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Chapter Four
LIGHTING and
Calculations

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4.1 Lighting
Lighting is an important aspect of your living space. Lighting not only
provides illumination, but can also be a key interior and exterior design element.
Finding the right lighting to create a pleasing, yet functional, decor isn’t hard
when you have so many options at hand, but it can also be a little overwhelming.
For example, how do you know what type of light bulbs—incandescent bulbs or
quartz halogen—is more suited to your needs?
The following articles will help answer questions like this as they guide you
through indoor lighting and outdoor lighting options, from various types of
ceiling and wall fixtures to portable task lighting, such as lamps and halogen
spotlights, as well as tips on basic electrical work and instructions on how to wire
your lights.

Facilities Planning and Construction:

The following aspects should be looked into carefully while designing of
lighting:-

1. Provision of adequate illumination.

2. Provision of light distribution all over the working plane as possible.
3. Provision of desired color light.
4. Provision of to avoid hard shadow and glare as far as possible.

There are various factor involved in the design of proper lighting system.
4.2 Definitions/Terms of Photometry:-
4.2.1 Foot candle (fc):

A unit of measure of luminance. A unit of luminance on a surface that is one

foot from a uniform point source of light of one candle and equal to one lumen
per square foot. Foot candle values can be measured directly with handheld
incident light meters. One foot candle is equal to 1 lumen cast per sq. ft. of
surface. A typical sunny day can measure between (5,000) fc and (10,000) fc. An
average living room measures about 30 fc. A full moon can provide 0.2 fc of
illumination.

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 4.2.2 Illumination level:
This is most important factor to decide the illumination level. Is the total
amount of visible light illuminating (incident upon) a point on a surface from all
directions above the surface. Standard unit for luminance is Lux (lx), which is
lumens per square meter (lm/m2) the other factors are involved the degree of
illumination for desired illumination .size of objects it is distance from viewer
contract between object to be seen background .the moving objects require more
illumination as compared to the stationary objects.

Recommended Lighting Levels

Space Type Average

Building Type Illuminace Level (
Lux)
House Living Room 400
Hotel Dining Room 100
Restaurant Kitchen 500
Corridor 50
Stairs 50
Washroom, Bathroom ,toilets 300
Bedroom 300
Educational Building Play room , classroom 400
Lecture hall 400
Computer practical rooms 30
Office Building Single office 400
Conference room 300
Hospitals General ward lighting 300
Simple examination 500
Examination and treatment 1000
Sport facilities Sports Halls 300
Industrial Metal Working /welding 300
Simple Assembly 300
Difficult Assembly 1000
Exacting Assembly 3000

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Uniformity of illumination :The illumination system designer has to make
sure that uniformity of illumination as far as possible should be maintained within
the place for which illumination is required .because human eye relaxed if light is
uniform and fatigue due to more pressure on eye is felt in inadequate light at that
spot .

Color of light: Appearance of color of object to the human eye entirely

depends upon color of light emitted by the source .in general; composition of
light should be such that the color appears natural i.e. its appearance should be by
large same as that seen during day light.

Shadows: Formation of long and hard shadows causes fatigues of eye which
is said to be improper illumination design .the shadow less light can be obtained
by:

A. Installing more number of small luminaries.

B. Mounted at height not less than (2.5) meter.
C. By using wide surface of light using globes over filament lamps.
D. By using indirect lighting system.

Glare:It may be direct or indirect i.e. it may be caused directly by the light
source or may be on furniture etc. . . . the glare is a hindrance to vision and causes
discomfort to eye .this should be done away with by designing illumination
through professional engineer.

Spacing of luminaries: In order to obtain an almost uniform intensity of

light all over the working plan, the distance between the lamps should not be too
much .the illumination will be more uniform if there is more number of small size
lamps.

Mounting height :the mounting height largely depends upon size and type
of building .in residential building ,the light point are installed on walls of rooms
about 2.75to3 meters above floor .in large size rooms ,halls ,etc . The points are
made to hang from ceiling so that height is around 2.75to3 meter from floor to
obtain uniform intensity of light throughout the room.

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Co-efficient of Utilization :
A surface to be illuminated is to receive light either directly from the lamps or
reflected from ceiling and wall .In any case ,the flux reaching the surface will
never be equal to flux emitted by 4he lamp due to absorption of light by
reflectors ,ceiling and walls .therefore ,the light flux reaching the working plane
can calculated by multiplying the total lumen flux emitted by the lamp by factor
called utilization factor or (Co-efficient utilization) .It’s Value depends on type of
reflector, color of walls and ceiling etc .however varies from (0.5to 0.8).

Depreciation factor: the total flux emitted by the source and reflector
may reduce due to deposition of dust and dirt upon their surface.

● Method of lighting calculation:-

The method we are used called (lumen method) or (light lux method).This

method is simple and applicable to those of sources light which produce an

approximately uniform illumination over the plane .In this method, total
lumen received on the working plane:

N=is the number of lamps.

E=is the required illumination (lux).

A=is the working area (squire meter).

F= is the luminous flux produced per lamp (lumens).

UF= is the coefficient of utilization.

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1-ROOM TYPE CLASS ROOM:A measure 11m*7m .the room is
illuminated by No. of lamps of (2X30) watts each. The lumen of each lamp is
2010 lm ( 1 W gives 67 lm ) Co-efficient of utilization of (0.5).determine the
Number of Lamps illumination on the Class Room Required lux 400 .
Solution:

N=15 Lamps

L= Length of Class Room

W= Width of Class Room
N= Number of lamps

Length spacing between lamp =11/5 =2.2 m

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Width space =7/3=2.3 m

11m*7 m Class Room Lamp Distribution

2-ROOM TYPE CLASS ROOM:A measure 8.4m*5.5m .the room is

illuminated by No. of lamps of (2X30) watts each. The lumen of each lamp is
2010 lm ( 1 W gives 67 lm ) Co-efficient of utilization of (0.5).determine the
Number of Lamps illumination on the Class Room Required lux 400.

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 Solution:

N=9 Lamps we must Use 10 lamps

L= Length of Class Room

W= Width of Class Room
N= Number of lamps

we use 5 lamps
Length spacing between lamp =8.4/5 =1.68 m

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.55 lamps we use 2 lamps

Width space =5.5/2=2.75 m

8.4m*5.5 m Class Room Lamp Distribution

3- LECTURE ROOM TYPE:A measure 3.8m*4m .the room is illuminated

by No. of lamps of (2X30) watts each. The lumen of each lamp is 2010 lm ( 1 W
gives 67 lm ) Co-efficient of utilization of (0.5).determine the Number of Lamps
illumination on the Class Room Required lux 400.
Solution

N=3 Lamps we must Use 4 lamps

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Length spacing between lamp =4/2 =2 m

lamps

Width space =3.8/2=1.9 m

4m*3.8 m Class Room Lamp Distribution

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