter when it processes an IP
packet. The query messages, which occur in pairs, help a host or a network manager get
specific information from a router or another host.
● The checksum for ICMP is calculated using both the header and the data fields of the
ICMP message.
● There are several tools that can be used in the Internet for debugging. We can find if a
host or router is alive and running. Two of these tools are ping and traceroute.

Header Format:

An ICMP message has an 8-byte header and a variable-size data section. Although the
general format of the header is different for each message type, the first 4 bytes are
common to all. As Figure shows,

● The first field, ICMP type, defines the type of the message.
● The code field specifies the reason for the particular message type.

● The last common field is the checksum field for checking errors
● The rest of the header is specific for each message type.
 ● The data section in error messages carries information for finding the original packet
that had the error. In query messages, the data section carries extra information based
on the type of the query.

08 1. If an address in a block is given in CIDR notation is 64.32.16.8/27 CO505.1

Then find the following
A)number of address in block n
B)the first address
C)last address
Marking Scheme 4 Marks

Answer
 9 Explain the IPV4 header format? CO505.1

Marking Scheme Diagram of packet format 2 marks, explanation 2 marks (4M)

Answer

● Version: The first 4-bit header field informs about the current IP version in use, which, in this
case, is IPv4
● Internet Header Length (IHL): The IHL has four bits that specify the number of 32-bit words in the
header – the minimum header length is 20 data bytes and the minimum value of this field is five
● Service Type: This field provides the queuing of the IP packets in their transmission

● Total Length: This is the total size of the header and data in bytes, where the minimum size of the
Total Lenght field is 20 bytes and the maximum size is 65,535 bytes
● Identification: If the IP datagram is fragmented (broken into smaller pieces), the ID field helps
identify fragments and determine to which IP packet they belong to
● IP Flags: This is a 3-bit field that uses a few possible configuration combinations of control flags for
fragmentation:
● Bit 0 is reserved and always set to 0
● Bit 1 represents the Don’t Fragment (DF) flag, which indicates that this packet should not be
fragmented
 ● Bit 2 represents the More Fragments (MF) flag, which is set on all fragmented packets except the
last one
● Fragmentation Offset (Fragment Offset): The Fragment Offset field takes up 13 bits, and it
performs packet tracing by representing the data bytes ahead; i.e., it determines where in the
original packet theparticular fragment belongs
● Time to Live (TTL): TTL limits the datagram’s lifetime to prevent packets from an endless loop in
the internet system by causing undeliverable datagrams to be discarded automatically
● Protocol: This 8-bit field defines which protocol is used in the data portion of the packet

● Header Checksum: If there are any communication errors in the header, the Header Checksum
field detects them
● Source IP Address: The 32-bit IPv4 address of the sender of the packet

● Destination IP Address: The 32-bit IPv4 address of the receiver of the packet

Options: This optional feature is used when the value in the Internet Header Length is greater than
five, hence the header length field increases (it may contain TimeStamp, Record Route or another
optional field

Subject Teacher Module Coordinator H.O.D.