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FIRST YEAR
HALF YEARLY MATERIAL
FOR
BOARD EXAMINATIONS
IN

MATHEMATICS-IB
2023-2024

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INTRODUCTION

In this digital age we cannot overemphasize how important it is for a

student of Intermediate (MPC) to master basic concepts of core subjects
like Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. This in turn paves the way for
their success in the highly competitive IITJEE or any other similar exam
like BITSAT, EAMCET, etc.

Once they have a clear understanding of TS IPE pattern, their competence

in the core subjects ensures smooth sailing in the Board exams. In order,
therefore, to enhance our students’ understanding of IPE pattern, we
have brought our comprehensive study materials for Mathematics,
Physics and Chemistry.

In addition to the regular classroom activity, this FIITJEE material serves

as a useful guide and prepares our students thoroughly for the IPE.
Answers given are tailor-made to suit the requirements of our students
for the Board Exam.

Best wishes to all our students for their success in the Board Exams.

TEAM FIITJEE

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TELANGANA STATE BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION, HYDERABAD

ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024
INTERMEDIATE 1st YEAR MATHEMATICS(IB) SYLLABUS

S.NO CHAPTER
1. Locus
2. Transformation of Axes
3. Straight Line
4. Pair of Straight lines
5. Three Dimensional Coordinates
6. Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios
7. Plane
8. Limits and Continuity
9. Differentiation
10. Applications of Derivatives

PAPER PATTERN
No. of Questions No. of questions to Marks for each
Question Type Total Marks
given be answered question
VSAQ 10 10 2 20
SAQ 7 5 4 20
LAQ 7 5 7 35
GRAND TOTAL 75

MATHEMATICS-IB TENTATIVE (BLUE PRINT)

S.No. Name of the chapter Weightage Marks
CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
1. Locus 4 (4)
2. Transformation of axes 4 (4)
3. Straight line 15 (7 + 4 + 2+ 2)
4. Pair of straight lines 14 (7 + 7)
3D GEOMETRY
5. 3D-coordinates 2 (2)
6. Direction Cosines & Direction Rations 7 (7)
7. The plane 2 (2)
CALCULUS
8. Limits & Continuity 8 (4 + 2 + 2)
9. Differentiation 15 (7 + 4 + 2 + 2)
10. Errors – Approximations 2 (2)
11. Tangent & Normal 11 (7 + 4)
12. Rate measure 4 (4)
13. Rolle’s & Lagrange’s Theorems 2 (2)
14. Maxima & Minima 7 (7)
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INTERMEDIATE PUBLIC EXAMINATION, MARCH 2023

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INTERMEDIATE PUBLIC EXAMINATION, JUNE 2023

Total No. of Questions - 24 Reg.
Total No. of Printed Pages - 2 No.
Part - III
MATHEMATICS, Paper IB
(English Version)
Time : 3 Hours] [Max. Marks : 75
Note: This question paper consists of three sections A, B and C

SECTION - A 10  2 = 20 M
I. Very Short Answer Type questions:
(i) Answer ALL questions.
(ii) Each question carries TWO marks.

1. Find the value of x , if the slope of the line passing through 2, 5 and x , 3 is 2.

2. Find the distance between the parallel straight lines 3x  4 y  12 , 3x  4 y  7 .

3. Find the distance between the points 3, 4, 2 and 1,0,7  .

4. Write the equation of the plane 4 x  4 y  2 z  5  0 in the intercept form.

x 2  a2
5. Compute lim .
x a x  a

log e 1  5x
6. Compute lim .
x0 x

7. If f x  1  x  x 2    x 100 , then f '1 .

If y  sec  tan x  , find

dy
8. .
dx

9. Find y and dy of y  x 2  3x  6 at x  10 and x  0.01 .

10. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y  5x 2 at 1, 5 .

SECTION – B 5  4 = 20 M
II. Short Answer Type questions:
(i) Answer ANY FIVE questions
(ii) Each question carries FOUR marks

11. A2,3 and B3, 4 are two given points. Find the equation of locus of P, so that the area of the
triangle PAB is 85.

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
12. When the axes are rotated through an angle , find the transformed equation of
4
3x 2  10 xy  3 y 2  9 .

13. Find the value of p, if the straight lines x  p  0 , y  2  0 , 3x  2 y  5  0 are concurrent.

14. Check the continuity of the function f given below 1and 2.

 x  1 x1
 if
f x   2 x if 1x  2

1  x 2 if x2

15. Find the derivative of the function f x  cos ax from the first principle.

16. The volume of a cube is increasing at a rate of 9 cubic centimeters per second. How fast is the
surface area increasing when the length of the edge is 10 centimeters?

17. Find the equations of tangent and normal to the curve y  x 3  4 x 2 at 1, 3 .

SECTION – C 5  7 = 35 M
III. Long Answer Type questions:
(i) Answer ANY FIVE questions
(ii) Each question carries SEVEN marks

18. Find the circumcenter of the triangle whose vertices are 1, 3 , 3, 5 and 5, 1 .

19. Show that the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curve
x 2  xy  y 2  3x  3 y  2  0 and the straight line x  y  2  0 are mutually perpendicular.

20. If the equation ax 2  2 hxy  by 2  0 represent a pair of straight lines, then prove that the angle 
ab
between the lines is given by cos   .
 a  b  4 h 2
2

21. Find the direction cosines of two lines which are connected by the relations l  5m  3n  0 and
7 l 2  5m 2  3n2  0 .

dy y  x log y  y 
22. If x y  y x , then show that  .
dx x  y log x  x 

23. Find the angle between the curves y 2  8x and 4 x 2  y 2  32 .

24. Find two positive numbers whose sum is 15 so that the sum of their squares is minimum.

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LOCUS
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Find the equation of the locus of P , if the ratio of the distances from P to A(5, –4) and B(7, 6) is
2 : 3.
Sol: Let P x , y  be any point on the locus.
AP 2
The geometric condition to be satisfied by P is 
PB 3
 3 AP  2 PB
 9 AP 2  4 PB2
 9 x  5   y  4   4 x  7    y  6 
2 2 2 2
   
 9  x 2  25  10 x  y 2  16  8y   4 x 2  49  14 x  y 2  36  12 y 
 
 5x 2  5 y 2  34 x  120 y  29  0

Hence, the required equation of locus is 5 x 2  y 2   34 x  120 y  29  0

2. Find the equation of locus of a point P such that the distance of P from origin is twice the
distance of P from A1, 2
Sol: O 0, 0 , A1, 2 are the given points.
P x , y  is any point on the locus
Given condition is OP  2 AP
 OP 2  4 AP 2
 x 2  y 2  4[( x  1)2  ( y  2)2 ]
 x 2  y 2  4( x 2  2 x  1  y 2  4 y  4)
 x 2  y 2  4 x 2  4 y 2  8x  16 y  20
Equation to the locus of P is 3x 2  3 y 2  8x  16 y  20  0

3. Find the equation of locus of P , if the line segment joining (2, 3) and (–1, 5) subtends a right angle
at P .
Sol: A(2, 3), B(–1, 5) are the given points.
P x , y  is any point on the locus.

