X to Y is a rule or correspondence that assigns to each element of set X,

Functions one and only one element of set Y”. Let the correspondence be ‘f’ then
If A and B are two non-empty sets, then a rule f which associated mathematically we write f : X  Y where y  f (x ), x  X and
to each x  A, a unique number y  B, is called a function from A to
y  Y . We say that ‘y’ is the image of ‘x’ under f (or x is the pre
B and we write, f : A  B .
image of y).
Some important definitions Two things should always be kept in mind:
(1) Real numbers : Real numbers are those which are either (i) A mapping f : X  Y is said to be a function if each element
rational or irrational. The set of real numbers is denoted by R. in the set X has its image in set Y. It is also possible that there are few
(2) Related quantities : When two quantities are such that the elements in set Y which are not the images of any element in set X.
change in one is accompanied by the change in other, i.e., if the value (ii) Every element in set X should have one and only one image.
of one quantity depends upon the other, then they are called related That means it is impossible to have more than one image for a specific
quantities. element in set X. Functions can not be multi-valued (A mapping that is
(3) Variable: A variable is a symbol which can assume any value multi-valued is called a relation from X and Y) e.g.
out of a given set of values. Set X Set Y Set X Set Y
(i) Independent variable : A variable which can take any 1 a 1
a
arbitrary value, is called independent variable.
b 2 b 2
(ii) Dependent variable : A variable whose value depends upon
c 3 c 3
the independent variable is called dependent variable. Function
(4) Constant : A constant is a symbol which does not change its Function
Set X Set Y Set X Set Y
value, i.e., retains the same value throughout a set of mathematical
operation. These are generally denoted by a, b, c etc. There are two a 1 a 1
types of constant, absolute constant and arbitrary constant. b 2 b 2
(5) Absolute value : The absolute value of a number x, denoted c 3 c 3
by |x|, is a number that satisfies the conditions Not function
Not function
(2) Testing for a function by vertical line test : A relation
 x if x  0
 f : A  B is a function or not it can be checked by a graph of the
| x |   0 if x  0 . We also define |x| as follows,
 x if x  0 relation. If it is possible to draw a vertical line which cuts the given
 curve at more than one point then the given relation is not a function
and when this vertical line means line parallel to Y-axis cuts the curve
|x|= maximum {x, – x} or |x|= x 2 . at only one point then it is a function. Figure (iii) and (iv) represents a
(6) Fractional part : We know that x  [x ]. The difference function.
between the number ‘x’ and it’s integral value ‘[x]’ is called the Y Y
fractional part of x and is symbolically denoted as {x}. Thus,
{x }  x  [ x ] e.g., if x = 4.92 then [x] = 4 and {x}= 0.92.
X X
Fractional part of any number is always non-negative and less O
than one.
X X
Intervals O
Y (i) Y (ii)
There are four types of interval: Y Y
(1) Open interval : Let a and b be two real numbers such that a<b,
then the set of all real numbers lying strictly a<x<b
between a and b is called an open interval and is ( )
denoted by ]a, b[ or (a, b). Thus, ]a, b[ or (a, a b
b)= {x  R : a  x  b} . Open interval
X X X X
O O
(2) Closed interval : Let a and b be two real numbers such that Y (iii) Y (iv)
a<b, then the set of all real numbers lying (3) Number of functions : Let X and Y be two finite sets having
axb m and n elements respectively. Then each element of set X can be
between a and b including a and b is [ ]
called a closed interval and is denoted by associated to any one of n elements of set Y. So, total number of
a b
[a, b]. Thus, [a, b] = { x  R : a  x  b} Closed interval functions from set X to set Y is n m .
(3) Open-Closed interval : It is (4) Value of the function : If y  f (x ) is a function then to find
denoted by ]a, b] or (a, b] and ]a, b] or (a, b] a<xb its values at some value of x, say x  a, we directly substitute x = a in
= { x  R : a  x  b} . ( ] its given rule f (x ) and it is denoted by f (a) .
a b
Open closed interval e.g. If f (x )  x 2  1, then f (1)  12  1  2, f (2)  2 2  1  5,
(4) Closed-Open interval : It is denoted by [a, b[ or [a, b) and f (0)  0 2  1  1 etc.
[a, b[ or [a, b) = { x  R : a  x  b} ax<b Domain, co-domain and range of function
[ )
a b If a function f is defined from a set A to set B then for f : A  B
Closed open interval
set A is called the domain of function f and set B is called the co-domain
Definition of function of function f. The set of all f-images of the elements of A is called the
(1) Function can be easily defined with the help of the concept range of function f.
of mapping. Let X and Y be any two non-empty sets. “A function from In other words, we can say
 Domain = All possible values of x for which f(x) exists. (6) Real valued function : If R, be the set of real numbers and
Range = For all values of x, all possible values of f(x). A, B are subsets of R, then the function f : A  B is called a real
function or real –valued function.
Range Kinds of function
(1) One-one function (injection) : A function f : A  B is
said to be a one-one function or an injection, if different elements of A
Domain Co-domain
A B have different images in B. Thus, f : A  B is one-one.
f
a p Domain = {a, b, c, d} = A a  b  f (a)  f (b) for all a, b  A
b q
c
Co-domain = {p, q, r, s} = B  f (a)  f (b)  a  b for all a, b  A .
r
Range = {p, q, r}
d s e.g. Let f : A  B and g : X  Y be two functions
(1) Methods for finding domain and range of function represented by the following diagrams.
(i) Domain A B X Y
(a) Expression under even root (i.e., square root, fourth root etc.) f g
b1 x1 y1
 0. Denominator  0. a1
a2 b2 x2 y2
If domain of y  f (x ) and y  g (x ) are D1 and D2 b3 y3
a03 x3
respectively then the domain of f (x )  g (x ) or f (x ).g (x ) is b4 y4
a4
b5
x4 y5
D1  D2 .
f (x ) Clearly, f : A  B is a one-one function. But g : X  Y is not
While domain of is D1  D2  {g(x )  0}.
g( x ) one-one function because two distinct elements x 1 and x 3 have the

Domain of  
f (x )  D1  {x : f (x )  0}
same image under function g.
(i) Method to check the injectivity of a function
(ii) Range : Range of y  f (x ) is collection of all outputs f (x ) Step I : Take two arbitrary elements x, y (say) in the domain of f.
corresponding to each real number in the domain. Step II : Put f (x )  f (y ).
(a) If domain  finite number of points  range  set of Step III : Solve f (x )  f (y ). If f (x )  f (y ) gives x = y only, then
corresponding f (x ) values.
f : A  B is a one-one function (or an injection). Otherwise not.
(b) If domain  R or R – [some finite points]. Then express x in If function is given in the form of ordered pairs and if two
terms of y. From this find y for x to be defined (i.e., find the values of y ordered pairs do not have same second element then function is one-
for which x exists). one.
(c) If domain  a finite interval, find the least and greatest value If the graph of the function y  f (x ) is given and each line
for range using monotonicity.
parallel to x-axis cuts the given curve at maximum one point then
Algebra of functions function is one-one. e.g.
Y
(1) Scalar multiplication of a function : (c f )(x )  c f (x ), Y

where c is a scalar. The new function c f (x ) has the domain X f .

(2) Addition/subtraction of functions (0, 1)
( f  g)(x )  f (x )  g(x ). The new function has the domain X.
(3) Multiplication of functions X X X X
O O
f (x) = ax (0 < a < 1)
( fg)(x )  (g f )(x )  f (x )g (x ). The product function has the f(x) = ax + b
Y Y
domain X.
(4) Division of functions : (ii) Number of one-one functions (injections) : If A and B are
f f (x ) finite sets having m and n elements respectively, then number of one-
(i)   (x )  . The new function has the domain X, except for the  n P , if n  m
X
g g(x ) one functions from A to B =  m
values of x for which g (x )  0.  0 , if n  m
(2) Many-one function : A function f : A  B is said to be a
g g(x )
(ii)   (x )  . The new function has the domain X, except many-one function if two or more elements of set A have the same
 f f (x ) image in B.
for the values of x for which f ( x )  0 . Thus, f : A  B is a many-one function if there exist x, y  A
(5) Equal functions : Two function f and g are said to be equal such that x  y but f (x )  f (y ).
functions, if and only if
In other words, f : A  B is a many-one function if it is not a
(i) Domain of f = Domain of g
(ii) Co-domain of f = Co-domain of g one-one function.
A B X Y
(iii) f (x )  g(x ) x  their common domain f b1
g
a1 x1 y1
b2
a2 x2 y2
b3
a3 x3 y3
a4 b4 y4
b5 x4
a5 b6 x5 y5
  If function is given in the form of set of ordered pairs and the
second element of atleast two ordered pairs are same then function is Clearly, f is a bijection since it is both injective as well as
many-one. surjective.
 If the graph of y  f (x ) is given and the line parallel to x-axis Number of one-one onto function (bijection) : If A and B are
cuts the curve at more than one point then function is many-one. finite sets and f : A  B is a bijection, then A and B have the same
number of elements. If A has n elements, then the number of bijection
Y Y from A to B is the total number of arrangements of n items taken all at
a time i.e. n!.
(6) Algebraic functions : Functions consisting of finite number
of terms involving powers and roots of the independent variable and
the four fundamental operations +, –, × and  are called algebraic
X X X X functions.
O O
f (x) = x2 f (x) = |x|
(surjection) : A functionY f : A  B is onto if
3
Y
(3) Onto function x 1
e.g., (i) x 2  5 x , x  1 (iii) 3 x 4  5 x  7
(ii)
each element of B has its pre-image in A. Therefore, if x 1
f 1 (y )  A, y  B then function is onto. In other words, Range of f (7) Transcendental function : A function which is not algebraic
= Co-domain of f. e.g. The following arrow-diagram shows onto is called a transcendental function. e.g., trigonometric; inverse
function. trigonometric , exponential and logarithmic functions are all
A B X Y transcendental functions.
f g
(i) Trigonometric functions : A function is said to be a
a1 x1 y1 trigonometric function if it involves circular functions (sine, cosine,
b1
tangent, cotangent, secant, cosecant) of variable angles.
a2 b2 x2 y2
(a) Sine function :
x3
a3 b3 x4 y3
Y (/2,1)
(–3/2,1)
Number of onto function (surjection) : If A and B are two sets
having m and n elements respectively such that 1  n  m , then
X  X
n – O
number of onto functions from A to B is (1)
r 1
n r n m
Cr r .

(4) Into function : A function f : A  B is an into function if

Domain = R (–/2,–1) Y (3/2,–1) Range = [–1, 1]

there exists an element in B having no pre-image in A.

