Department of Civil Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO-3(a)
AIM: Levelling: Using Tilting/ Dumpy/ Automatic
in closed circuit. Level: To determine the reduccd levels

APPARATUS: Dumpy level, leveling staff

Figure:-
RETICLE A0JustiNG
SCREv sUN SHAOE
FOCUSiNG KNOB
LEVEL VIAL

EYEPICCE

LEVELING HEAD

AZ IMUTH TAGET AZIMU TH CLAMP

SCREW

EVELING SCREW

FOO1 aT
Dumpy Level
THEORY
Levelling: The art of determining and representing the relative height or elevation of
object/points on the surlace of earth is called leveling. It deals with measurement in different
plane. By leveling operation, the relative position of two points is known whether vertical
the
points are
near or far off. Similarly, the point al different elevation with
respect
established by leveling.
to a
given datum can be

Levelling Instruments: Tue instrument which are directly used for leveling operation are:-
Level. Levelling staff
Levei:- An instrument which is used lur observing staff
reading on
leveling staff kept over
dillerent points after creating a line of sight is called a level.

The difference in elevation between the then can worked out. A

point level essentially consists
of the following points:
1) Levelling Heads

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2) Limb plate
3) Telescope
4) Bubble tube
5) Tripod stand

Telescope consists of two tubes, one slide into the other and fitted with lens and diaphragm
having eross hairs. It creates a line of sight by which the reading on the staff is taken
The essential parts of a telescope are

1) Body 2) object glass 3) Eye-piece 4) Diaphragm 5) Ray shade 6) The rack and pinio
arrangement 7) Focusing screw 8) Diaphragm serew.

Dumpy level:
The dumpy level is simple. compact and stable instrument. The telescope is rigidly fixed to
its supports. Hence it cannot be rotated about its Longitudinal axis or cannot be removed
from its support. The name dumpy is because of its compact and stable construction. The
axis of telescope is perpendicular to the vertical axis of the level. The level tube is
but it is
permanently placed so that its axis lies in the same vertical plane of the telescope
adjustable by means of captain head not at one end. The ray shade is provided to protect
the object glass. A clamp and slow motion screw are provided in modern level to control
the movement of spindle, about the vertical axis. The telescope has magnifying power
of about thirty diameters.
a sensitiveness of
The level tube is graduated to 2mm divisions and itbehas normally
20 seconds of are per graduation. The telescope may intenally focusing or external
Focusing type.

Adjustment of the level

The level needs two type of adjustment

1) Temporary adjustment and

2) Permanent adjustment

level
Temporary adjustments of dumpy

These adjustments are performed at each set-up the level before taking any observation.

level:- this ineludes

A) Setting up the

Fixing the instrument in tripod:

the -

the tripod legs are well spread on the

)
head nearly level and at convenient height. Fix up the
ground with tripod
level on the tripod.
all the foot screws of the level in the centre of
2) Leg adjustment:
-

Bring

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2
 DepartmentoA CA Ngnesting
their run Fix any two legs firmly into the gond by pressing tem wts
hand and move the tird leg to leg to rigt or left onil tie main boloble is
roughly n the cenre Finally the legs are foed after centerng
approxinmalely boss balbles. This operation will save the tie regyites
for levelig

B) Levelling Levelling is done with the help of foos serews and bu66les. The
purpose of levelling is to make the vernical axis truly vertieal, The method d
leveling the instrunent depends upon whether there are three fos sotews n fout
foot screws. In all modern insruments three foot serews are provided and hiss
method only is described

I) Place the telescupe parallel to paír of foot screws

2) Hold these two foos screw between the thumb and first finger of each
hand and turn them unilormly so that the thumbs move either toward each
other unti the bubble is in centre
3) Turn the telescope through 90°so that it lies over the third foot scre
4) Turn this foot serew only untíl the bubble is centred.
5) Bring the telescope back to its original position wíthout reversing the eye
piece and object glass cnds.
6) Again bring the bubble to the centre of its run and repeat these operation
until the bubble remains in the cetre of its run ín both position which are
at right angle to cach osher.
7) Now rotate the instrument through 180.he bubble should remain in
centre provided the instrument is in adjustment: if not it needs permanent

adjustment
c) Focusing the eye picce:- To focus the eye piece, hold a white paper in front of
the object glass. and move ihe sye piece in or out till the cross hairs are distinctly

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 Department of Civil Engineering
seen. Particular graduation
position to suit his
eyes, this will save
focusing he eye piece much tine f

(d) Focusing the object glass Direct

looking through the telescope, turn thethe telescope to the leveling staff and on
clears and sharp, The focusing serew until the image appears
image is thus formed inside the
Parallax, if any is removed plane of cros haifs,
by exact focusing, It may be noted that
completely eliminated when thcre is no parallal 19
eye up and down. change in staff reading afier
moving e