Given condition is APB  900

 AP 2  PB2  AB2
 ( x  2)2  ( y  3)2  ( x  1)2  ( y  5)2  (2  1)2  (3  5)2
 x 2  4 x  4  y 2  6 y  9  x 2  2 x  1  y 2  10 y  25  9  4
 2 x 2  2 y 2  2 x  16 y  26  0
Locus of P is x 2  y 2  x  8 y  13  0 , ( x , y )  (2, 3) and ( x , y )  (1, 5)

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4. Find the locus of the third vertex of a right angled triangle, the ends of whose hypotenuse are
(4, 0) and (0, 4).
Ans: x 2  y 2  4x  4y  0

5. The ends of the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle are (0, 6) and (6, 0). Find the equation of the
locus of its third vertex.
Ans: x 2  y 2  6 x  6 y  0 , x , y   0,6 and x , y   6,0

6. Find the equation of locus of a point, the difference of whose distances from (–5, 0) and (5, 0) is 8.
Sol: A(5, 0), B(–5, 0) are the given points.
P x , y  is any point on the locus.
Given condition is PA  PB  8
 PA  PB  8
 PA  PB  8
Squaring on both sides
 PA2  PB2  64  16 PB
 PA2  PB2  64  16 PB
 x  5   y  0    x  5   y  0   64  16 PB
2 2 2 2
   
 20 x  64  16 PB
 5x  16  4 PB
Squaring on both sides
 25x 2  160x  256  16 x  5   y  0 
2 2
 
 9 x 2  16 y 2  144
x2 y 2
Locus of P is  1
16 9

7. Find the equation of the locus of P, if A = (4, 0), B = (–4, 0) and PA  PB  4 .

x2 y 2
Ans:  1
4 12

8. Find the equation of the locus of a point, the sum of whose distances from (0, 2) and (0, –2) is 6.
Sol: A0, 2 , B0, 2 are the given points.
P x , y  is any point on the locus.
Given condition is PA  PB  6
 PA  6  PB
 PA2  PB2  36  12 PB
 PA2  PB2  36  12 PB
 x  0   y  2   x  0   y  2   36  12 PB
2 2 2 2
   
 8 y  36  12 PB

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 2 y  9  3PB

 4 y 2  36 y  81  9 x  0   y  2 
2 2
 
 9 x 2  5 y 2  45
x2 y 2
Locus of P is  1
5 9

9. Find the equation of locus of P, if A (2, 3), B (2, –3) and PA + PB = 8.

Ans: 16 x 2  7 y 2  64x  48  0

10. A(5, 3) and B(3, –2) are two fixed points. Find the equation of the locus of P , so that the area of
triangle PAB is 9.
Sol: A(5, 3), B(3, –2) are the given points.
P x , y  is any point on the locus.
Given condition is ar (PAB)  9
1
 |5(2  y )  3( y  3)  x(3  2)| 9
2
|10  5 y  3y  9  5x| 18
 5x  2 y  19  18
 5x  2 y  37  0 or 5x  2 y  1  0
 Locus of P is (5x  2 y  37)(5x  2 y  1)  0

11. A(2, 3), B(–3, 4) be two given points. Find the equation of locus of P so that the area of the
triangle PAB is 8.5
Ans: x 2  10 xy  25 y 2  34 x  170 y  0

12. A(1, 2), B(2, –3) and C(–2, 3) are three points. A point P moves such that PA2  PB2  2 PC 2 .
Show that the equation to the locus of P is 7 x  7 y  4  0 .
Sol: Let P x , y  be a point on locus.
Given points A  1, 2 , B  2, 3 and C  2, 3
Given condition is PA2  PB2  2 PC 2
 x  1   y  2   x  2   y  3  2 x  2   y  3 
2 2 2 2 2 2
 
 2 x 2  2 y 2  6 x  2 y  18  2 x 2  2 y 2  8x  12 y  26
 14 x  14 y  8  0
 7 x  7 y  4  0 is the equation of locus.

13. Find the equation of locus of a point P such PA2  PB2  2c 2 , where A   a , 0 , B  a ,0 and
0 a  c
Ans: x 2  y 2  c 2  a2

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TRANSFORMATION OF AXES

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. When the origin is shifted to (–1, 2) by the translation of axes, find the transformed equation of
x 2  y 2  2x  4y  1  0
Sol: Given shifting origin is h , k   1, 2
x  X  h  X  1 and y  Y  k  Y  2
The transformed equation of x 2  y 2  2 x  4 y  1  0 is
X  1  Y  2  2 X  1  4 Y  2  1  0
2 2

 X 2  2 X  1  Y 2  4Y  4  2 X  2  4Y  8  1  0
 X2 Y2  4  0

2. When the origin is shifted to (–1, 2) by the translation of axes, find the transformed equations of
2 x2  y 2  4x  4y  0
Ans: 2 x 2  y 2  8x  8 y  18  0

3. When the origin is shifted to the point (2, 3), the transformed equation of a curve is
x 2  3xy  2 y 2  17 x  7 y  11  0 . Find the original equation of the curve.
Sol: Given shifting origin is h , k   2, 3
X  x  h  x  2 and Y  y  k  y  3
The original equation of transformed equation x 2  3xy  2 y 2  17 x  7 y  11  0 is
( x  2)2  3(x  2)( y  3)  2( y  3) 2  17( x  2)  7( y  3)  11  0
 x 2  4 x  4  3xy  9 x  6 y  18  2 y 2  12 y  18  17 x  34  7 y  21  11  0
 x 2  3xy  2 y 2  4 x  y  20  0
 The required original equation is x 2  3xy  2 y 2  4 x  y  20  0

4. The point to which the origin is shifted and the transformed equation are given below. Find the
original equation.
(i) 3, 4 ; x 2  y 2  4 (ii) 1, 2 ; x 2  2 y 2  16  0
Ans: (i) x 2  y 2  6 x  8 y  21  0 (ii) x 2  2 y 2  2 x  8 y  25  0

5. Find the point to which the origin is to be shifted by the translation of axes so as to remove the
first degree terms from the equation ax 2  2 hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 , where h 2  ab .
Sol: Let the origin is shifted to ( , ) by the translation of axes.
Then x  X   , y  Y   .
On substituting these in the given equation, we get
a X     2 h  X   Y    b Y    2 g X     2 f Y    c  0
2 2

aX 2  2 hXY  bY 2  2 X  a  h  g  2Y h  b  f   a 2  2 h  b2  2 g  2 f   c  0.....(1)

If equation (1) has to be free from the first degree terms, then we have
a  h  g  0 and h  b  f  0
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hf  bg gh  af
Solving these two equations for  and  , we get   , 
ab  h ab  h 2
2

 hf  bg gh  af 
Therefore, the origin is to be shifted to   , h  ab 
2
,
 ab  h 2 ab  h 2 


6. When the axes are rotated through an angle , find the transformed equation of
4
3x 2  10 xy  3 y 2  9 .
Sol: Given equation is 3x 2  10 xy  3 y 2  9  0 …………(1)

Angle of rotation of axes  
4
Let X , Y  be the new co-ordinates of x , y 
  X Y
x  X cos   Y sin   X cos  Y sin 
4 4 2
  X Y
y  X sin   Y cos   X sin  Y cos 
 4 2
Transformed equation of (1) is
 X  Y 2  X  Y  X  Y   X  Y 2
 
 10    3 9  0
 2   2  2   2 
3

3
X 2  2 XY  Y 2   10 X 2  Y 2   3 X 2  2 XY  Y 2   9  0
2 2 2
 3X  6 XY  3Y  10 X  10Y  3X  6 XY  3Y 2  18  0
2 2 2 2 2

16 X 2  4Y 2  18  0
8X 2  2Y 2  9
 The transformed equation is 8X 2  2Y 2  9

7. When the axes are rotated through an angle 45 , the transformed equation of a curve is
17 x 2  16 xy  17 y 2  225 . Find the original equation of the curve.
Sol: Angle of rotation   45
xy
X  x cos   y sin   x cos 45  y sin 45 
2
x  y
Y  x sin   y cos   x sin 45  y cos 45 
2
The original equation of 17 x 2  16 xy  17 y 2  225 is
 x  y 2  x  y 
 x  y   x  y 2
17    16 
 
   17    225
 2   2  2   2 
 x 2  y 2  2 xy   y 2  x 2   x 2  y 2  2 xy 
 17    16 
 2 
  17 

  225
 2     2 

 17 x 2  17 y 2  34 xy  16 y 2  16 x 2  17 x 2  17 y 2  34 xy  450
 50 x 2  18y 2  450
 25x 2  9 y 2  225 is the original equation.

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
8. When the axes are rotated through an angle , find the transformed equation of
6
x 2  2 3xy  y 2  2 a 2 .
Sol: Angle of rotation   30
3X  Y
x  X cos   Y sin   X cos 30  Y sin 30 
2
X  3Y
y  X sin   Y cos   X sin 30  Y cos 30 
2
The transformed equation of x 2  2 3xy  y 2  2 a 2 is
 3X  Y 2  3X  Y  X  3Y   X  3Y 2
 
  2 3        2 a2
 2   2  2   2 
 3X 2  2 3XY  Y 2   3X 2  XY  3XY  3Y 2   X 2  2 3XY  3Y 2 
    2 3 

     2 a 2
 4  4   4 
 3X 2  2 3XY  Y 2   2 3  3X 2  2 XY  3Y 2    X 2  2 3XY  3Y 2   8 a2

 3X 2  2 3XY  Y 2  6 X 2  4 3XY  6Y 2  X 2  2 3XY  3Y 2  8 a 2

 8X 2  8Y 2  8a 2  X 2  Y 2  a 2
 The transformed equation is x 2  y 2  a 2 .