In other words, f : A  B is an into function if it is not an onto (b) Cosine function :
function e.g. The following arrow-diagram shows into function. Y
(0,1)
A B X Y
f g
a1 x1 y1
b1
X’  O  X
x2 y2
a2 b2 
y3 2 2
a3 b3 x3 y4
Domain = R (–,–1) Y (,–1) Range = [–1, 1]
(i) Method to find onto or into function
(a) Solve f ( x )  y by taking x as a function of y i.e., g(y ) (say).
(c) Tangent function :
(b) Now if g(y ) is defined for each y  co-domain and g(y ) 
Y
domain for y  co-domain, then f (x ) is onto and if any one of the
above requirements is not fulfilled, then f (x ) is into.
(5) One-one onto function (bijection) : A function f : A  B – O 
X X
–3/2 –/2 /2 3/2
is a bijection if it is one-one as well as onto.
In other words, a function f : A  B is a bijection if
(i) It is one-one i.e., f (x )  f (y)  x  y for all x , y  A. Y
Domain = R – {(2n +1) /2|n  I}, Range = R
(ii) It is onto i.e., for all y  B , there exists x  A such that
f (x )  y.
(d) Cosecant function :
A B
a1 f b1 Y
a2 b2
(–3/2,1)
a3 b3 (/2,1)
a4 b4 y=1
X X
O y = –1
(–/2,–1)
(–3/2,–1)
x = –2 x = – Y x= x = 2
 (iv) Logarithmic function : Let a  1 be a positive real number.
Then f : (0, )  R defined by f (x )  log a x is called logarithmic
function. Its domain is (0, ) and range is R.
Y Y

f(x) = loga x
(e) Secant function : (1, 0)
X X X X
Y O O
(1, 0)
f(x) = loga x
(–2,1) (0, 1) (2,1)
Y Y
X O
X Graph of f (x )  log a x, when a > 1 Graph of f (x )  log a x, when a < 1

(–,–1) (,–1)
(8) Explicit and implicit functions : A function is said to be
x = –3/2 Y x = /2x = –/2
x = 3/2 explicit if it can be expressed directly in terms of the independent
Domain = R – {(2n+1)/2 |n  I}, Range = (– , –1]  [1,) variable. If the function can not be expressed directly in terms of the
independent variable or variables, then the function is said to be
(f) Cotangent function : implicit. e.g. y  sin1 x  log x is explicit function, while
Y x 2  y 2  xy and x 3 y 2  (a  x )2 (b  y)2 are implicit functions.
(9) Constant function : Let k be a fixed real number. Then a
function f(x) given by f ( x )  k for Y
X
(–3/2,0) (–/2,0) (/2,0) (3/2,0) all x  R is called a constant
X
O function. The domain of the f (x) = k
k
constant function f ( x )  k is the
X X
complete set of real numbers and O
x = –2 x = – x= x = 2 the range of f is the singleton set
Y
Domain = R – {n|n  I}, Range = R {k}. The graph of a constant
(ii) Inverse trigonometric functions function is a straight line parallel Y
Table : 21.1 to x-axis as shown in figure and it is above or below the x-axis
according as k is positive or negative. If k = 0, then the straight line
Definition
Function Domain Range
of the function coincides with x-axis.
(10) Identity function : The
y  sin 1 x
sin 1 x [1, 1] [ /2,  /2] function defined by f (x )  x for all Y
 x  sin y
x  R , is called the identity
y  cos1 x function on R. Clearly, the domain
cos 1 x [–1, 1] [0, ] f (x) = x
 x  cos y and range of the identity function is
R. X X
y  tan1 x
tan 1 x (–,) or R (–/2, /2) The graph of the identity O
 x  tan y function is a straight line passing
y  cot 1 x through the origin and inclined at an
Y
cot 1 x (–,) or R (0, ) angle of 45o with positive direction
 x  cot y
of x-axis.
1 [ /2,  /2]  {0}
y  cosec 1 x (11) Modulus function : The function defined by
cosec x R – (–1, 1)
 x  cosec y
 x , when x  0 Y
f (x ) | x |   is
y  sec 1 x
sec 1 x R – (–1, 1) [0,  ]  [ /2] -x , when x  0
 x  sec y
called the modulus function. The f (x) =– x f (x) = x
domain of the modulus function is
(iii) Exponential function : Let a  1 be a positive real X
the set R of all real numbers and X O
number. Then f : R  (0, ) defined by f (x )  a x called exponential the range is the set of all non-
function. Its domain is R and range is (0, ) . negative real numbers.
Y Y Y
a>1 a<1 (12) Greatest integer
(0, 1) f(x) = ax f(x) = ax function: Let f ( x )  [ x ], Y
(0, 1)
X X where [x] denotes the greatest 3
O X X O integer less than or equal to x.
2
The domain is R and the range
1
Y Y X
O
X
Graph of f (x )  a , when a<1 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3
Graph of f (x )  a , when a > 1
x x
–1
–2
–3
Y
is I. e.g. [1.1] = 1, [2.2] = 2, [– 0.9] = –1, [– 2.1] = – 3 etc. The    
function f defined by f ( x )  [ x ] for all x  R , is called the greatest tan 1 x R  , 
 2 2
integer function.
cot 1 x R (0,  )
(13) Signum function : The function defined by  
 1, x  0 Y sec 1 x R– (1, 1) [0,  ]   
| x |
  2
, x  0 or f ( x ) 
f (x )   x  0, x  0 (0, 1)
 0, x  0  1, x  0   
 cosec 1 x R– (1, 1)  2 , 2   {0}
X X  
is called the signum function. The O
domain is R and the range is the set {– Even and Odd function
1, 0, 1}. (0, –1)
Y (1) Even function : If we put (–x) in place of x in the given
(14) Reciprocal function : The function and if f ( x )  f (x ) , x  domain then function f(x) is
function that associates each non-zero Y
1 called even function. e.g. f (x )  e x  e  x , f (x )  x 2 ,
real number x to be reciprocal is f(x) =1/ x
x f (x )  x sin x, f (x )  cos x , f (x )  x 2 cos x all are even functions.
called the reciprocal function. The (2) Odd function : If we put (–x) in place of x in the given
domain and range of the reciprocal X O
X
function and if f (x )   f (x ), x  domain then f(x) is called odd
function are both equal to R  {0}
i.e., the set of all non-zero real function. e.g., f (x )  e x  e  x , f (x )  sin x , f (x )  x 3 ,
numbers. The graph is as shown. Y f (x )  x cos x , f (x )  x 2 sin x all are odd functions.
(15) Power function : A function f : R  R defined by, Properties of even and odd function

f (x )  x ,   R is called a power function.  The graph of even function is always symmetric with respect to
y-axis. The graph of odd function is always symmetric with respect to
Table : 21. 2 Domain and Range of Some Standard Functions
origin.
Function Domain Range  The product of two even functions is an even function.
Polynomial function R R  The sum and difference of two even functions is an even
Identity function x R R function.
Constant function K R {K}  The sum and difference of two odd functions is an odd function.
1  The product of two odd functions is an even function.
Reciprocal function R0 R0
x  The product of an even and an odd function is an odd function.
It is not essential that every function is even or odd. It is possible to
x 2 ,| x | R R+ {0 } have some functions which are neither even nor odd function. e.g. f(x)
x 3, x| x | R R = x2+ x3, f(x) = loge x, f(x) = ex.
 The sum of even and odd function is neither even nor odd
Signum function R {1, 0, 1} function.
x | x | R R+ {0 }  Zero function f(x) = 0 is the only function which is even and
odd both.
x | x | R R– {0 }
[x ]
Periodic function
R I
A function is said to be periodic function if its each value is
x  [x ] R [0, 1)
repeated after a definite interval. So a function f(x) will be periodic if a
x [0, ) [0, ] positive real number T exist such that, f (x  T )  f (x ) , x  domain.
a x R R+ Here the least positive value of T is called the period of the function.
log x R+ R Composite function
sin x R [1, 1] If f : A  B and g : B  C are two function then the
cos x R [1, 1] composite function of f and g,
gof A  C will be defined as gof (x )  g [ f (x )], x  A
  3 
tan x R–  , ,...  R (1) Properties of composition of function :
 2 2 
(i) f is even, g is even  fog even function.
cot x R– {0,   ,  2 ,...} R
(ii) f is odd, g is odd  fog is odd function.
  3 
(iii) f is even, g is odd  fog is even function.
sec x R–  , ,...  R –(–1, 1)
 2 2  (iv) f is odd, g is even  fog is even function.
cosec x 
R– 0,   ,  2 ,...  R – (–1, 1) (v) Composite of functions is not commutative i.e., fog  gof .
    (vi) Composite of functions is associative i.e., ( fog)oh  fo(goh)
sin 1 x [1, 1]  2 , 2
 
cos 1 x [1, 1] [0,  ] (vii) If f : A  B is bijection and g : B  A is inverse of f.
Then fog  IB and gof  I A .
 where, I A and IB are identity functions on the sets A and B (iii) Lastly we find limit h  0 .
respectively. (3) Existence of limit : lim f (x ) exists when,
x a
(viii) If f : A  B and g : B  C are two bijections, then
(i) lim f (x ) and lim f (x ) exist i.e. L.H.L. and R.H.L. both
gof : A  C is bijection and (gof )1  ( f 1og 1 ). x a x a

1 exists.
(ix) fog  gof but if, fog  gof then either f  g or
1
(ii) lim f (x )  lim f (x ) i.e. L.H.L. = R.H.L.
g  f also, ( fog) (x )  (gof ) (x )  (x ). x a x a

(x) gof(x) is simply the g-image of f(x), where f(x) is f-image of Fundamental theorems on limits
elements x  A.
(xi) Function gof will exist only when range of f is the subset of The following theorems are very useful for evaluation of limits if
domain of g. lim f (x )  l and lim g(x )  m (l and m are real numbers) then
x 0 x 0
(xii) fog does not exist if range of g is not a subset of domain of f.
(xiii) fog and gof may not be always defined. (1) lim ( f (x )  g(x ))  l  m (Sum rule)
x a
(xiv) If both f and g are one-one, then fog and gof are also one-
(2) lim ( f (x )  g(x ))  l  m (Difference rule)
one. x a
(xv) If both f and g are onto, then gof is onto. (3) lim ( f (x ).g(x ))  l.m (Product rule)
Inverse function x a

(4) lim k f (x )  k .l (Constant multiple rule)

If f : A  B be a one-one onto (bijection) function, then the x a

mapping f 1 : B  A which associates each element b  B with f (x ) l

(5) lim  ,m  0 (Quotient rule)
element a  A, such that f (a)  b, is called the inverse function of x a g(x ) m
the function f : A  B . 1
(6) If lim f (x )   or  , then lim 0
1 1 x a x a f (x )
f : B  A, f (b)  a  f (a)  b
In terms of ordered pairs inverse function is defined as (7) lim log{ f (x )}  log { lim f (x )}
x a x a
1
f  (b, a) if (a, b)  f . (8) If f (x )  g(x ) for all x, then lim f (x )  lim g(x )
x a x a
For the existence of inverse function, it should be one-one and
lim g( x )
onto. (9) lim[ f (x )] g( x )
 { lim f (x )}x a
Properties of Inverse function : x a x a

(1) Inverse of a bijection is also a bijection function. (10) If p and q are integers, then lim ( f (x ))p / q  l p / q , provided
(2) Inverse of a bijection is unique. x a

(3) (f–1)–1= f (l) p /q

is a real number.
(4) If f and g are two bijections such that (gof) exists then (gof)–1 (11) If lim f (g(x ))  f ( lim g(x ))  f (m ) provided ‘f ’ is
= f–1og–1. x a x a