) Bubble tube

2) Tripod stand

Reduced L.evels
The system of
working out the reduced level of the poínts from saff
the lield is called as reduced level reading taken in
(R.L) of points is the elevation of the with point
reference to the same datum.
There are two systems of reduced levels
) The plane of collimation sy stem
(H.I.method)
2) The Rise and fall system

1) The plane of collimation system (H.L.method)

In this system, the R.L.. of plane of collimation (H.I) is found out for every set-up of the
level and then the reduced levels
of the points are worked out with the respective plane
of collimation as described below.
) Determine the R.L. of planc of collimation for the first set up of the level
by adding B.S. to the R.L. of B.M. i.c( R.L of plane of collimatíon- R.L
ofB.M.+ B.S.)
2) Obtained the R.L. of the intermediate points and first change point by
subtracting the stalf readings (1.5. and F.S. from the R.L. of plane of
collimation ((i.). (RL. of a point-R.L of plane of collimation fH.J.-1S or
F.S)
3) When the instrumernt is shifted and set up at new posilion a new plane of
collimation is deternined by addition of B.S. to the k.L of change poínt.
Thus the levels irom two set-ups of the instruments can be corelated by
means of B.S. and FS. taken on C.P.
4) Find out the R.Ls of the suCcessive points and the second C.P. by
subtracting their stall readings from this plane ofcollimation R.L

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Department of Civil Engineering
5) Repeat the procedure until all the R.Ls are worked out.

Observation table:

Reading R.L. of plane Reduced Remarks

Station
B.S ISFS collimation (H.I) Level

Arithmetical check: The difference between the sum of the back sights and the sum of
the fore sights should be equal to the difference between the last and irs. reduced levels.
i.e B.S F.S. LAST
- =

R.L-FIRST R.L
2) The Rise and fall system

In this system, there is no need to determine R.L. of plane of collimation .The

ditference of level between consecutive points is obtained as deseribed below.

) Determine the differenee in staff readings between the consecutive points

comparing each point after the first with that immediately preceding it.
Obtained the rise or fall from the difference of their staff
reading accordingly
to the staff reading at the point is smaller or greater than that of proceeding
point.
2) Find out the reduced level of each point by adding the rise to or subtracting
fall from the R.L. of'a proceeding point.

3) Observation table:-

Station Reading Rise Fall Reduced RemarkS

B.S I.S F.S
Level

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Arithmetic check: - The difference between the sum of back sight and the sum of
fore sight= differenee between the sum of rise and the sum of fall = the difference

between the last R.L. and the first R.L.

RL- FIRST RL
B.S-F.S =>RISE -FALL =LAST
RESULT:

The various reduced levels are calculated by rise and fall method and oy using height or

pluneof collimation method and are shown in observationtable.

 3.(A)
whet i levellinin Survey1

Lvellin is a
branch of
Suveyiny is Used
he
ne to find
elevations o diven poits with pect givm
assu asu med datum.
wha+ is datum in levellin1 ?
Datum is o imgimary krel surtace r level ime
rom uhich he ver hcal disten ces of diftnt
poim+s a mea SUd.
3.) wha+ is Bench Mar k (B-m) in
vellin
lavelling

B-m is a la tively perm ment point otf

o

ene whose elevation wth rspect Some

assum ed datum s Knowm.

educed leve CR:L) velli

lavelling?
u) wha s

of a point above or
)The Vertcal di'stance
the datum is Known as the
he elevahon
be low
it be ve or ve
or RL of a poiyt. may

down meuin parts of rel instrument ?

sS)Wnt
* Foot Sctws
TeleScope Upper parallelplate
Eye piece CTribrach)
objee tive lems
plate ( Trivet)
Foot
XFocusing Sctiw Slow methon Scw

Bubble Tube
Tpod
 3.(P)
&4-)
wha+ilevellin in
Survej1
Levellinj is a
branch
banch of
of
he sSuveying is Used
tlevations Suveyimyis
fivey points with used tto find
find
aSsU med wih rþect
rpect
dartum tt
givm
ivm
) what is
detum im
tvellim?
a Datum is c
om hich 1mggimaye
he
erel Svrtace
Surtace oY level line
ver tical
poins a meen SUtd.
diston ces of difexnt
y.3) what is Bench Mark (Bm)
in
) evellin ?
8-m is a
la tively
te ence w hose prrmament ppint
point of
ot
assum ed elevation wth
w th pect
spect tot
datum s knowm. Some

9.4)wha+iseduced leve| CR-L) velli

vellina
The Verhical distamce of poimt
be low the datum s
a
bove or
Kmoon as the
OT R:L ofa Poinyt. it elevation
may be ve
5)
S) wnite down
or
ve
OYe .

meinpaTts of
evel instrument ?
Te le Scope *Foot Sctws
tyeéye piece Uppev parallel plate
objeetive lems
Focusimg Scw CTribrach)
Feot Pplatt ( Trivet)
Bubble Tube SlowSlow metion Sc>rw
Trpod