1  2 h 
9. Show that the axes are to be rotated through an angle of Tan1   so as to remove the xy
2  a  b 

term from the equation ax 2  2 hxy  by 2  0 if a  b , and through an angle if a  b .
4
Sol: If the axes are rotated through an angle '  ' , then
x  X cos   Y sin  , y  X sin   Y cos 
Therefore the given equation ax 2  2 hxy  by 2  0 transforms as
a X cos   Y sin   2 h X cos   Y sin X sin   Y cos   b X sin   Y cos   0
2 2

To remove XY term from the equation, the coefficient of XY term must be zero.
 (b  a)sin  cos   h cos 2   sin 2    0
ab 2h
 h cos 2   sin 2   tan 2  , if a  b and h cos 2   0 , if a  b
2 ab
1  2 h  
   Tan1   if a  b and   , if a  b
2  ab  4

10. When the axes are rotated through an angle  , find the transformed equation of
x cos   y sin   p .
Sol: The given equation is x cos   y sin   p
The axes are rotated through an angle  , then
x  X cos   Y sin  and y  X sin   Y cos 
The given equation transformed to X cos   Y sin   cos   X sin   Y cos   sin   p
 X cos 2   sin 2    p  X  p
 The transformed equation is x  p

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STRAIGHT LINES
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

2
1. Find the equation of the straight line making an angle of Tan1   with the positive
 3
x -axis and has y -intercept 3.
2 2
Sol: Given   tan1    m  tan   , c  3
3 3
2
Equation of the line is y  x  3
3
 3y  2 x  9
 The required equation of line is 2 x  3 y  9  0

2. Find the equation of line which makes an angle of 150 with positive x-axis and passing through
(–2, –1).
1
Sol: m  tan 150  tan 180  30   tan 30  
3
1
Equation of the line is y  1   x  2
3
 3 y  3  x  2

 x  3 y  2  3   0 is the required equation of line

3. Find the orthocenter of the triangle whose sides are given by x  y  10  0 , x  y  2  0 and
2x  y  7  0 .
Sol: The lines x  y  10  0 and x  y  2  0 are perpendicular
 The orthocentre is point of intersection of above lines
Solving, the orthocentre is 4, 6

4. If a, b, c are in A.P, show that ax  by  c  0 represents a family of concurrent lines and find the
point of concurrency.
Sol: If a, b, c are in arithmetic progression, then 2b  a  c (or) a  2 b  c  0
As a  2 b  c  0 , ax  by  c  0 passes through the fixed point (1, –2).
Hence, the set of lines ax  by  c  0 for parametric values a, b and c is a family of concurrent
lines and the point of concurrency is (1, –2).

5. Find the value of y , if the line joining the points (3, y ) and (2, 7) is parallel to the line joining the
points (1, 4) and (0, 6)
Sol: A3, y  , B2,7  , P 1, 4 and Q 0,6 are the given points.

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y 7 46
m1  slope of AB   y  7 , m2  slope of PQ  2
32 1  0
AB and PQ are parallel
m1  m2  y  7  2  y  9

6. If the area of the triangle formed by the straight lines x  0 , y  0 and 3x  4 y  a  a  0 is 6.

Find the value of a.
3x 4 y
Sol: Equation of the line is 3x  4 y  a (or) 1
a a
a a
OA  x  intercept  , OB  y  intercept 
3 4
1 1 a a a2
Area of OAB  OA.OB  . 
2 2 3 4 24
a2
Given  6  a 2  144  a  12
24
 a  12 , since a  0

7. Find the area of the triangle formed by the coordinate axes and the line 3x  4 y  12  0
Ans: 6

8. Transform the equation x  y  1  0 into normal form.

Sol: x  y  1  0  x  y  1
Divide both sides with 2
 1   1  1
   x    y 
 2   2  2
5 5 1
 x cos  y sin 
4 4 2
5 5 1
Hence the normal form of the equation of the given straight line is x cos  y sin 
4 4 2
1
and the distance of the line from the origin is 
2

9. Find the equations of the straight line passing through the following points :
at12 , 2 at1 at2 2 , 2 at2 
Sol: Given points are  at12 , 2 at1  at2 2 , 2 at2 

Equation of line passing through the given points is x  x1  y 1  y 2    y  y 1 x1  x 2 

 x  at12 2 at1  2 at 2    y  2 at1  at12  at22 

 x  at12 .2 a t1  t2    y  2 at1  a.t12  t22 

 2 x  2 at12  y t1  t2   2 at12  2 at1t2

 2 x  t1  t2  y  2 at1t2  0
 The required straight line is 2 x  t1  t2  y  2 at1t2  0
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10. Find the equation of the straight line passing through 2, 4 and making non zero intercepts
whose sum is zero.
x y
Sol: Equation of the line in the intercept from is  1.
a b
Given a  b  0  b  a
x y
Equation of the line   1  x  y  a
a a
The line passes through P 2, 4  2  4  a  a  6
Equation of the required line x  y  6  x  y  6  0

11. Find the equation of the straight line passing through 3, 4 and making X and Y -intercepts
which are in the ratio 2 : 3.
x y
Sol: Equation of the line in the intercept form is  1
a b
a 2 3a
Given  b
b 3 2
x 2y
Equation of the line is  1
a 3a
This line passes through P(3, –4)
9  8  3 a  3a  1
Equation of the required line is 3x  2 y  1

12. Find the equations of the straight lines passing through the point (4, –3) and perpendicular to the
line passing through the points (1, 1) and (2, 3).
Sol: A1,1 , B2,3 are the given points.
1  3 2
m  slope of AB   2
1  2 1
1 1
Slope of line perpendicular to AB   
m 2
1
Equation of line passes through P  4, 3 and having slope  is
2
1
y  3   x  4  2 y  6  x  4  x  2 y  2  0
2

13. Find the set of values of ' a ' if the points (1, 2) and (3, 4) lie on the same side of the straight line
3x  5y  a  0
Sol: P 1, 2 , Q 3, 4 are the given points.
Equation of the given line is 3x  5y  a  0
L11  3.1  5.2  a  a  7
L12  3.3  5.4  a  a  11
The points P, Q lie on same side of line if L11 .L22  0
  a  7  a  11  0
a  , 7   11, 

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14. State whether (3, 2) and (–4, –3) are on the same side or on opposite side of the straight line
2 x  3y  4  0
Sol: P 3,2 , Q 4, 3 are the given points.
Equation of the given line is 2 x  3 y  4  0
L11  2 3  3 2  4  4
L22  2 4  3 3  4  5
The points P, Q lie on same side of line since L11 and L22 have same sign

15. Find the ratio in which the line 2 x  3y  20  0 divides the join of the points (2, 3) and (2, 10).
Sol: P 2,3 , Q 2,10 are the given points.
Equation of the given line is 2 x  3y  20  0
L11  2 2  33  20  7
L22  2 2  3 10  20  14
The ratio in which the line 2 x  3y  20  0 divides the join of the points (2, 3) and (2, 10) is
L11 : L22  7 : 14  1 : 2

16. Find the value of ' k ' if the straight lines y  3 kx  4  0 and 2 k  1 x  8 k  1 y  6  0 are
perpendicular.
Sol: If two lines are perpendicular, then the product of their slopes is –1.
2k  1
Here, slope of the first line, m1  3 k and the slope of the second line, m2 
8k  1
 m1m2  1 , we have
 2 k  1 
3 k   1  6 k 2  3k  1  8k  6k 2  5k  1  0
 8k  1 
1
 6 k 2  6 k  k  1  0   k  16 k  1  0  k  1,
6