(5) If f : A  B is a bijection then f–1. B  A is an inverse continuous at g(x )  m. e.g. lim ln[ f (x )]  ln(l), only if l  0.
x a
function of f. f–1of = IA and fof–1 = IB. Here IA, is an identity function
on set A, and IB, is an identity function on set B. Methods of evaluation of limits
Limits We shall divide the problems of evaluation of limits in five
categories.
Limit of a function (1) Algebraic limits : Let f (x ) be an algebraic function and ‘a’
Let y  f (x ) be a function of x. If at x  a, f ( x ) takes be a real number. Then lim f (x ) is known as an algebraic limit .
x a
indeterminate form, then we consider the values of the function which
(i) Direct substitution method : If by direct substitution of the
are very near to ‘a’. If these values tend to a definite unique number as
point in the given expression we get a finite number, then the number
x tends to ‘a’, then the unique number so obtained is called the limit of
obtained is the limit of the given expression.
f (x ) at x  a and we write it as lim f (x ) .
x a (ii) Factorisation method : In this method, numerator and
(1) Left hand and right hand limit : Consider the values of the denominator are factorised. The common factors are cancelled and the
functions at the points which are very near to a on the left of a. If these rest outputs the results.
values tend to a definite unique number as x tends to a, then the unique (iii) Rationalisation method : Rationalisation is followed when
number so obtained is called left-hand limit of f (x ) at x  a and we have fractional powers (like
1 1
, etc.) on expressions in
symbolically we write it as f (a  0 )  lim f (x )  lim f (a  h) . 2 3
x a h 0 numerator or denominator or in both. After rationalisation the terms
Similarly we can define right-hand limit of f (x ) at x  a which are factorised which on cancellation gives the result.
is expressed as f (a  0 )  lim f (x )  lim f (a  h) . (iv) Based on the form when x   : In this case expression
x a h 0 should be expressed as a function 1/x and then after removing
(2) Method for finding L.H.L. and R.H.L. 1
indeterminate form, (if it is there) replace by 0.
(i) For finding right hand limit (R.H.L.) of the function, we write x
x + h in place of x, while for left hand limit (L.H.L.) we write x – h in (2) Trigonometric limits : To evaluate trigonometric limit the
place of x. following results are very important.
(ii) Then we replace x by ‘a’ in the function so obtained.
 sin x x x
(i) lim  1  lim  1
x 0 x x 0 sin x (b) lim (1  x )1 / x  e (c) lim  1    e
x 0 x   x
tan x x
(ii) lim  1  lim  
x
x 0 x x 0 tan x (d) lim (1  x )1 / x  e  (e) lim 1    e 
x 0 x   x
sin 1 x x
(iii) lim  1  lim  , if a  1
x 0 sin 1 x
x 0 x  lim a x   i.e., a    , if a  1 and a   0 if
1 x 
0 , if a  1
tan x x
(iv) lim  1  lim a 1.
x 0 x x 0 tan 1 x
(5) L-Hospital’s rule : If f (x ) and g(x ) be two functions of x
sin x 0 
(v) lim  (vi) lim cos x  1 such that
x 0 x 180 x 0
(i) lim f (x )  lim g(x )  0
sin( x  a) tan( x  a) x a x a
(vii) lim 1 (viii) lim 1
x a x a x a x a (ii) Both are continuous at x  a
(ix) lim sin1 x  sin1 a, | a |  1 (iii) Both are differentiable at x  a .
x a (iv) f ' ( x ) and g ' (x ) are continuous at the point x  a , then
(x) lim cos 1 x  cos 1 a; | a |  1 f (x ) f ' (x )
x a lim  lim provided that g ' (a)  0 .
x a g(x ) x a g' (x )
(xi) lim tan 1 x  tan 1 a;    a  
x a The above rule is also applicable if lim f (x )   and
x a
sin x cos x
(xii) lim  lim 0 lim g(x )   .
x  x x  x x a

sin1 / x  f ' (x ) 
(xiii) lim 1 If lim assumes the indeterminate form 0 or and
x  1 / x  x a g' (x ) 0 
(3) Logarithmic limits : To evaluate the logarithmic limits we f ' (x ), g' (x ) satisfy all the condition embodied in L’ Hospital rule, we
use following formulae f ' (x ) f ' (x )
x2 x3 can repeat the application of this rule on to get, lim =
x a g ' ( x )
(i) log(1  x )  x    .......... .. to  where 1  x  1 g' (x )
2 3 f " (x )
and expansion is true only if base is e. lim . Sometimes it may be necessary to repeat this process a
x a
g" (x )
log(1  x )
(ii) lim 1 number of times till our goal of evaluating limit is achieved.
x 0 x
(iii) lim log e x  1 Continuity
x e
Introduction
log(1  x )
(iv) lim  1 The word ‘continuous’ means without any break or gap. If the
x 0 x
graph of a function has no break or gap or jump, then it is said to be
log a (1  x )
(v) lim  log a e , a  0,  1 continuous.
x 0 x A function which is not continuous is called a discontinuous
(4) Exponential limits function. While studying graphs of functions, we see that graphs of
(i) Based on series expansion functions sin x , x, cos x , ex etc. are continuous but greatest integer
x2 x3 function [x] has break at every integral point, so it is not continuous.
We use e x  1  x    .......... ...  1
2! 3! Similarly tan x , cot x , sec x , etc. are also discontinuous
x
To evaluate the exponential limits we use the following results function.
ex 1 ax  1 Continuous function
(a) lim 1 (b) lim  log e a
x 0 x x 0 x Y Y
x
e 1
(c) lim   (  0 ) (0, 1)
x 0 x
f (x) = x
(ii) Based on the form 1 : To evaluate the exponential form 1  –/2  2
X X X
we use the following results. –2 – O /2
(a) If lim f (x )  lim g(x )  0 , then
x a x a (0,–1)
f (x ) y = sinx
lim
Y
lim {1  f (x )} 1 / g( x )
e x a g( x )
or when lim f (x )  1 and Discontinuous function
x a x a
Y
lim g(x )   . Y
x a 3
lim ( f ( x )1)g( x ) 2
Then lim { f (x )}g( x )  lim [1  f (x )  1]g( x ) = e x a
x a x a 1

X X’ O X
O –3 –2 –1 1 2 3
f(x)= 1/x –1
–2
y = [x]
–3
Y’
 Differentiability
Differentiability of a function at a point
The function, f (x ) is differentiable at point P, iff there exists a
Continuity of a function at a point
unique tangent at point P. In other words, f (x ) is differentiable at a
A function f (x ) is said to be continuous at a point x  a of its point P iff the curve does not have P as a corner point. i.e., "the
domain if and only if it satisfies the following three conditions : function is not differentiable at those points on which function has
(1) f (a) exists. (‘a’ lies in the domain of f) jumps (or holes) and sharp edges.”
(2) xlim f (x ) exist i.e. lim f (x )  lim f (x ) or R.H.L. = L.H.L. Let us consider the function f (x ) | x  1 | , which can be
a x a x a

(3) lim f (x )  f (a) (limit equals the value of function). graphically shown,
x a Y
Cauchy’s definition of continuity : A function f is said to be
continuous at a point a of its domain D if for every   0 there exists
  0 (dependent on  ) such that | x  a|   | f (x )  f (a)|   . f (x)=–x+1 f (x) = x – 1
Comparing this definition with the definition of limit we find that f ' (x)= –1 f ' (x) = 1
f (x ) is continuous at x  a if lim f (x ) exists and is equal to f (a)
x a
i.e., if lim f (x )  f (a)  lim f (x ) . O 1 2 3
X
x a x a 
Which show f (x ) is not differentiable at x  1 . Since, f (x ) has
Continuity from left and right sharp edge at x  1 .
Function f (x ) is said to be (i) Right hand derivative : Right hand derivative of f (x ) at
(1) Left continuous at x = a if lim f (x )  f (a) f (a  h)  f (a)
x a x  a , denoted by f ' (a  0) or f ' (a ) , is the lim .
h 0 h
(2) Right continuous at x  a if lim f (x )  f (a) .
x a (ii) Left hand derivative : Left hand derivative of f (x ) at
Thus a function f (x ) is continuous at a point x  a if it is left f (a  h)  f (a)
x  a, denoted by f ' (a  0) or f ' (a ) , is the lim .
continuous as well as right continuous at x  a. h 0 h
Properties of continuous functions : Let f (x ) and g(x ) be two (iii) A function f (x ) is said to be differentiable (finitely) at x = a
continuous functions at x  a. Then
if f ' (a  0)  f ' (a  0) = finite
(i) A function f (x ) is said to be everywhere continuous if it is
f (a  h)  f (a) f (a  h)  f (a)
continuous on the entire real line R i.e. (, ) . e.g., polynomial i.e., lim  lim = finite and the
h 0 h h 0 h
function, e x , sin x, cos x, constant, x n , | x  a | etc.
common limit is called the derivative of f (x ) at x  a , denoted by
(ii) Integral function of a continuous function is a continuous
f (x )  f (a)
function. f ' (a) . Clearly, f ' (a)  lim {x  a from the left as well as
x a x a
(iii) If g(x) is continuous at x = a and f(x) is continuous at x =
g(a) then (fog) (x) is continuous at x  a . from the right}.
(iv) If f(x) is continuous in a closed interval [a,b] then it is Some standard results on differentiability
bounded on this interval. (1) Every polynomial function is differentiable at each x  R .
(v) If f(x) is a continuous function defined on [a, b] such that f(a)
and f(b) are of opposite signs, then there is atleast one value of x for (2) The exponential function a x , a  0 is differentiable at each
which f(x) vanishes. i.e. if f(a) > 0, f(b) < 0  c  (a, b) such that x R .
f(c) = 0. (3) Every constant function is differentiable at each x  R .
Discontinuous function (4) The logarithmic function is differentiable at each point in its
(1) Discontinuous function : A function ‘f’ which is not domain.
continuous at a point x  a in its domain is said to be discontinuous (5) Trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions are
there at. The point ‘a’ is called a point of discontinuity of the function. differentiable in their domains.
The discontinuity may arise due to any of the following (6) The sum, difference, product and quotient of two
situations.
differentiable functions is differentiable.
(i) lim f ( x ) or lim f ( x ) or both may not exist
x a x a (7) The composition of differentiable function is a differentiable
(ii) lim f ( x ) as well as lim f ( x ) may exist, but are unequal. function.
x a x a

(iii) lim f ( x ) as well as lim f ( x ) both may exist, but either of

x a x a

the two or both may not be equal to f (a) .