17. Find the length of the perpendicular drawn from (3, 4) to the line 3x  4 y  10  0 .
ax1  by 1  c
Sol: The perpendicular distance from P x1 , y 1  to the line ax  by  c  0 is
a2  b2
33  4  4  10 3
The perpendicular drawn from (3, 4) to the line 3x  4 y  10  0 is 
32  4 2 5

18. Find the distance between the straight lines 5x  3y  4  0 and 10 x  6 y  9  0 .

Sol: The given lines are 10 x  6 y  8  0 and 10 x  6 y  9  0
8  9 1 1
 The distance between the parallel lines is  
10 2  6 2 136 2 34

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19. Find the point of concurrency of the lines represented by 2  5 k x  31  2 k  y  2  k  0

Sol: The given lines can be written as 2 x  3 y  2  k 5x  6 y  1  0
The point of concurrency of the lines is point of intersection of lines
2 x  3 y  2  0 and 5x  6 y  1  0
Solving, point of intersection is 5, 4

20. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point of intersection of the lines
x  y  1  0 and 2 x  y  5  0 and containing the point (5, -2).
Ans: 9 x  21y  3  0 (or) 3x  7 y  1  0

21. If 2 x  3 y  5  0 is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining (3, –4) and  ,  .
Find    .
Ans: 1

22. Find the value of k , if the angle between the straight lines 4 x  y  7  0 and kx  5 y  9  0 is
45 .
25
Ans: k  3 (or)
3

23. If (–2, 6) is the image of the point (4, 2) w.r.t the line L , then find the equation of L .
Ans: 3x  2 y  5  0

24. Find the equation of the line perpendicular to the line 3x  4 y  6  0 and making an intercept
–4 on the x -axis.
Ans: 4 x  3 y  16  0

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Transform the equation 3x  4 y  12  0 into

(i) slope-intercept form (ii) intercept form (iii) normal form.
Sol: The given equation is 3x  4 y  12  0
(i) Slope-intercept form
4 y  3x  12
 3
y    x  3
 4
3
Slope of line   , y  intercept  3
4
(ii) Intercept form
3x  4 y  12

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3x 4 y
  1
12 12
x y
 1
4 3
x  intercept  4 , y  intercept  3
(iii) Normal form
3x  4 y  12

Dividing with 9  16  5
 3   
  x   4  y  12
 5   5  5
It is of the form x cos   y sin   p
3  12
Where cos   , sin    and p 
5 5 5

2. If P and Q are the lengths of the perpendiculars from the origin to the straight lines
x sec   y cos ec  a and x cos   y sin   a cos 2 . Prove that 4P 2  Q 2  a 2 .
Sol: Equation of AB is x sec   y cos ec   a
x y
  a
cos  sin 
x sin   y cos   a sin  cos 
x sin   y cos   a sin  cos   0
0  0  a sin  cos  sin 2
P = length of the perpendicular from O and AB   a sin .cos   a.
sin 2   cos 2  2
2 P  a sin 2 …….. (1)
Equation of CD is x cos   y sin   a cos 2
Q = length of the perpendicular from O to CD
0  0  a cos 2
  a cos 2 …….. (2)
cos 2   sin 2 
Squaring and adding (1) and (2)
4 P 2  Q 2  a 2 sin 2 2  a 2 cos 2 2  a 2 sin 2 2  cos 2 2   a 2 .1  a 2

x y
3. Transform the equation   1 into the normal form when a  0, b  0 . If the perpendicular
a b
1 1 1
distance of the straight line from the origin is p , deduce that 2  2  2 .
p a b
x y
Sol: Equation of the line is  1
a b
bx  ay  ab

Dividing with a2  b 2

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b a ab
.x  .y 
a2  b 2 a2  b2 a2  b 2
Above is in the normal form x cos   y sin   p

ab a2 b 2
 Perpendicular distance from origin to line is p   p2 
a2  b 2 a2  b2

1 a2  b2 a2 b 1 1
 2
 2 2
 2 2
 2 2  2 2
p a b a b a b b a
1 1 1
 2
 2 2
p a b

4. Find the value of p , if the following lines are concurrent

(i) 3x  4 y  5, 2 x  3 y  4, px  4 y  6
(ii) 4 x  3 y  7  0, 2 x  py  2  0, 6x  5 y  1  0
Sol: (i) Equations of the lines are 3x  4 y  5  0 and 2 x  3 y  4  0
Solving the above equation we get x  1, y  2
Point of intersection of the above lines is P 1, 2
The given lines are concurrent.
P 1, 2 lies on px  4 y  6
p  8  6  p  8  6  2
(ii) Equations of the lines 4 x  3 y  7  0 and 6 x  5 y  1  0
Solving the above equation we get x  1, y  1
The Point of intersection of above lines is P 1, 1
The given lines are concurrent.
P 1, 1 lies on 2 x  py  2  0
2p20  p 4


5. A straight line passing through A2,1 makes an angle of 30 with OX in the positive
direction. Find the points on the straight line whose distance from A is 4 units.
Sol: Co-ordinates of any point on the given line are x1  r cos  y1  r sin  

where x1 , y1   2,1 , r  4 ,   30

 
Co-ordinates of P are 2  4. 3 ,1  4. 1 
 
2 2 

P 2  2 3 ,1  2 

P 2  2 3 ,1  2  (or) P 2  2 3 ,1  2 

Required points are 2  2 3 ,3 , 2  2 3 , 1

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6. Find the points on the line 3x  4 y  1  0 which are at a distance of 5 units from the point (3, 2).
Sol: Co-ordinates of any point on the given line are x1  r cos  y1  r sin  

where x1 , y 1    3, 2 , r  5
3 4 3
Slope of line tan    cos   , sin  
4 5 5
 4 3
Co-ordinates of P are 3  5. , 2  5. 
 5 5
P 3  4, 2  3
P 3  4, 2  3 (or) P 3  4, 2  3
Required points are 7, 5 , 1, 1

3
7. A straight line passing through the point Q(2, 3) makes an angle with the negative direction
4
of the X -axis. If the straight line intersects the line x  y  7  0 at P, find the distance PQ.
3
Sol: The line PQ makes an angle with the negative direction of X-axis i.e., PQ makes an angle
4
3 
  with the positive direction of X-axis.
4 4
Co-ordinates of Q are 2,3
Co-ordinates of P are x1  r cos  , y 1  r sin 
    r r 
 2  r .cos , 3  r .sin   2  , 3 
 4 4   2 2 
P is a point on the line x  y  7  0
r r
2 3 7  0
2 2
r
2.  723 2
2
r 2
PQ  r  2 units

8. A straight line L with negative slope passes through the point (8, 2) and cuts positive coordinate
axes at the points P & Q. Find the minimum value of OP + OQ as L varies, where O is the origin.
Sol: Equation of the line passing through A8, 2 with negative slope ‘ m ’ is y  2  m x  8
mx  y  2  8m  0 where m  0
mx  y  2  8m
m 1
x y1
2  8m 2  8m
x y
  1
2  8m 2  8m
m

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2  8m
OP  X  intercept 
m
OQ  Y  intercept  2  8m
2  8m 2
OP  OQ   2  8m   8  2  8m
m m
2 2
 10   8m  10  2 .8m  10  8  18  AM  GM
m m
 Minimum value of OP  OQ as L varies, where ‘ O ’ is the origin is 18.