 Functions (a)  (3 p ) (b) 3 ( p )
(c) 6 ( p ) (d) 2 ( p )
1
1. If f (x )  cos(log x ) , then f (x ) f (y )  [ f (x / y )  f (xy )]  x 3
2 11. If f (x )  , then f [ f { f (x )}] equals [RPET 1996]
[IIT 1983; RPET 1995; MP PET 1995; x 1
Karnataka CET 1999; UPSEAT 2001] (a) x (b) –x
1 x 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 
2 2 x
(c) 2 (d) None of these 12. If f (x )  cos(log x ) , then the value of
1x 1 x 
2. If f (x )  , the n f[ f (cos 2 )]  f (x ). f (4 )   f    f (4 x )
1 x 2  4
[Kurukshetra CEE 1998]

[MP PET 1994, 2001; Pb. CET 2002]
(a) tan 2 (b) sec 2 (a) 1 (b) –1
(c) 0 (d) 1
(c) cos 2 (d) cot 2
x| x |
3. If f (x )  sin log x , then the value of 13. If f (x )  , then f (1)  [SCRA 1996]
| x|
x
f (xy )  f    2 f (x ). cos log y is equal to [Orissa JEE 2004] (a) 1 (b) –2
y (c) 0 (d) +2
(a) 1 (b) 0 1
(c) –1 (d) sin log x . cos log y 14. If f (x )  4 x 3  3 x 2  3 x  4 , then x 3 f   is
x
4. The value of b and c for which the identity [SCRA 1996]
f (x  1)  f (x )  8 x  3 is satisfied, where 1
(a) f ( x ) (b)
f (x )  bx  cx  d , are
2
[Roorkee 1992] f (x )
(a) b  2, c  1 (b) b  4, c  1  1 
2
(c)  f    (d) f (x )
(c) b  1, c  4 (d) b  1, c  1   x 
a x  a x 15. Let f : R  R be defined by f (x )  2 x  | x | , then
5. Given the function f (x )  , (a  2) . Then
2 f (2 x )  f ( x )  f (x )  [EAMCET 2000]
f (x  y )  f (x  y )  (a) 2 x (b) 2 | x |
(a) 2 f (x ). f (y ) (b) f ( x ). f (y ) (c) 2 x (d) 2 | x |
f (x )
(c) (d) None of these 16. If f (x  ay, x  ay)  axy , then f (x, y) is equal to
f (y )
[AMU 2001]
x f (a)
6. If f (x )  , then  [MP PET 1996] (a) xy (b) x 2  a 2 y 2
x 1 f (a  1)
x2  y2 x2  y2
1 (c) (d)
(a) f (a) (b) f   4 a2
a
17. If f (x )  cos[ 2 ]x  cos[ 2 ]x , then [Orissa JEE 2002]
 a 
(c) f (a ) 2
(d) f    
 a 1 (a) f    2 (b) f ( )  2
4
1   x2   x2 
7. If f (x )  cos(log x ) , then f (x 2 ) f (y 2 )   f   f  2   
  2
  (c) f ( )  1 (d) f    1
2  y  2
has the value [MNR 1992] 1 1
(a) –2 (b) –1 18. If f (x )   for x 2,
x  2 2x  4 x  2 2x  4
(c) 1/2 (d) None of these
then f (11)  [EAMCET 2003]
8. The equivalent function of log x 2 is [MP PET 1997]
(a) 7/6 (b) 5/6
(a) 2 log x (b) 2 log | x |
(c) 6/7 (d) 5/7
(c) | log x 2 | (d) (log x )2 10  x  200 x 
19. If e f ( x )  , x  (10 , 10 ) and f (x )  kf  ,
1  x   2x  10  x  100  x 2 
9. If f (x )  log   , then f   is equal to
1  x  1  x 2  then k  [EAMCET 2003]
[MP PET 1999; RPET 1999; UPSEAT 2003] (a) 0.5 (b) 0.6
(a) [ f (x )]2 (b) [ f (x )]3 (c) 0.7 (d) 0.8
(c) 2 f ( x ) (d) 3 f ( x )  
20. If f (x )  2 sin x , g(x )  cos 2 x , then ( f  g)  
10. If  (x )  a , then { ( p)} is equal to
x 3
[MP PET 1999] 3
 2 3 1 30. The function which map [–1, 1] to [0, 2] are
(a) 1 (b) [Kurukshetra CEE 1998]
4
(a) One linear function (b) Two linear function
1
(c) 3 (d) None of these (c) Circular function (d) None of these
4
1 1
21. The graph of the function y  f (x ) is symmetrical about  2 , if 0  x  2
the line x  2 , then [AIEEE 2004] 31. Let f (x )   , then f is [SCRA 1996]
 1 , if 1  x  1
(a) f (x )   f ( x ) (b) f (2  x )  f (2  x )  3 2
(c) f (x )  f ( x ) (d) f (x  2)  f (x  2) (a) A rational function (b) A trigonometric
x 1 function
22. If f (x )   , then f (y )  [MP PET 1995, 97]
x 1 y (c) A step function (d) An exponential function
(a) x (b) x  1 32. Function f : R  R, f (x )  x 2  x is [RPET 1999]
(c) x  1 (d) 1  x (a) One-one onto (b) One-one into
ax  b (c) Many-one onto (d) Many-one into
23. If y  f (x )  , then x is equal to [AMU 2001]
cx  a 33. Mapping f:RR which is defined as
(a) 1 / f (x ) (b) 1 / f (y ) f (x )  cos x, x  R will be [UPSEAT 1999]
(c) yf (x ) (d) f (y ) (a) Neither one-one nor onto
x 12 (b) One-one
24. If f (x )  , for every real numbers. then the (c) Onto
x2 1
minimum value of f [Pb. CET 2001] (d) One-one onto
(a) Does not exist because f is 34. The function f : R  R defined by f (x )  (x  1)
bounded (x  2)(x  3) is [Roorkee 1999]
(b) Is not attained even through (a) One-one but not onto (b) Onto but not one-one
f is bounded (c) Both one-one and onto (d) Neither one-one nor
(c) Is equal to +1 onto
(d) Is equal to –1 35. If f : R  R , then f (x )  | x | is [RPET 2000]
1 (a) One-one but not onto (b) Onto but not one-one
25. f (x , y )  is a homogeneous function of degree
x y (c) One-one and onto (d) None of these
[Orissa JEE 2004] 36. Which of the four statements given below is different
(a) 1 (b) –1 from others [UPSEAT 2000]
(c) 2 (d) –2 (a) f : A  B (b) f : x  f (x )
26. Let x be a non-zero rational number and y be an irrational (c) f is a mapping of A into B (d) f is a function of A into
number. Then xy is [Orissa JEE 2004] B
(a) Rational (b) Irrational 37. Let f : N  N defined by f (x )  x 2  x  1 , x  N , then
(c) Non-zero (d) None of these
f is [AMU 2000]
3x3  1 (a) One-one onto (b) Many one onto
27. Numerical value of the expression for x  3
2x 2  2 (c) One-one but not onto (d) None of these
is 38. Let X and Y be subsets of R, the set of all real numbers.
[Orissa JEE 2004; UPSEAT 2004] The function f : X  Y defined by f (x )  x 2 for x  X
(a) 4 (b) 2 is one-one but not onto if (Here R  is the set of all
(c) 3 (d) 0 positive real numbers) [EAMCET 2000]
28. The function f : R  R, f (x )  x 2 , x  R is [MP PET 1997] (a) X  Y  R 
(b) X  R , Y  R
(a) Injection but not surjection (c) X  R  , Y  R (d) X  Y  R
(b) Surjection but not injection
39. Set A has 3 elements and set B has 4 elements. The
(c) Injection as well as surjection
number of injection that can be defined from A to B is
(d) Neither injection nor surjection [UPSEAT 2001]
29. If for two functions g and f, gof is both injective and (a) 144 (b) 12
surjective, then which of the following is true (c) 24 (d) 64
[Kurukshetra CEE 1998]
x m
(a) g and f should be injective and surjective 40. Let f : R  R be a function defined by f (x )  ,
x n
(b) g should be injective and surjective
where m  n . Then [UPSEAT 2001]
(c) f should be injective and surjective
(a) f is one-one onto (b) f is one-one into
(d) None of them may be surjective and injective
 (c) f is many one onto (d) f is many one into 1
(a) f (x ) is not periodic (b)
41. The finction f : R  R defined by f (x )  e x is 2
[Karnataka CET 2002; UPSEAT 2002] (c) 1 (d) 2
(a) Onto (b) Many-one 52. If f (x ) is periodic function with period T then the
(c) One-one and into (d) Many one and onto function f (ax  b) where a  0 , is periodic with period [AMU 2000
42. Which one of the following is a bijective function on the (a) T / b (b) aT
set of real numbers [Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
(c) bT (d) T / a
(a) 2 x  5 (b) | x |
53. If f (x )  ax  b and g(x )  cx  d , then f (g(x ))  g( f (x ))
(c) x 2 (d) x 2  1 is equivalent to [UPSEAT 2001]
x2 4 (a) f (a)  g(c) (b) f (b)  g(b)
43. Let f (x )  for | x |  2 , then the function
x2 4 (c) f (d )  g(b) (d) f (c)  g(a)
f : (,  2]  [2, )  (1, 1) is [Orissa JEE 2002] | x  3|
54. Domain and range of f (x )  are respectively
(a) One-one into (b) One-one onto x 3
(c) Many one into (d) Many one onto (a) R, [1, 1] (b) R  {3}, 1,  1
44. Let the function f:RR be defined by
(c) R  , R (d) None of these
f (x )  2 x  sin x, x  R . Then f is [IIT Screening 2002]
55. If in greatest integer function, the domain is a set of real
(a) One-to-one and onto numbers, then range will be set of
(b) One-to-one but not onto (a) Real numbers (b) Rational numbers
(c) Onto but not one-to-one (c) Imaginary numbers (d) Integers
(d) Neither one-to-one nor onto
56. Domain of function f (x )  sin 1 5 x is
45. A function f from the set of natural numbers to integers
n  1  1 1  1 1
, when n is odd (a)   ,  (b)   , 
  5 5  5 5
defined by f (n)   2 , is [AIEEE 2003]
 n , when n is even  1
 2
(c) R (d)  0 , 
 5
(a) One-one but not onto (b) Onto but not one-one sin 1 (3  x )
(c) One-one and onto both (d) Neither one-one nor 57. The domain of the function f (x )  is
ln(| x |  2)
onto
[Orissa JEE 2002]
x
46. If f : [0, )  [0, ) and f (x )  , then f is (a) [2, 4] (b) (2, 3)  (3, 4]
1 x
(c) [2,  ) (d) (,  3)  [2, )
[IIT Screening 2003]
(a) One-one and onto (b) One-one but not onto   x 
58. The domain of sin 1 log 3   is [AIEEE 2002]
(c) Onto but not one-one (d) Neither one-one nor  3  
onto (a) [1, 9] (b) [–1, 9]
47. If f : R  S defined by f (x )  sin x  3 cos x  1 is onto, (c) [–9, 1] (d) [–9, –1]
then the interval of S is [AIEEE 2004; IIT Screening 2004] 59. Domain of the function log | x 2  9 | is
(a) [–1, 3] (b) [1, 1]
(a) R (b) R  [3, 3]
(c) [0, 1] (d) [0, –1]
48. If R denotes the set of all real numbers then the function (c) R  {3, 3} (d) None of these
f : R  R defined f (x )  [x ] 60. [Karnataka
DomainCET (x )  log | log x | is
of f2004] [DCE 2002]
(a) One-one only (b) Onto only (a) (0, ) (b) (1, )
(c) Both one-one and onto (d) Neither one-one nor (c) (0, 1)  (1, ) (d) (, 1)
onto
61. The domain of the function f (x )  sin 1 [log 2 (x / 2)] is
49. f (x )  x  x 2
is a function from R  R , then f (x ) is [RPET 2002]
[Orissa JEE 2004] (a) [1, 4] (b) [–4, 1]
(a) Injective (b) Surjective (c) [–1, 4] (d) None of these
(c) Bijective (d) None of these log 2 (x  3)
x 62. The domain of f (x )  is
50. If (x , y)  R and x, y  0 ; f (x , y)  , then this function x 2  3x  2
y [IIT Screening 2001; UPSEAT 2001]
is a/an [Orissa JEE 2004] (a) R  {1,  2} (b) (2,  )
(a) Surjection (b) Bijection (c) R  {1,  2,  3} (d) (3,  )  {1,  2}
(c) One-one (d) None of these
51. The period of f (x )  x  [ x ] , if it is periodic, is [AMU 2000]
 sec 1 x 72. Domain of the function f (x )  2  2 x  x 2 is
63. The function f (x )  , where [.] denotes the
x  [x ] [BIT Ranchi 1992]
greatest integer less than or equal to x is defined for all x (a)  3  x  3 (b)  1  3  x  1  3
belonging to
(c) 2  x  2 (d)  2  3  x  2  3
(a) R
(b) R  {(1, 1)  (n | n  Z)} x 3
73. Domain of the function f (x )  is
(c) R   (0, 1) (x  1) x 2  4
[BIT Ranchi 1991]
(d) R   {n | n  N } (a) (1, 2) (b) (,  2)  (2, )
64. If the domain of function f (x )  x 2  6 x  7 is (, ) , (c) (,  2)  (1, ) (d) (, )  {1,  2}
then the range of function is
 