9. A straight line with slope 1 passes through Q 3, 5 meets the line x  y  6  0 at P . Find the
distance PQ .
Ans: 2 2

10. If the straight lines ax  by  c  0, bx  cy  a  0 and cx  ay  b  0 are concurrent, then prove

that a3  b 3  c 3  3abc .
Sol: Since the given lines are concurrent,
a b c
b c a 0
c a b

a bc  a 2   b b 2  ac   c  ab  c 2   0

3 abc  a 3  b 3  c 3  0
 a3  b 3  c 3  3abc
11. Find the equation of straight line parallel to line 3x  4 y  7 and passing through the point of
intersection of lines x  2 y  3  0 and x  3y  6  0 .
Sol: Equation of the given lines are
L1  x  2 y  3  0 and L2  x  3y  6  0
Equation of any line passing through the intersection is L1  kL2  0
x  2 y  3  k x  3 y  6  0
1  k x  2  3 k y  3  6 k  0
This line is parallel to 3x  4 y  7
a1b2  a2 b1
3 2  3k   1  k 4
6  9 k  4  4 k  5 k  10  k  2
Equation of the required line is 3x  4 y  15  0

12. Find the equations of the straight lines passing through the point (–3, 2) and making an angle of
45 with the straight line 3x  y  4  0 .
Sol: Given point P x1 , y1   3, 2
Given line 3x  y  4  0 ……… (1)
a
Slope  m    3
b
m3 m3
tan 450  1
1  3m 1  3m
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Case (i)
m3
 1  m  3  1  3m
1  3m
2 m  4 or m  2
In this case equation of the line PQ is y  2  2 x  3  2 x  6
2x  y  4  0
Case (ii)
m3
 1  m  3  1  3m
1  3m
4m  2  m  1/2
1
In this case equation of the line PQ is y  2  x  3  x  2 y  7  0
2
 The required lines are 2 x  y  4  0 & x  2 y  7  0

x y
13. A variable straight line drawn through the point of intersection of the straight lines  1
a b
x y
and   1 meets the coordinate axes at A and B. Show that the locus of the midpoint of AB
b a
is 2  a  b xy  ab x  y  .
x y x y
Sol: Equations of the given lines are   1 and   1
a b b a
 ab ab 
Solving the point of intersection P  , 
 a  b a  b 
Q  x0 , y 0  is any point on the locus
 The line with x  intercept 2x0 , y  intercept 2y 0 , passes through P
x y
 P lies on the straight line  1
2 x0 2 y 0
ab  1 1  ab x0  y 0
i.e.,     1   1
a  b  2 x0 2 y0  a  b 2 x0 y 0
ab x0  y 0   2  a  b x0 y0
Q  x0 , y 0  lies on the curve 2  a  b xy  ab x  y 
Locus the mid of point of AB is 2  a  b xy  ab x  y 

14. Each side of a square is of length 4 units. The centre of the square is (3, 7) and one of its
diagonals is parallel to y  x . Find the coordinates of its vertices.
Ans: 1,5 , 1,9 , 5,9 and 5, 5

15. Find the area of the rhombus enclosed by the four straight lines ax  by  c  0 .
Sol: Equation of AB is ax  by  c  0 …………(1)
Equation of CD is ax  by  c  0 …………(2)
Equation of BC is ax  by  c  0 …………(3)
Equation of AD is ax  by  c  0 ………….(4)

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c c c c 4c 2 2 c 2
 Area of the rhombus is  
a b 2 ab ab
a b

16. Find the point on the straight line 3x  y  4  0 , which is equidistant from (–5, 6) and (3, 2).
Ans: 2,2

17. If the portion of a straight line intercepted between the axes of coordinates is bisected at 2 p , 2q  .
Find the equation of the straight line.
x y
Sol: Equation of AB in the intercept form is   1 ………..(1)
a b
Co-ordinates of A are  a ,0 and B are 0,b
M is the mid-point of AB
a b
Co-ordinates of M are  ,   2 p , 2q 
2 2
a b
 2 p ,  2 q  a  4 p , b  4q
2 2
x y x y
Substituting in (1), equation of AB is  1   4
4 p 4q p q

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1ST ROUND

1. If Q h , k  is the foot of the perpendicular from P x1 , y 1  on the straight line ax  by  c  0 , then

h  x1 k  y 1  ax1  by 1  c 
show that   .
a b a2  b2
And hence find the foot of the perpendicular from (–1, 3) on the straight line 5x  y  18  0 .
Sol: Q h , k  lies on ax  by  c  0
 ah  bk  c  0
 ah  bk  c ………. (1)
k  y1
Slope of PQ 
h  x1
a
Slope of given line  
b
 k  y1  a 
Since line PQ and given line are perpendicular we have     1
 h  x1  b 
  k  y 1  a   h  x1 b
h  x1 k  y 1
 
a b

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h  x1 k  y 1 a  h  x 1   b  k  y 1 
   (by ratio and proportion)
a b a2  b 2
h  x1 k  y 1 ah  bk  ax1  by1
  
a b a2  b 2
h  x1 k  y 1  ax1  by 1  c 
   (by 1)
a b a2  b2
h , k is the foot of the perpendicular of 1, 3 w.r.t. the line 5x  y  18  0
h  1 k  3 5  3  18
   1
5 1 5 2  12
 h  1  5 and k  3  1
 h , k   4, 2

2. If Q h , k  is the image of the point P x1 , y 1  w.r.t the straight line ax  by  c  0 then show that

h  x1 k  y1 2  ax1  by1  c 
  . And hence find the image of (1, –2) w.r.t the straight line
a b a2  b2
2 x  3y  5  0 .
 h  x1 k  y1 
Sol: Let R is mid point of Q h , k  and P x1 , y 1  then R   , 
 2 2 
 h  x1 k  y 1 
R  ,  lies on ax  by  c  0
 2 2 
 h  x1   k  y1 
a    b  c  0
 2   2 
ah  bk  ax1  by1  2c ………. (1)
k  y1
Slope of PQ 
h  x1
a
Slope of given line  
b
 k  y1  a 
Since line PQ and given line are perpendicular we have     1
 h  x1  b 

  k  y 1  a   h  x1 b
h  x1 k  y 1
 
a b
h  x1 k  y 1 a  h  x 1   b  k  y 1 
   (by ratio and proportion)
a b a2  b 2
h  x1 k  y 1 ah  bk  ax1  by1
  
a b a2  b 2
h  x1 k  y 1 2  ax1  by1  c 
   (by 1)
a b a2  b 2
h , k is the image of 1, 2 w.r.t. the line 2 x  3 y  5  0

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h  1 k  2 2 2  6  5
    2  h  3, k  4
2 3 49
 3, 4 is the image of 1, 2 in the line 2 x  3 y  5  0

3. Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose vertices are (1, 3), (–3, 5) and (5, –1).
Sol: Let the vertices of the triangle be A1,3 , B3, 5 and 5, 1

The mid points of the sides BC , CA are respectively D1, 2 and E3,1 .

Let S be the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides BC and CA .
 51 3  4
Since the slope of BC   , the slope SD 
3  5 4 3
 4
Therefore the equation of SD is y  2  x  1
3
 4 x  3y  2  0 ……….(1)
 3  1 
Slope of AC   1  slope of SE  1
1 5

 Equation of SE is y  1  1x  3
 xy20 ……….(2)
Solving the equations (1) and (2), we obtain S  8, 10 which is the circumcentre of ABC

4. Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose sides are 3x  y  5  0, x  2 y  4  0 and

5x  3 y  1  0 .
Sol: Let the given equations 3x  y  5  0 , x  2 y  4  0 and 5x  3 y  1  0 represent the sides
  
BC , CA and AB respectively of ABC .
Solving the above equations two by two, we obtain the vertices A2, 3 , B1, 2 and 2,1 of
the given triangle.
 3 1 
The mid points of the sides BC and CA are respectively D   ,  and E  0, 2
2 2 
 
Equation of SD , the perpendicular bisector of BC is x  3y  0 and the equation of SE , the
perpendicular bisector of AC is 2 x  y  2  0 . Solving these two equations, we obtain the point
   6 2 
of intersection of the lines SD and SE which is S  ,  , the circumcentre of ABC .
 7 7 

5. Find the circumcenter of the triangle whose vertices are (1, 3), (0, –2) and (–3, 1).
 1 2 
Ans:  , 
 3 3 

6. Find the orthocenter of the triangle whose vertices are (–5, –7), (13, 2) and (–5, 6).

Sol: Let A5, 7  , B13, 2 and C 5,6 be the vertices of a triangle. Let AD be the perpendicular
  
drawn from A to BC and BE be the perpendicular drawn from B to AC .

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 62 2
Now slope of BC  
5  13 9
   9 
Since AD  BC , slope of AD  and so, the equation of AD is
2
9
y  7  x  5
2
2 y  14  9 x  45
9 x  2 y  31  0 …………(1)
 
Equation of AC is x  5 which is vertical line and therefore equation of BE is y  2 . …….(2)
Point of intersection of the lines (1) and (2) is 3, 2 which is the orthocentre of ABC .