[MP PET 1996]
(a) (, ) (b) [2, ) 74. Domain of the function log (5 x  x 2 ) / 6 is
(c) (2, 3) (d) (,  2) (a) (2, 3) (b) [2, 3]
(c) [1, 2] (d) [1, 3]
1
65. The domain of the function f (x )  log is 1
| sin x | 75. Domain of the function 2x  is
[RPET 2001]
9  x2
(a) R  {2n , n  I} (b) R  {n , n  I} (a) (–3, 1) (b) [–3, 1]
(c) (–3, 2] (d) [–3, 1)
(c) R  { ,  } (d) (, )
1 x  1x
66. The domain of the function f (x )  log( x  4  6  x ) is 76. Domain of the function is
x
[RPET 2001]
(a) [4 , ) (b) (, 6] (a) (–1, 1) (b) (–1, 1)–{0}
(c) [–1, 1] (d) [–1, 1]–{0}
(c) [4, 6] (d) None of these
77. The domain of the function
1/2
  5x  x 2  f (x )  x  x 2  4  x  4  x is
67. Domain of the function f (x )  log 10  
 is [AMU 1999]
  4  (a) [4, ) (b) [–4, 4]
[UPSEAT 2001] (c) [0, 4] (d) [0, 1]
(a)   x   (b) 1  x  4
78. The domain of the function f (x )  sin 1 {(1  e x )1 } is
(c) 4  x  16 (d) 1  x  1
[AMU 1999]
68. The domain of the derivative of the function
tan 1 x 1 1
,| x |  1 (a)  ,  (b) [–1, 0]
 4 3
f (x )   1 is [IIT Screening 2002]
 (| x |  1) , | x |  1 (c) [0, 1] (d) [–1, 1]
2
(a) R  {0} (b) R  {1} 79. The domain of the function log( x 2  6 x  6 ) is
(c) R  {1} (d) R  {1, 1} [Roorkee 1999; MP PET 2002]
(a) (, )
69. The domain of the function f (x )  log 3  x (x 2  1) is
[Orissa JEE 2003] (b) (, 3  3 )  (3  3 , )
(a) (3,  1)  (1, ) (c) (, 1]  [5, )
(b) [3,  1)  [1, ) (d) [0, )
(c) (3,  2)  (2,  1)  (1, ) 80. The largest possible set of real numbers which can be the
(d) [3,  2)  (2,  1)  [1, )
1
domain of f (x )  1  is [AMU 2000]
70. If ‘n’ is an integer, the domain of the function sin 2 x is x
[MP PET 2003] (a) (0, 1)  (0, ) (b) (1, 0)  (1, )
    
(a) n   , n   (b) n  , n    (c) (,  1)  (0, ) (d) (, 0)  (1, )
 2   2
(c) [(2n  1) , 2n ] (d) [2n , (2n  1) ] 81. Domain of the function f (x )  sin 1 (1  3 x  2 x 2 ) is
[Roorkee 2000]
71. Domain of definition of the function
(a) (, ) (b) (1, 1)
3
f (x )   log 10 (x 3  x ) , is [AIEEE 2003]
4  x2  3   1 
(c)  , 0  (d)   ,   (2, )
(a) (1, 2) (b) (1, 0)  (1, 2)  2   2 
(c) (1, 2)  (2, ) (d) (1, 0)  (1, 2)  (2, ) x  3x  2
2
82. Domain of the function f (x )  is
x2  x 6
 (a) {x : x  R, x  3} x2
93. The range of the function f (x )  is [RPET 2002]
(b) {x : x  R, x  2} | x  2|

(c) { x : x  R} (a) {0, 1} (b) {–1, 1}

(c) R (d) R  {2}
(d) {x : x  R, x  2, x  3}
94. The range of f (x )  cos x  sin x is
83. Domain of f (x )  (x 2  1)1 / 2 is [Roorkee 1987] [MP PET 1995; Pb. CET 2001]
(a) (,  1)  (1, ) (b) (,  1]  (1, ) (a) (1, 1) (b) [1, 1)
(c) (,  1]  [1, ) (d) None of these   
(c)  ,  (d) [ 2 , 2 ]
1  2 2
84. The domain of the function y  is
| x|  x 95. If f : R  R , then the range of the function
2
[Roorkee 1998; RPET 2000] x
f (x )  is [
(a) (, 0) (b) (, 0] x2 1
(c) (,  1) (d) (, ) (a) R  (b) R 
(c) R (d) R  R
85. The natural domain of the real valued function defined
96. The range of f (x )  cos 2 x  sin 2 x contains the set
by f (x )  x 2  1  x 2  1 is [SCRA 1996] [IIT Screening]
(a) 1  x   (b)   x   (a) [2, 4] (b) [–1, 1]
(c)   x  1 (d) (, )  (1, 1) (c) [–2, 2] (d) [–4, 4]
1
The domain of the function f (x )  exp( 5 x  3  2 x 2 ) is 97. Range of the function is [AMU 1999]
86. 2  sin 3 x
[MP PET 2004] 1 
 3 3 
(a) [1, 3] (b)  , 1
(a) 1,   3 
(b)  2 , 
 2  
1 
(c) (1, 3) (d)  , 1 
 3 3 
(c) [, 1] (d) 1, 
 2
98. Range of the function f (x )  sin 2 (x 4 )  cos 2 (x 4 ) is
sin 1 (x  3) (a) (, ) (b) {1}
87. The domain of the function f (x )  is
9  x2 (c) (–1, 1) (d) (0, 1)
[AIEEE 2004] 99. Range of the function f (x )  9  7 sin x is
(a) [1, 2) (b) [2, 3) (a) (2, 16) (b) [2, 16]
(c) [1, 2] (d) [2, 3] (c) [–1, 1] (d) (2, 16]
  x 2  34 x  71
88. The range of f (x )  sec  cos 2 x  ,    x   is 100. Range of f (x )  is [
4  x 2  2x  7
[Orissa JEE 2002] (a) [5, 9] (b) (, 5]  [9, )
(a) [1, 2 ] (b) [1, ) (c) (5, 9) (d) None of these
(c) [ 2 ,  1]  [1, 2 ] (d) (,  1]  [1, ) 
101. The interval for which sin 1 x  cos 1 x  holds
2
x x2
2
89. Range of the function f (x )  ; x  R is [IIT Screening]
x2  x 1 (a) [0, ) (b) [0, 3]
[IIT Screening 2003]
(c) [0, 1] (d) [0, 2]
(a) (1, ) (b) (1, 11 / 7]
102. Function sin 1 x is defined in the interval
(c) (1, 7 / 3] (d) (1, 7 / 5] (a) (–1, 1) (b) [0, 1]
90. If f (x )  a cos(bx  c)  d , then range of f (x ) is (c) [–1, 0] (d) (–1, 2)
[UPSEAT 2001] 103. The function f:RR is defined by
(a) [d  a, d  2a] (b) [a  d, a  d] f (x )  cos x  sin x for x  R , then f (R ) 
2 4

(c) [d  a, a  d] (d) [d  a, d  a] [EAMCET 2002]

91. Range of f (x )  [x ]  x is 3  3 
(a)  , 1  (b)  4 , 1
4   
(a) [0, 1] (b) (–1, 0]
(c) R (d) (–1, 1) 3  3 
(c)  , 1  (d)  , 1 
92. The range of f (x )  cos( x / 3) is [RPET 2002] 4  4 
(a) (1 / 3, 1 / 3) (b) [1, 1] x 2  14 x  9
104. If x is real, then value of the expression
(c) (1 / 3,  1 / 3) (d) (3, 3) x 2  2x  3
lies between [UPSEAT 2002]
 (a) 5 and 4 (b) 5 and –4 1
x ( x 1)
1
(c) – 5 and 4 (d) None of these (a)   (b) (1  1  4 log 2 x )
2 2

105. For   , the value of f ( )  sec 2   cos 2  always 1
3 (c) (1  1  4 log 2 x ) (d) Not defined
2
lies in the interval [Orissa JEE 2002]
(a) (0, 2) (b) [0, 1] 115. If f (x )  3 x  5 , then f 1 (x ) [IIT 1998]

(c) (1, 2) (d) [2, ) (a) Is given by

1
106. Which of the following function is even function 3x  5
[RPET 2000] x 5
(b) Is given by
a 1
x  a 1
x 3
(a) f (x )  (b) f (x )  x  x 
 (c) Does not exist because f is not one-one
ax 1 a 1
(d) Does not exist because f is not onto
a x  a x 116. If f : IR  IR is defined by, then f 1 : IR  IR is
(c) f (x )  (d) f (x )  sin x
a x  a x x4
1 x (a) 4  3 x (b)
107. If f (x )  log , then f (x ) is [Kerala (Engg.) 2002] 3
1x 1 3
(a) Even function (b) f (x 1 ) f (x 2 )  f (x 1  x 2 ) (c) (d)
3x  4 x4
f (x 1 ) x
(c)  f (x 1  x 2 ) (d) Odd function 117. If f (x )  , then f 1 (x ) is equal to [AMU 1999]
f (x 2 ) 1 x
(1  x)
108. The function f (x )  sin log( x  x 2  1 ) is
1
(a) (b)
  x (1  x )
[Orissa JEE 2002] (1  x ) x
(a) Even function (b) Odd function (c) (d) f (x )  3 x  4
(1  x ) (1  x )
(c) Neither even nor odd (d) Periodic function 118. Which of the following function is inverse function
109. The function f (x )  log( x  x 2  1 ) , is [AMU 2000]
1
[AIEEE 2003; MP PET 2003; UPSEAT 2003] (a) f (x )  (b) f (x )  x 2
for all x
(a) An even function x 1
(b) An odd function (c) f (x )  x 2 , x  0 (d) f (x )  x 2 , x  0
(c) A Periodic function 119. Let f ( )  sin  (sin   sin 3 ) , then f ( )
(d) Neither an even nor odd function [IIT Screening 2000]
110. Which of the following function is invertible [AMU 2001] (a)  0 only when   0 (b)  0 for all real 
(a) f (x )  2 x (b) f (x )  x 3  x (c)  0 for all real  (d)  0 only when   0
(c) f (x )  x 2 (d) None of these 10 x  10  x
120. The inverse of the function is [RPET 2001]
x2 10 x  10  x
111. If y  f (x )  , then x  [IIT 1984]
x 1 1 1  x  1 1  x 
(a) log 10   (b) log 10  
(a) f (y ) (b) 2 f (y ) 2 1  x  2 1  x 
1 1  2x 
(c) (d) None of these (c) log 10   (d) None of these
f (y ) 4 2x
112. Which of the following functions is inverse of itself 121. Inverse of the function y  2 x  3 is [UPSEAT 2002]
1x x3 x 3
(a) f (x )  (b) f (x )  5 log x
(a) (b)
1 x 2 2
x ( x 1)
(c) f (x )  2 (d) None of these 1
(c) (d) None of these
e x  e x 2x  3
113. The inverse of the function f (x )   2 is given 2x  1
e x  e x 122. Let the function f be defined by f (x )  , then
by 1  3x
[Kurukshetra CEE 1996] f 1 (x ) is [
1/2 1/2
x 2  x 1  x 1 3x  2
(a) log e   (b) log e   (a) (b)
 x 1  3x 3x  2 x 1
1/2 2 x 1 2x  1
 x   x 1 (c) (d)
(c) log e   (d) log e   3x  2 1  3x
2x  x 1
123. If f (x )  x 2  1 , then f 1 (17 ) and f 1 (3) will be
114. If the function f : [1, )  [1, ) is defined by
[UPSEAT 2003]
f (x )  2 x ( x 1) , then f 1 (x) is [IIT(a)
1999]
4, 1 (b) 4, 0
 (c) 3, 2 (d) None of these (c) 3 2 x  1, 3 x
2
1
(d) None of these
124. Let f (x )  sin x  cos x , g(x )  x 2  1 . Thus g( f ( x )) is
1
invertible for x  [IIT Screening 2004] 135. If g(x )  x 2  x  2 and gof (x )  2 x 2  5 x  2 , then
2
     
(a)  , 0  (b)   ,   f (x ) is [Roorkee 1998; MP PET 2002]
 2   2  (a) 2 x  3 (b) 2 x  3
     (c) 2 x 2  3 x  1 (d) 2 x 2  3 x  1
(c)  ,  (d) 0 , 
 2 4  2 136. If f (x)  log a x and F(x )  a x , then F[ f ( x )] is
2x  1
125. If f (x )  (x  5) , then f 1 (x ) is equal to [SCRA 1996]
x 5 (a) f [F( x )] (b) f [F(2 x )]
[MP PET 2004]
(c) F | f (2 x )| (d) F[(x )]
x 5 1 5x  1
(a) ,x  (b) ,x2 x
2x  1 2 2x 137. Let f and g be functions defined by f (x )  ,
5x  1 x 5 1 x 1
(c) ,x2 (d) ,x  x
2x 2x  1 2 g(x )  , then ( fog )(x ) is [SCRA 1996]
1x
126. If f be the greatest integer function and g be the modulus
1 1
 5  5 (a) (b)
function, then (gof )    ( fog )    x x 1
 3  3
(c) x  1 (d) x
(a) 1 (b) –1
(c) 2 (d) 4 138. If from R  R , f (x )  (x  1)2 , g(x )  x 2  1 , then
127. If f (x )  2 x and g is identity function, then ( fog )(3) equals [RPET 1999]

(a) ( fog )(x )  g(x ) (b) (g  g)(x )  g(x ) (a) 121 (b) 112
(c) ( fog )(x )  (g  g)(x ) (d) None of these (c) 211 (d) None of these
139. Suppose that g(x )  1  x and f (g(x ))  3  2 x  x ,
128. If f (x )  x 2  1 and g(x )  3 x  1 , then (gof )(x ) 
then f (x ) is [MP PET 2000; Karnataka CET 2002]
(a) x 2  1 (b) 2 x 2  1
(a) 1  2 x 2 (b) 2  x 2
(c) 3 x  2
2
(d) 2 x 2  2
(c) 1  x (d) 2  x
129. If f is an exponential function and g is a logarithmic
140. The composite mapping fog of the map f : R  R ,
function, then fog (1) will be
(a) e (b) log e e f ( x )  sin x , g : R  R , g(x )  x 2 is [UPSEAT 2000]

(c) 0 (d) 2e (a) sin x  x 2 (b) (sin x ) 2

130. If f (x )  e 2 x and g(x )  log x ( x  0 ) , then fog (x ) is sin x
(c) sin x 2 (d)
equal to x2
141. Let f (x )  ax  b and g(x )  cx  d, a  0, c  0 . Assume
(a) e 2 x (b) log x
a  1, b  2 . If ( fog )(x )  (gof )(x ) for all x, what can you
(c) e 2 x log x (d) x
say about c and d [AMU 2000]
131. If f (x) | cos x | and g(x )  [ x ] , then gof (x ) is equal to (a) c and d both arbitrary (b) c  1, d arbitrary
(a) | cos [x ]| (b) | cos x | (c) c arbitrary, d  1 (d) c  1, d  1
(c) [| cos x |] (d) | [cos x ]|
 1, x  0
132. If f (x )  x 2  1 ,then fof (x ) is equal to 
142. Let g(x )  1  x  [ x ] and f (x )  0, x  0, then for all
(a) x 2  1 (b) x 2  2 x  2 1, x0

(c) x 4  2 x 2  2 (d) None of these x , f (g(x )) is equal to [IIT Screening 2001; UPSEAT 2001]
x (a) x (b) 1
133. If f (x )  , then ( fofof )(x )  [RPET 2000]
1 x 2 (c) f (x ) (d) g(x )
3x x x
(a) (b) 143. If f (x )  , x  1 . Then, for what value of  is
x 1
1 x 2
1  3x 2
f ( f ( x ))  x
3x
(c) (d) None of these [IIT Screening 2001; UPSEAT 2001]
1 x2 (a) 2 (b)  2
134. If (x )  x 2  1 and  (x )  3 x , then  { (x )} and (c) 1 (d) –1
 { ( x )}  2x  1
144. If f (x )  , then (fof )(2) is equal to
2 x 1 x 2 1 2 x 1 x2
1 3x  2
(a) 3 ,3 (b) 3 ,3
[Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
 (a) 1 (b) 3  1, If x  0
(c) 4 (d) 2 
f (x )   0, If x  0, then for all values of x the value of
145. If f (x )  sin x
2
and the composite function  1, if x  0

g{ f (x )} | sin x | , then the function g(x ) is equal to fog (x ) [DCE 2005]
[Orissa JEE 2003]
(a) x (b) 1
(a) x 1 (b) x (c) f (x ) (d) g(x )
(c) x  1 (d)  x  x 2  1
146. If f (x )  (a  x n )1 / n , where a  0 and n is a positive 154. If g : [2, 2]  R where g(x )  x 3  tan x    is a
 P 
integer, then f [ f (x )]  [IIT 1983; UPSEAT 2001, 04]
odd function then the value of parametric P is [DCE 2005]
(a) x 3 (b) x2 (a) 5  P  5 (b) P  5
(c) x (d) None of these (c) P  5 (d) None of these
147. Let f : (1,1)  B , be a function defined by
155. The Domain of function f (x )  log e (x  [x ]) is [AMU 2005]
2x
f (x )  tan 1 , then f is both one- one and onto when (a) R (b) R-Z
1  x2
B is the interval [AIEEE 2005]
(c) (0,) (d) Z
      156. The domain of sin 1 (log 3 x ) is [Kerala (Engg.) 2005]
(a)  ,  (b)   , 
 2 2  2 2 (a) [–1, 1] (b) [0, 1]
    (c) [0,  ] (d) R
(c)  0,  (d) 0, 
 2  2 (e) [1/3, 3]
148. A real valued function f (x ) satisfies the function  x x 
157. If f (x1 )  f (x 2 )  f  1 2  for x1, x 2  [1, 1] , then f (x )
equation f (x  y )  f (x ) f (y )  f (a  x ) f (a  y) where a is a  1  x1 x 2 
given constant and f (0 )  1 , f (2a  x ) is equal to [AIEEE 2005] is [Roorkee 1998]
(a) f (a)  f (a  x ) (b) f ( x ) (1  x ) (1  x )
(a) log (b) tan 1
(c)  f (x ) (d) f (x ) (1  x ) (1  x )
149. If X and Y are two non- empty sets where f : X  Y is (1  x ) (1  x )
(c) log (d) tan 1
function is defined such that f (c)  f (x ) : x  C for (1  x ) (1  x )
C  X and f 1 (D)  {x : f (x )  D} for D  Y for any 158. If equation of the curve remain unchanged by replacing x
and y from –x and –y respectively, then the curve is
A  X and B  Y , then [IIT Screening 2005]
1
(a) Symmetric along the x-axis
(a) f ( f ( A))  A (b) Symmetric along the y-axis
(b) f 1 ( f ( A))  A only if f ( x )  Y (c) Symmetric in opposite quadrants
(c) f ( f 1 (B))  B only if B  f (X ) (d) Symmetric along the line y =x
(d) f ( f 1 (B))  B 159. If equation of the curve remain unchanged by replacing x
and y from y and x respectively, then the curve is
150. If f (x )  2 x 6  3 x 4  4 x 2 then f ' ( x ) is [DCE 2005] (a) Symmetric along x-axis
(a) Even function (b) Symmetric along y-axis
(b) An odd function (c) Symmetric along the line y = – x
(c) Neither even nor odd (d) Symmetric along the line y = x
(d) None of these
160. A condition for a function y  f (x ) to have an inverse is
x
151. If f (x )  , x  1 , for what value of  is f ( f (x ))  x that it should be
x 1
[Kerala (Engg.) 2005]
(a) Defined for all x
(b) Continuous everywhere
(a) 2 (b)  2
(c) Strictly monotonic and continuous in the domain
(c) 1 (d) 2
(e) –1 (d) An even function
152. Function f (x )  x  [ ], where [ ] shows a greatest integer.  x , when x is rational
161. If f (x )   ;
This function is [DCE 2005] 0, when x is irrational
(a) A periodic function 0, when x is rational
g(x )   then ( f  g) is
1  x , when x is irrational
(b) A periodic function whose period is
2 [IIT Screening 2005]
(c) A periodic function whose period is 1 (a) One-one onto (b) One-one not onto
(d) Not a periodic function (c) Not one-one but onto (d) Not one-one not onto
153. Let g(x )  1  x  [x ] and
 x2  x , when 0  x  1
162. Range of the function f (x )  is [Orissa JEE 2005] 8. If f (x )   , then lim f (x ) 
x 1 2  2  x , when 1  x  2 x 1

(a) (–1, 0) (b) (–1, 1) (a) 1 (b) 2

(c) [0, 1) (d) (1, 1) (c) 0 (d) Does not exist
163. The function f satisfies the functional equation log x
9. lim  [RPET 1996; MP PET 1996; Pb. CET 2002]
 x  59  x 1 x 1
3 f (x )  2 f    10 x  30 for all real x  1 . The
 x 1  (a) 1 (b) –1
value of f (7 ) is [Kerala (Engg.) 2005] (c) 0 (d) 
(a) 8 (b) 4 x n  2n
10. If lim  80 , where n is a positive integer, then
(c) –8 (d) 11 x 2 x 2
(e) 44 n
(a) 3 (b) 5
164. If e x  y  1  y 2 , then y = [MNR 1990, UPSEAT 2000]
(c) 2 (d) None of these
e x  e x e x  e x 1  cos 2 x
(a) (b) 11. lim  [MNR 1983]
2 2 x 0 x
(c) e x  e  x (d) e x  e  x (a) 0 (b) 1
165. Let f : (2, 3)  (0, 1) be defined by f (x )  x  [ x ] then (c) 2 (d) 4
f 1 ( x ) equals [Orissa JEE 2005]  2
x
12. lim  1   
(a) x  2 (b) x  1 x  x
(c) x  1 (d) x  2 1
(a) e (b)
Limits e
(c) e 2 (d) None of these
 1
 x sin , x 0 (2 x  3)( x  1)
1. If f (x )   x , then lim f (x )  13. lim  [IIT 1977]
x 0
 x 0 x 1 2x 2  x  3
 0,
[IIT 1988; MNR 1988; SCRA 1996; UPSEAT 2000, 01] (a) –1/10 (b) 1/10
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1/8 (d) None of these
(c) –1 (d) None of these 14. If lim kx cosec x  lim x cosec kx , then k 
x 0 x 0
3
x cot x
2. lim  [AI CBSE 1988; DSSE 1988] (a) 1 (b) –1
x 0 1  cos x
(c) 1 (d)  2
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) –2 e1/ x  1
15. lim 
x (e x  1)
x 0 e1/ x  1
3. lim  (a) 0 (b) 1
x 0 1  cos x