7. Find the orthocenter of the triangle with the vertices (-2, -1) (6, -1) and (2, 5).
 5 
Ans: 2, 
 3 

8. If the equations of the sides of a triangle are 7 x  y  10  0, x  2 y  5  0 and x  y  2  0 , find

the orthocenter of the triangle.
Sol: Let ABC be the given triangle
Let the equations x  2 y  5  0 …………(1)
7 x  y  10  0 …………(2)
and x  y  2  0 …………(3)
  
represent the sides AB , BC , and CA respectively.
   
Let AD and BE be the altitudes drawn from A and B respectively to the sides BC and CA .
Solving the equations (1) and (3), we obtain A  3,1
  
Since AD  BC , the equations of AD is x  7 y  3  7  10 ………….(4)
Solving the equation (1) and (2), we obtain B  1, 3 .
  
Since BE  AC , the equation of BE is x  y  1  3  2 …………………(5)
2 4
Point of intersection of the lines (4) and (5) is  ,  which is orthocentre of ABC .
3 3

9. Find the orthocenter of the triangle formed by the lines x  2 y  0 , 4 x  3 y  5  0 and

3x  y  0 .
Ans: 4, 3

10. Find the circumcentre of the triangle formed by the straight lines x  y  0 , 2 x  y  5  0 and
xy  2.
Sol: Equation of AB is x  y  0 ……………….(1)
Equation of BC is 2 x  y  5  0 …………..(2)
Equation of AC is x  y  2 ………………..(3)
Solving (1) and (2) co-ordinates of A are 5, 5
Solving (2) and (3) co-ordinates of C are 1, 3
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Solving (1) and (3) co-ordinates of A are 1, 1

Suppose S  x , y  is the circumcentre
SA  SB  SC
SA  SB  SA2  SB2
x  5   y  5  x  1   y  3
2 2 2 2

x 2  10 x  25  y 2  10 y  25  x 2  2 x  1  y 2  6 y  9
8x  16 y  40  x  2 y  5 ………………(1)
SB  SC  SB2  SC 2
x  1   y  3  x  1   y  1
2 2 2 2

x2  2x  1  y 2  6y  9  x2  2x  1  y 2  2 y  1
4 x  4 y  8  x  y  2 ……………………..(2)
2  1 gives 3 y  3  y  1  x  1  2  x  3
Circumcentre is S 3,1

11. The base of an equilateral triangle is x  y  2  0 and the opposite vertex is 2, 1 . Find the
equations of the remaining sides.
Sol: ABC is an equilateral triangle.
 B  C  60
Equation of BC is x  y  2  0
AB passes through A2, 1
Suppose slope of AB  m
Equation of AB is y  1  mx  2
mx  y  2 m  1  0 ………….(1)
a1 a2  b1 b2
cos 60 
a12  b12 a22  b22
1 m1

2 1  1 m2  1
Squaring and cross multiplying
m2  1  2 m  1  2 m2  2 m  1  2m 2  4m  2
2

m 2  4m  1  0
4  16  4 4  2 3
m  2 3
2 2
Substituting in (1)
Equation of AB is y  1   2  3  x  2

Equation of AC is y  1   2  3 x  2

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12. Find the equations of the straight lines passing through 1,1 and which are at a distance of
3 units from 2,3
Sol: AB passes through A1,1
Suppose slope of AB is m
Equation of AB is y  1  mx  1  mx  m
mx  y  1  m  0 …………….(1)
Distance from 2,3 on AB  3
2 m  3  1  m
3
m2  1
Squaring and cross multiplying
3m  2  9 m 2  1
2

9m 2  4  12 m  9m2  9
5
12m  5  m 
12
Co-efficient of m2  0  m  
(i) m  
AB is a vertical line
Equation of AB is x  a
AB passes through A1,1
a1
Eqution of AB is x  1
5
(ii) m 
12
Substituting in (1),
5  5
Equation of AB is x  y  1    0 .
12  12 
5 7
xy   0  5x  12 y  7  0
12 12

13. Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are given by 4 x  5 y  0 and 7 x  2 y  0 and one
diagonal is 11x  7 y  9 . Find the equations of the remaining sides and the other diagonal.
Sol: Let 4 x  5 y  0 ……………(1) and
7 x  2 y  0 ……………(2) respectively
 
denote the side OA and OB of the parallelogram OABC.

Equation of the diagonal AB is 11x  7 y  9  0 ……….(3)
Solving (1) and (2) vertex O  0,0
5 4
Solving (1) and (3), we get x  ; y 
3 3

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 5 4
 A   ,  
 3 3
2 7
Solving (2) and (3), we get x  , y
3 3
 2 7
 B   , 
 3 3
 1 1
Midpoint of AB is P  ,  . Slope of OP is 1.
2 2
Equation to OC is y  1 x  x  y  0
Vertex C is 1, 1
 4 
  1
 3  7
AC slope is 
5  2
  1
3 
7
AC line equation is  y  1   x  1
2
7x  2y  9  0
7 
  1
 3  4
BC slope is 
 2  5
  1
 3 
4
BC line equation is  y  1   x  1
5
4x  5y  9  0

14. If the four straight lines ax  by  p  0, ax  by  q  0, cx  dy  r  0 and cx  dy  s  0 form a

 p  qr  s
parallelogram, show that the area of the parallelogram so formed is
bc  ad
Sol: Let L1 , L2 , L3 , L4 be the lines given by
L1  ax  by  p  0
L2  ax  by  q  0
L3  cx  dy  r  0
L4  cx  dy  s  0
L1 and L2 are parallel : L3 and L4 are parallel
d1 d2
Area of the parallelogram =
sin 
pq
d1  distance between L1 and L2 
a2  b 2
r s
d2  distance between L3 and L4 
c2  d2

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ac  bd
cos  
a2  b2 c 2  d 2 
 ac  bd
2
sin   1  cos   1 
2

a2  b 2 c 2  d 2 
a2  b 2 c 2  d 2   ac  bd2

a2  b 2 c 2  d 2 
bc  ad

a2  b2 c 2  d 2 
 p  qr  s
 Area of the parallelogram 
bc  ad

15. Find the incentre of the triangle whose sides are x  y  7  0, x  y  1  0 and x  3 y  5  0 .
Sol: In ABC ,
Equation of AC is x  y  7  0 ……………(1)
Equation of AB is x  y  1  0 ……………(2)
Equation of BC is x  3 y  5  0 …………..(3)
Solving (1), (2) and (3)
We get A3, 4 , B1, 2 and C  4, 3

c 44  8 2 2 ,
a  9  1  10 ,
b  11  2
 2. 5.3  2.1  2.2.4 2. 5.4  2.2  2.2.3 
 ,
 2 5  2 2 2 2. 5  2  2 2 

 2  3 5  1  8 2  4 5  2  6

 , 
 2  5  1  2 2  5  1  2 
 
9  3 5 8  4 5 
 , 
 3 5 3 5 
 
 3 3  5  4  2  5  3  5 
 
 , 
 3 5
 3  5 3  5  
 4  6  3 5  2 5  5 
 
  3, 
 95 
 
 I  3, 1  5 

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LIMITS
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1ST ROUND

1 x 1
1. Find Lt
x 0 x
1 x 1  x  1  1  1  x  1 
Sol:  Lt   
 1  x  1 
Lt
x 0 x x 0 
 x
 
 x  1  1  1 1
 Lt    Lt 
x 0  x  1  x  1
  x 0 1  x  1 2
 

ax  1
2. Compute Lt ,  a  0, b  0, b  1
x 0 b x  1

ax  1
Sol: We know Lt  ln a
x 0 x
 a x  1 
 
  ln a
Lt  x x    log ba
x 0  
 b  1  ln b
 x 

sin ax
3. Compute Lt ,b0 , ab
sin bx
x 0

sin ax sin ax bx a a
Sol: Lt  Lt . . 
x 0 sin bx x0 ax sin bx b b
 sin kx 
  Lt  1
x0 kx 

cos x
4. Compute Lt
x /2 x   /2
 
Sol: Let y  x  , when x  , y  0
2 2
 
cos   y 
cos x 2   sin y
Lt  lim  lim  1
x /2 x   /2 y0 y y 0 y

5. Compute Lt  x   x and Lt  x   x
x 2  x  2

Sol: Lt  x   x  Lt  x   lim x   2    2  2  2  4
x 2  x 2  x 2 

Lt  x   x  Lt  x   lim x   2   2  1  2  3
x  2 x  2 x 2 

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2
6. Evaluate Lt x 2 cos
x 0 x
2 2
Sol: Lt x 2 cos  Lt x 2 . Lt cos  0 .k where k  1
x 0 x x  0 x  0 x
0

x 2  8x  15
7. Compute Lt
x 3 x2  9
x 2  8x  15 x  5x  3 x  5 2 1
Sol: Lt  Lt  Lt  
x 3 x 9
2 x 3  x  3 x  3 x 3 x  3 6 3