(a) 0 (b)  (c) –1 (d) Does not exist

(c) –2 (d) 2 16. lim
log cos x

x 0 x
1
4. lim 
x 1 | 1 x| (a) 0 (b) 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)  (d) None of these
(c) 2 (d)  17. lim
sin 2 x
 [MNR 1990; UPSEAT 2000]
x 0 x
n(2n  1) 2
5. lim  (a) 0 (b) 1
n  (n  2)(n 2  3n  1)
(c) 1/2 (d) 2
(a) 0 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d)  f (x )  3
18. If f (9 )  9 , f ' (9)  4 , then lim 
n
x 9 x 3
6. lim  [IIT 1988; Karnataka CET 1999]
n  n  n 1
(a) 2 (b) 4
(a) 1 (b) 1/2
(c) –2 (d) –4
(c) 0 (d) 
| x|
3x  a  x  a 19. lim  [Roorkee 1982; UPSEAT 2001]
7. lim  x 0 x
x a x a
(a) 1 (b) –1
(a) 2 a (b) 1 / 2a (c) 0 (d) Does not exist
(c) 2a (d) 1 / 2a
 x h  x 32. lim (sec   tan  )  [IIT 1976; AMU 1999]
20. lim  [Roorkee 1983] x  / 2
h 0 h (a) 0 (b) 1/2
(a)
1
(b)
1 (c) 2 (d) 
2 x x tan 2 x  x
33. lim  [IIT 1971]
(c) 2 x (d) x
x 0 3 x  sin x
(a) 0 (b) 1
2x 1
21. lim  [IIT 1983; Karnataka CET 1999] (c) 1/2 (d) 1/3
x 0 (1  x )1 / 2  1 x
34. lim 
(a) log 2 (b) log 4 x 0 | x | x 2
(c) log 2 (d) None of these (a) 1 (b) –1
1  cos mx (c) 0 (d) Does not exist
22. lim  [Kerala (Engg.)2002]
x  0 1  cos nx sin ax
35. lim 
x 0sin bx
(a) m / n (b) n / m
2 (a) a / b (b) b / a
m n2
(c) (d) (c) 1 (d) None of these
n2 m2
sin x o
e sin x
1 36. lim 
23. lim  x 0 x
x 0 x
(a) 1 (b)  / 180
(a) 1 (b) e
(c) Does not exist (d) None of these
(c) 1/e (d) None of these
x 2  a2
24. lim x( x  5  x)  37. lim  [RPET 1995]
x  x a x a
(a) 5 (b) 3 (a) 4a (b) 1
(c) 5/2 (d) 3/2 (c) 2a (d) 0
x 1 (x  2)5 / 3  (a  2)5 / 3
25. lim  [IIT 1976] 38. lim  [AI CBSE 1991]
x 1 2x  7 x  5
2 x a x a
(a) 1/3 (b) 1/11 5 5
(a) (a  2) 2 / 3 (b) (a  2) 5 / 3
(c) –1/3 (d) None of these 3 3
sin x 5 2/3 5 5/3
26. lim  [IIT 1975; MP PET 2004] (c) a (d) a
x  x 3 3
(a) 1 (b) 0  2

(c) Does not exist (d) None of these 39. If f (x )   5  x , when x  3 , then
 5  x , when x  3
1  sin x  1  sin x
27. lim  (a) lim f (x )  0 (b) lim f (x )  0
x 0 x x 3  x 3 
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) lim f (x )  lim f (x ) (d) None of these
x 3  x 3 
(c) 2 (d) –2
cos ax  cos bx
2 sin 2 3 x 40. lim  [AI CBSE 1988]
28. lim 2
 [Roorkee 1982; DCE 1999] x 0 x2
x 0 x
a2  b 2 b 2  a2
(a) 6 (b) 9 (a) (b)
2 2
(c) 18 (d) 3
sin   cos  (c) a 2  b 2 (d) b 2  a 2
29. lim  [IIT 1977]
  / 4  cot 2   3
 41. lim 
4 x  / 6 cosec   2
(a) 2 (b) 1 / 2 (a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 0
(c) 1 (d) None of these
lim tan x log sin x  (1  x )5  1
30. [MNR 1989] 42. lim 
x  / 2 x 0 (1  x )3  1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) –1 (d) None of these (c) 5/3 (d) 3/5
31. If n is an integer, then lim (x  [n])  x 9  a9
x n  0
43. If lim  9 , then a 
(a) 0 (b) 1 x a x a
(c) –1 (d) None of these (a) 9 1 / 8 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) None of these
 xe 1 / x  n 2 
44. lim  55. lim  3   [AMU 1999; RPET 1999, 2002]
x 0  1  e1/ x n   n
 
(a) 0 (b) 1 1 1
(c)  (d) None of these (a)  (b)
6 6
45. lim[ x ] 
x 1 1 1
(c) (d) 
(a) 0 (b) 1 3 3
(c) Does not exist (d) None of these 56. If f (a)  2, f ' (a)  1, g(a)  1; g' (a)  2 , then
sin 2 x  sin 6 x g(x ) f (a)  g(a) f (x )
46. lim  [AI CBSE 1988; AISSE 1988] lim  [DCE 1999;
x 0 sin 5 x  sin 3 x x a x a
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/4 Karnataka CET 1999; MP PET 1995; Pb. CET 2004]
(c) 2 (d) 4 (a) 3 (b) 5
   (c) 0 (d) –3
 sin  sin x  sin 
47. The value of lim  4  is [MP PET 1993] 57. lim 
 0    x  x 
 
  (a) 0 (b) 1
(a) 0 (b) 1/4 (c) sin  (d) cos 
(c) 1 (d) Not in existence x 2  a2  x 2  b 2
58. lim 
 x 2  bx  4  x 
48. The value of lim  2  is x c 
[MP PET 1993]
2 2
x2  d2
x  x  ax  5 
  a2  b 2 a2  b 2
(a) b/a (b) 1 (a) (b)
c2  d 2 c2  d 2
(c) 0 (d) 4/5
a b2 2
f (r  h)  f (r) (c) (d) None of these
49. If f (r)  r 2 , then lim  c2  d 2
h 0 h
2x  
(a) r 2 (b) 2r 59. lim  [IIT 1973]
x  / 2 cos x

(c) 2 (d) 2r 2 (a) 2 (b) 1

50. lim x log(sin x )  (c) –2 (d) None of these
x 0
sin x  x
(a) –1 (b) log e 1 60. lim  [MNR 1980, 86]
x 0 x3
(c) 1 (d) None of these
1 1
 ax  b x  (a) (b) 
51. lim  
 [EAMCET 1988; RPET 1995] 3 3
x 0 x
  1 1
(c) (d) 
b a 6 6
(a) log   (b) log  
a b (a  h) 2 sin(a  h)  a 2 sin a
61. lim  [IIT 1989]
a h 0 h
b
(c) (d) log a
b (a) a cos a  a 2 sin a (b) a sin a  a 2 cos a
 x  3
(c) 2a sin a  a 2 cos a (d) 2a cos a  a 2 sin a
 sin x  x  
 6   x 3 
52. lim   [MNR 1985]
x 0
 x5 
62. lim 
x 3 
 [MNR 1991]
 x 2  4x 

 

(a) 1 (b) 2
(a) 1/120 (b) –1/120
(c) –1 (d) –2
(c) 1/20 (d) None of these
x cos x  sin x
53. lim [x (a1 / x  1)] , (a  1)  63. lim  [MNR 1984, 86]
x  x 0 x 2 sin x
(a) log x (b) 1 1 1
(a) (b) 
1 3 3
(c) 0 (d)  log (c) 1 (d) None of these
a
log(1  x )  (x  1)(2 x  3)
1 64. lim 
54. lim  =
x 0  x2
x 
x x2 
(a) 1 (b) –1
(a) 1/2 (b) –1/2
(c) 2 (d) None of these
(c) 1 (d) –1
 3  2 3  3 3  .......  n 3  x .2 x  x
65. lim   75. lim  [IIT 1980; BIT Ranchi 1983; RPET 2001]
x   x 0 1  cos x
 n4 
1 1 (a) 0 (b) log 4
(a) (b) (c) log 2 (d) None of these
2 3
1 1  cos 
(c) (d) None of these 76. lim  [AI CBSE 1981, 91; DSSE 1981, 83]
4  0 2
y2 (a) 1 (b) 2
66. lim  ........ , where y 2  ax  bx 2  cx 3 1 1
x 0 x (c) (d)
(a) 0 (b) 1 2 4
(c) a (d) None of these sin 3  sin 
77. lim  [AI CBSE 1984; DSSE 1984]
 0 sin 
(1  x )1 / 2  (1  x )1 / 2
67. lim  [Roorkee 1979; RPET 1996] (a) 1 (b) 2
x 0 x
(a) 0 (b) 1/2 (c) 1/3 (d) 3/2
tan x  sin x
(c) 1 (d) –1 78. lim  [IIT 1974; AI CBSE 1986, 90;
x 0 x3
x3 1
68. lim  AISSE 1983, 86, 90; RPET 2000]
x 1 x 2  5x  6 1 1
3 (a) (b) 
(a) 0 (b) 2 2
7
2
1 1 (c) (d) None of these
(c) (d)  3
2 6
1  cos x
79. lim  [AI CBSE 1987; AISSE 1987]
a  2x  3x x 0 x
69. lim  [IIT 1978; Kurukshetra CEE 1996]
x a 3a  x  2 x 1
(a) 0 (b)
1 2 2
(a) (b)
3 3 3 1
(c) (d) None of these
2 2 3
(c) (d)
3 3 1 x
80. lim  [AI CBSE 1990]
1x 1 / 3 x 1 (cos 1 x ) 2
70. lim  [AI CBSE 1991]
x 11  x 2 / 3 (a) 1 (b)
1
1 1 2
(a) (b)
3 2 1
(c) (d) None of these
2 2 4
(c) (d) 
3 3 x 2  tan 2 x
81. lim  [AI CBSE 1990]
x 0
(1  x )n  1 tan x
71. lim  [Kurukshetra CEE 2002]
x 0 x (a) 2 (b) –2
(a) n (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) None of these
(c) –1 (d) None of these 5 cos   2 sin 
82. lim  [AI CBSE 1988]
 tan 3 x 
 0 3  tan 
72. lim   cos x   3 3
x 0  
x (a) (b) 
4 4
(a) 3 (b) 1
(c) 4 (d) 2 (c) 0 (d) None of these
sin(2  x )  sin(2  x )
1 x  1x 83. lim 
73. lim 1
 [AI CBSE 1989, 90; DSSE 1989] x 0 x
x 0 sin x [AI CBSE 1983; AISSE 1982, 83]
(a) 2 (b) 1 (a) sin 2 (b) 2 sin 2
(c) –1 (d) None of these (c) 2 cos 2 (d) 2
(x  y) sec( x  y)  x sec x
74. lim  [AI CBSE 1990] 2x 2  3x  1
y 0 y 84. lim 
x  x2 1
(a) sec x (x tan x  1) (b) x tan x  sec x (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) x sec x  tan x (d) None of these (c) –2 (d) None of these
 3x 2  2x  1 1  cos 2 x
85. lim  95. lim  [DSSE 1986; AI CBSE 1986]
x  2x  3x  3
2 x  / 2 (  2 x )2
(a) 1 (b) 3 (a) 1 (b) 2
3 3 1
(c) (d)  (c) 3 (d)
2 2 2
| x  2| 1  cos 6 x
86. lim  [AI CBSE 1985] 96. lim  [DSSE 1982]
x 2 x  2 x 0 x
(a) 1 (b) –1 (a) 0 (b) 6
(c) Does not exist (d) None of these 1
(c) (d) None of these
3
2 cos x  1
87. lim  [BIT Ranchi 1989; IIT 1990] sin mx
x  / 4 cot x  1 97. lim  [DSSE 1987]
x  0 tan nx
1 1
(a) (b) n m
2 2 (a) (b)
m n
1 (c) mn (d) None of these
(c) (d) 1
2 2 3 sin x  sin 3 x
98. lim  [AISSE 1985]
cos x  cos a x 0 x3
88. lim  [BIT Ranchi 1987]
x a cos x  cot a (a) 4 (b) –4
1 1 1
(a) sin 3 a (b) cosec 2 a (c) (d) None of these
2 2 4
(c) sin 3 a (d) cosec 3 a x3
99. lim  [AISSE 1984; AI CBSE 1984]