 2 , x  1 then find Lt f x and Lt f x
8. If f x  x    


 2 x  1 , x1 x 1 x 1

Sol: Lt f x Lt f 1  h  lim  2 1  h  1  2  1  1

x 1 h 0  h 0
h0

Lt f  x  lim f 1  h  lim 1  h  1
2
x1 h 0 h0
h0

Since lim f x  lim f x  1

x 1 x1

 lim f  x  1
x1

e3x  1
9. Compute Lt
x 0 x
e3x  1 e 3x  1
Sol: We have Lt  3 lim
x 0 x 3 x 0 3x
y
e 1
 3lim where y  3x
y 0 y
 3.1  3

x  1 if x  0

10. Find Lt f x where f x  0 if x  0
x 0 x  1 if x  0

Sol: LHL lim f x  lim x  1  0  1  1
x0 x 0

RHL  lim f x  lim x  1  0  1  1

x0 x0

 LHL  RHL
Limit does not exists

log e x
11. Evaluate Lt
x1
x 1

Sol: Put y  x  1 . Then y  0 as x  1

log e x log e 1  y 
Now Lt  Lt
x 1 x1 y0 y

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log e 1  x
 1 (by theorem Lt  1)
x 0 x

sin x  1
12. Compute Lt
x 1 x2  1
sin x  1 sin x  1 1
Sol: Lt  Lt . Lt
x 1 x 1 2 x 1 x1 x 1 x  1

Put y  x  1 so that as x  1 , y  0
sin x  1 sin y
Lt  lim 1
x 1  x  1 y 0 y

sin x  1 1 1 1
Lt Lt  1. 
x 1  x  1 x 1 x  1 11 2

2ND ROUND

tan x  a
1. Compute Lt  a  0
x 2  a2
x a

Sol: Put x  a  h so that x  a , h  0

tan x  a tanh
Lt  Lt
x a x a
2 2 h 0  a  h2  a2
tanh tanh
 Lt  Lt
h 0 a  h  2 ah  a
2 2 2 h 0 h  h  2 a

tanh 1 1 1
 Lt .lim  1. 
h 0 h h0 h  2 a 0  2a 2a

ex  e3
2. Compute Lt
x 3 x3
e 3  e x3  1 ex3  1
Sol: Lt  e 3 lim  e 3 1  e 3
x 3 x3  x30  x  3

ex  1
Since Lt 1
x 0 x

x 2  5x  2
3. Compute lim .
x 2 x 2  5x  1

 5 2
x 2 1   2 
x 2  5x  2  x x 
Sol: lim 2  lim
x 2 x  5x  1 x 2  5 1
x 2   2 
 x x 
1 1
As x  .  0 , 2  0
x x
5 2
1  2
x 2  5x  2 x x  100  1
lim 2  lim
x 2 x  5x  1 x 5 1
2  2 200 2
x x
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x 2  3x  2
4. Compute lim
x 3 x 2  6 x  9

x 2  3x  2 x 2  3x  2 9  9  2
Sol: lim  lim  
x 3 x 2  6 x  9 x 3  x  32 0

5. Compute lim  x  1  x 
x

Sol: lim  x  1  x   Lt
 x  1  x  x  1  x 
 Lt
x  1  x
x x  x  1  x x x1  x

 1   0
 Lt  

x  x  1  x 

2x  3
6. Compute Lt
x  x2  1
 3
x 2  
2x  3  x
Sol: Lt  Lt
x  x  1
2 x  1
x 1 2
x
1 1
As x  , , 2  0
x x
2x  3 20 2
Lt   2
x  x 2  1 10 1

8 x  3x
7. Compute Lt
x 3 x  2 x

Sol: defining


 x if 
x  0

x  


 x if x  0


given x  0
8x  3 x 11x
Lt  Lt  11
x 3x  2 x x x

2  cos 2 x
8. Compute Lt
x x  2007
2  cos 2 x
Sol: Lt
x x  2007
We know that 0  cos 2 x  1
2  2  cos 2 x  3
2 2  cos 2 x 3
 
x  2007 x  2007 x  2007
2 2  cos 2 x 3
Lt  Lt  Lt
x x  2007 x  x  2007 x x  2007

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 `HY DER AB AD CEN T RES

2  cos 2 x
0  Lt 0
x x  2007

2  cos 2 x
 Lt 0
x x  2007

2  sin x
9. Compute Lt
x x 2  3

2  sin x
Sol: Lt
x x 2  3

We know that 1  sin x  1

1  2  sin x  3
1 2  sin x 3
 2  2
x 32
x 3 x 3
1 2  sin x 3
Lt  Lt  Lt 2
x x  3
2 x x  3
2 x x  3

2  sin x
0  Lt 0
x x 2  3

2  sin x
 Lt 0
x x2  3

x2  6
10. Compute Lt
x 2x2  1
6 6
x 1 2 1 2
x2  6 x  lim 1 x
Sol: Lt  Lt
x 2 x 2  1 x 2  1  x x 1
x 2  2  2 2
 x  x
1
As x  , 0
x
1
1
x 6 2
1 x2  0  1  0
 Lt  Lt 
x 2 x 2  1 1
0 x
1 2
x 2 2
x

5x 3  4
11. Compute Lt
x  2x 4  1
 4
x 3 5  3 
5x 3  4  x 
Sol: Lt  Lt
x  2 x 4  1 x  2 1
x 2 4
x
1 1 1 1
As x  , , 2 , 3 , 4  0
x x x x
5x 3  4 5
Lt  .  
x  2x  1
4 2

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 `HY DER AB AD CEN T RES

cos x  sin 2 x
12. Compute Lt
x x1
cos x  sin 2 x
Sol: Lt
x x1
Let 1  cos x  sin 2 x  2  x  R
1 cos x  sin 2 x 2
Lt   Lt  Lt
x x  1 x x1 x x  1

cos x  sin 2 x
0  Lt 0
x x1
cos x  sin 2 x
 Lt 0
x x1

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1ST ROUND

sin  a  bx  sin  a  bx

1. Compute Lt
x 0 x
sin  a  bx  sin  a  bx 2 cos  a sin bx
Sol: Lt  Lt
x 0 x x  0 x
sin bx  sin bx 
 2 cos a Lt  2 cos a  Lt .b  2.b.cos a
x0 x  x  0 bx 

1  cos mx
2. Compute Lt n0
x 0 1  cos nx

mx
sin 2
2  mx 
2

 
mx  mx 2  2 
2 sin 2  
1  cos mx 2  2 
Sol: Lt  Lt  lim
x 0 1  cos nx x 0 2 nx x 0 nx
2 sin sin 2
2  nx 
2
2
 
 nx 2  2 
 
 2 

 2
 sin mx 
lim  2 
mx
0 
mx 
 
2  2  m 2 m2 m 2
    1  2
 2 n 2 n2 n
 sin nx 

lim  2 

nx  nx
 2 
0 
2

x sin a  a sin x
3. Compute Lt
x a xa
x sin a  a sin x x sin a  a sin a   a sin x  a sin a
Sol: Lt  Lt
x a xa x a  x  a
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 `HY DER AB AD CEN T RES

x  a sin a sin x  sin a

 Lt  a lim
x a xa xa
x a

xa xa
2 cos .sin
 sin a  a.lim 2 2
x a xa
 x  a 
sin  
 x  a 
  2 
 sin a  a.lim cos   . Lt
x a  2  x a  x  a 
 2 
 sin a  a cos a  1  sin a  a cos a

cos ax  cos bx
4. Compute Lt
x 0 x2
 
 sin  a  b  x sin  a  b  x 
cos ax  cos bx  
 2    2  
  sin x
Sol: Lt  Lt 2  (we know Lt 1)
x 0 x 2 x 0  x 2
 x 0 x
 
  a  b     a  b  
 sin  x  sin  x 
  2     2  
 2  Lt  
. Lt 
x0 x  x0 x 

   
  a  b     a  b  
 sin   x   sin  x 
  2   a  b    2   a  b   a  b  a  b  b 2  a 2
  2 Lt       
x 0 
 
 . Lt   

  a  b  x  2  x0   a  b  x  2 
2  2  2   2
  2     2  

1  x   1  x 
1 /8 1 /8
5. Compute Lt
x 0 x
1  x   1  x 
1 /8 1/8
Sol: Lt
x 0 x
1 1 1
1  x 8  1  1  x 8  1 8
 lim  lim
1x 1 1  x  1 1x1 1  x  1

1 1 1 1 1
 17 8  17 8   
8 8 8 8 4

2 x  1 x  1
6. Compute Lt
x 1 2x2  x  3
2 x  1 x  1 2 x  1 x  1 2 x  1 x  1
Sol: Lt  Lt  lim
x 1 2x2  x  3 x 1 x  12 x  3 x 1  x  1 x  12 x  3
2.1  1 1 1
  
 1  12.1  3 1  1 5 10

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 `HY DER AB AD CEN T RES

a  2 x  3x
7. Find lim .
x a 3a  x  2 x

Sol: lim
 a  2 x  3x  a  2 x  3x 

 3a  x  4 x 
x a  a  2 x  3x   3a  x  4 x  3a  x  4 x 

a  2 x  3x 3a  x  4x
 lim 
x a a  2 x  3x 3a  x  4x
 a  x 3 a  x  4 x  2 2 a  2
 lim  
x a  a  2 x  3x  3  a  x  2  3a  3 3 3

ex  1
8. Compute Lt
x 0 1 x 1

ex  1 e x  1  1  x  1
Sol: Lt  Lt
x 0 1  x  1 x0  1  x  1  1  x  1

 e x  1   e x  1 
 Lt   1  x  1  Lt    1  x  1  2
x0  1  x  1  x  xLt
x 0  0

x  e x  1
9. Compute Lt
x 0 1  cos x
x  e  1
x
x 2  e x  1 x2 ex  1
Sol: Lt  Lt  Lt  Lt
x 0 1  cos x x 0
x.2 sin 2
x x 0
2 sin 2
x x 0 x
2 2
x2  x 2
4    
lim e  1   4 lim  2  .lim e  1  2 11  2
x x
 Lt 4
x  x0 x  2 x 0 
0 2 sin 2 
x
 sin  x0 x
x
2
2 2  2

sin  cos 2 x 
10. Find lim .
x0 x2
sin  cos 2 x  sin    sin 2 x 
Sol: lim  lim
x0 x2 x0 x2
sin  sin 2 x  sin 2 x
 lim  . 2   11  
x 0  sin 2 x x

e x  sin x  1
11. Compute Lt
x 0 x
e x  sin x  1  e x  1 sin x 
Sol: We have Lt  Lt   
x 0 x x 0  x x 
 
 e x  1  sin x
 Lt    Lt  11  0
x 0  
 x  x 0 x
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 `HY DER AB AD CEN T RES

 1 4 
12. Compute lim   2 
x 2  x  2 x  4 
 1 4  x24
Sol: lim   2   lim 2
x 2  x  2 x 4  x  2 x 4
x2 1 1 1
 lim  lim  
x 2 x  4
2 x 2 x  2 22 4

CONTINUITY
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1ST ROUND

4  x 2 if x0

x  5 0x1
Check the continuity of f given by f x   2
if
1.
4 x  9 if 1 x 2
3x  4 if x2

Sol: i) Lt f x  Lt 4  x 2  4  0  4
x 0 x 0

Lt f x  Lt x  5  5
x0 x 0

 f  x is not continuous at x  0
ii) Lt f x  Lt x  5  1  5  4
x1 x 1

Lt f x  Lt 4 x 2  9  4  9  5
x 1 x 1

 f  x is not continuous at x  1
iii) Lt f x  Lt 4 x 2  9  16  9  7
x 2 x2

Lt f x  Lt 3x  4  3 2  4  10
x 2 x2

 f  x is not continuous at x  2

2. Check the continuity of f given by


 x2  9

 2 if 0  x  5 and x  3
f x   x  2 x  3 at the point 3




 1.5 f x3
x2  9 x  3x  3 3  3 6
Sol: Lt f  x  Lt  Lt    1.5  f 3
x 3 x 3 x  2 x  3
2 x 3  x  3 x  1 31 4
 f  x is continuous at x  3


 sin 2 x

 , if x  0
3. Is f defined by f x   x continuous at x  0

 1 , if x  0


sin 2 x
Sol: Lt f x  Lt 2
x 0 x 0 x
But f 0  1
Hyderabad Centres
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 `HY DER AB AD CEN T RES

Since Lt f x  f 0

x 0
f is not continuous at 0

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1ST ROUND

1. Find real constants a , b so that the function f given by


sin x if x0


f x   x2  a if 0x 1 is continuous on 


bx  3 if 1 x  3

3

 if x3

Sol: Lt f  x  Lt  x 2  a  0  a  a
x 0 x0

Lt f x  Lt sin x  0
x 0 x 0

Since f  x is continuous on R
LHL = RHL  a  0
Lt f  x  Lt  3  3
x  3 x 3

Lt f x  Lt bx  3  3b  3
x 3 x 3

Since f  x is continous on R
LHL = RHL
 3 b  3   3  3 b   6  b  2


 2
2. If f , given by f x  k x  k , if x  1 is a continuous function on  , then find the value

 2
 , if x  1
of k .
Sol: Lt f x  Lt 2  2
x 1 x 1

Lt f  x  Lt
x 1 x 1
k 2 x  k   k 2  k
Given f  x is continuous at x =0
Lt f  x  Lt f x
x 1 x1

2  k k 2

k2  k  2  0
 k  2 k  1  0
k  2 or  1

3. Check the continuity of the following function at '2'





 2
x  4 if 0  x  2
1 2

f x   0 if x  2

 3
 2  8x if x  2




Lt f x  Lt x 2  4
1
Sol:
x  2 x 2 2

Hyderabad Centres
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 `HY DER AB AD CEN T RES

1
  4  4  0
2
 8
Lt f  x  Lt 2  3 
x 2  x 2   x 
8
 2  21  1
8
Lt f  x  Lt f x
x  2 x 2 

Lt f x does not exist

x 2

f  x is not continuous at 2.

4. Check the continuity of the function f given below at 1 and 2



x  1 if x  1
f x  
2 x if 1  x  2


1  x if x  2
2


Sol: Lt f  x  Lt 2 x  2
x 1 x 1

Lt f x  Lt x  1 = 1+1=2
x 1 x 1

Lt f x  2  f 1
x 1
 f is continuous at x  1
Lt f x  Lt 1  x 2  1  4  5
x 2  x 2 

Lt f x  Lt 2 x  4
x  2 x  2

Lt f  x  Lt f x
x 2  x  2

 Lt f x does not exist

x 2


 cos ax  cos bx

 if x  0
 x 2
5. Show that f x   where a and b are real constants, is continuous at 0.




 2

1 2
b  a 2
 if x  0

cos ax  cos bx
Sol: Lt f  x  Lt
x 0 x 0 x2
 a  b x b  a  x
2 sin .sin
 Lt 2 2
x 0 x2
x x
sin  a  b sin b  a
2  2 b  a   b  a  b  a
2 2
 2 Lt 2 . Lt
x0 x x 0 x 2 2 2
b2  a2
Given f 0   Lt f x  f 0
2 x 0

 f x is continuous at x  0

Hyderabad Centres
Saifabad  Narayanaguda  Dilsukhnagar  Kukatpally  Miyapur  Madhapur