x 0 sin x 2
   
2  3 sin  h   cos   h  1
  6   6  (a) 0 (b)
89. lim  [BIT Ranchi 1987] 3
h 0 3 h( 3 cos h  sin h) 1
2 3 (c) 3 (d)
(a)  (b)  2
3 4  x , when x  1
4 100. If f (x )   , then lim f (x )  [
(c)  2 3 (d)  x 2 , when x  1 x 1
3
(a) x 2 (b) x
90. lim x x  [Roorkee 1990]
x 0 (c) 1 (d) 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 tan 3 x
101. lim  [MP PET 1987]
(c) e (d) None of these x  / 2 x
(2 x  1)40 (4 x  1)5 (a)  (b) 3
91. lim  [IIT 1990] 1
x  (2 x  3) 45
(c) (d) 0
3
(a) 16 (b) 24
(c) 32 (d) 8 3x  3x
102. lim  [MP PET 1987]
x 0 x
 x 
92. lim
x 0   [IIT 1992; RPET 2001] (a) –1 (b) 0
 tan 1 2 x 
1
1 (c) 3 (d)
(a) 0 (b) 3
2
x2
(c) 1 (d)  e  cos x
103. lim  [IIT Screening]
1  cos x x 0 x2
93. lim  [DSSE 1987]
x 0 sin 2 x 3 1
(a) (b) 
1 1 2 2
(a) (b) 
2 2 (c) 1 (d) None of these
(c) 2 (d) None of these log( a  x )  log a log x  1
104. lim  k lim  1, then
sin 3 x  sin x x 0 x x e x e
94. lim = [AISSE 1986]
[IIT Screening]
x 0 x
 1
(a)
1
(b) 3 (a) k  e  1  
3  a
1 (b) k  e (1  a)
(c) 4 (d)
4 (c) k  e (2  a)
(d) The equality is not possible
 c  dx
1
(1  cos 2 x )  1 
115. If a, b, c, d are positive, then lim 1   
105. lim
2

x   a  bx 
x 0 x [EAMCET 1992]
[IIT 1991; AIEEE 2002; RPET 2001, 02]
(a) e d / b (b) e c / a
(a) 1 (b) –1
(c) 0 (d) None of these (c) e (c  d ) /(a  b ) (d) e
cosec x
x  1  tan x 
106. lim is equal to [MNR 1995] 116. lim   is equal to [Kerala (Engg.) 2005]
x 0 tan x x  0  1  sin x 

(a) 0 (b) 1 1
(c) 4 (d) Not defined (a) e (b)
e
e x  e  x
(c) 1 (d) None of these
107. lim  [MP PET 1994; DCE 2005]
x 0 x 117. lim (4  5 )
n n 1/n
is equal to
n 
1
(a)    (b)  (a) 4 (b) 5

(c)    2 2
(d)    (c) e (d) None of these
1
(x 1 1
a ) x 2 sin x
108. lim  [MP PET 1994] 118. The value of lim x is
x a x a x  1 | x |
1 1
(a) (b) (a) 0 (b) 1
a a
(c) –1 (d) None of these
1 1
(c) 2 (d) 2 x  sin x
a a 119. lim  [Roorkee 1994]
x 3
x  x  cos x
x 2
109. lim   is [MNR 1994] (a) 0 (b) 1
x x 1 
(c) –1 (d) None of these
(a) 1 (b) e 1/ x
  
(c) e 2 (d) e 3 120. lim tan   x   [IIT 1993; RPET 2001]
110. lim {(1  sin x ) tan x } is
x 0
  4 

x
2
(a) 1 (b) –1

2
(c) e (d) e
(a) (b) 1
2 121. If 0  x  y then lim (y n  x n )1 / n is equal to
n 
(c) 0 (d) 
sin x
(a) e (b) x
111. lim is equal to [RPET 1995] (c) y (d) None of these
x 0 x

(a) 1 (b) 0 122. The value of lim a 2 x 2  ax  1  a 2 x 2  1 is

x 
(c) –1 (d) None of these
1
112. lim ( x 2  1  x ) is equal to [RPET 1995] (a) (b) 1
x  2
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) None of these
(c) 0 (d) None of these e e
tan x x

113. lim f (x ). g(x ) exists, if 123. lim  [EAMCET 1994; RPET 2001]
x a
[RPET 1995] x 0 tan x  x
(a) lim f (x ) and lim g(x ) exist (a) 1 (b) e
x a x a
(c) e 1 (d) 0
(b) lim f (x )g( x ) exists
x a x  sin x
124. If f (x )  , then lim f (x ) is [DCE 2000]
f (x ) x  cos 2 x x 
(c) lim exists
x  a g(x ) (a) 0 (b) 
1 (c) 1 (d) None of these
(d) lim f (x )g  exists
x a x   cos 1 x
125. is given by
sin x  log(1  x ) x  1 x 1
114. lim is equal to [Roorkee 1995]
x 0 x2 1 1
1 (a) (b)
(a) 0 (b)  2
2
(c) 1 (d) 0
1
(c)  (d) None of these
2
    sin( x  a)  sin(a  x )  2 sin a 
126. lim  x  x  x  x  is equal to 136. lim
x 0  
x 
   x sin x 
1 (a) sin a (b)
(a) 0 (b) 1
2 (c)  sin a (d) cos a
2
(c) log 2 (d) e 4
1 / x2
2 x 3 2(2 x  1) 1  5x 2 
127. If f (x )  , g( x )  and h(x )   2 , then 137. lim    [IIT 1996; DCE 2001]
x 3 x 4 x  x  12 x 0 1  3 x 2 
 
lim [ f (x )  g(x )  h(x )] is
x 3 (a) e 2 (b) e
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) e 2 (d) e 1
2 (2 x  3)(3 x  4 )
(c)  (d) 0 138. lim  [MP PET 1996]
7 x  (4 x  5)(5 x  6)
2/x
 ax  b x  c x  (a) 0 (b) 1/10
128. The value of lim  

; (a, b, c  0) is (c) 1/5 (d) 3/10
x 0 3
 
sin(e x  2  1)
(a) (abc )3 (b) 139.abcIf f (x )  , then lim f (x ) is given by
log( x  1) x 2
(c) (abc )1 / 3 (d) None of these (a) –2 (b) –1
1 2 x  3
(c) 0 (d) 1
129. The value of lim is
x 2 x 2 140. lim ( x 2  8 x  3  x 2  4 x  3 )  [MP PET 1997]
x 
1 1
(a) (b) (a) 0 (b) 
8 3 4 3
1
(c) 0 (d) None of these (c) 2 (d)
2
1  cos x 2 x k  5k
130. The value of lim is 141. If lim  500 , then the positve integral value of k
x 0 1  cos x x 5 x 5
1 is
(a) (b) 2
2 [MP PET 1998]
(c) 2 (d) None of these (a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6
131. The value of lim x (log x ) , m, n  N is
m n
x 0 1 x2  1 x2
m 142. lim is equal to [MP PET 1999]
(a) 0 (b) x 0 x2
n (a) 1 (b) –1
(c) mn (d) None of these (c) –2 (d) 0
log x  x , if x is rational
132. The value of lim , n  0 is
x  xn 143. If f (x )   , then lim f (x ) is
 x , if x is irrational x 0
(a) 0 (b) 1
[Kurukshetra CEE 1998; UPSEAT 2004]
1 1
(c) (d) (a) Equal to 0 (b) E
n n! (c) Equal to –1 (d) Indeterminate
log( x  a)
133. The value of lim is xe x  log(1  x )
x a log( e x  e a ) 144. lim equals [RPET 1996]
x 0 x2
(a) 1 (b) –1 2 1
(c) 0 (d) None of these (a) (b)
3 3
1
(1  x )1 / x  e  ex (c)
1
(d)
3
134. The value of lim 2 is [DCE 2001] 2 2
x 0 x2
4x 2  5x  8
(a)
11e
(b) 145.11e
The value of lim is
24 24 x   4x  5
[Roorkee 1998]
e
(c) (d) None of these (a) 1 / 2 (b) 0
24
(c) 1 / 2 (d) 1
   
135. lim  x tan x    sec x    1 
x
x  / 2
 2  146. lim 1   equal to
x  
[Kurukshetra CEE 1998]
 mx 
(a) 1 (b) –1
(a) e1 / m (b)
(c) 0 (d) None of these
 (c) e m (d) m e  4 x  2 | x |  | x | 2 x  2 x  | x |  2 | x | .
8. (b) As log x is defined for only positive values of x. But 16. (c) Given f (x  ay, x  ay)  axy …..(i)
log x 2 defined for all real values of x, also log | x | is Let x  ay  u and x  ay  v
also defined  real x. Hence log x 2 and 2 log | x | u v u v
Then x  and y 
are identical functions. 2 2a
1 x Substituting the value of x and y in (i), we obtain
9. (c) f (x )  log  
1  x  u2  v2 x2  y2
f (u, v)   f (x , y )  .
4 4
 2x 
 2x  1    x 2  1  2x  17. (d) f (x )  cos [ 2 ]x  cos [ 2 ] x
 f   log  1 x2   log  2 
1  x 
2
1  2 x   x  1  2 x  f (x )  cos(9 x )  cos(10 x )  cos(9 x )  cos(10 x )
 1 x2 
 19 x  x
2  2 cos   cos  
1  x  1  x   2  2
 log    2 log  1  x   2 f (x ) .
1  x       19       1 1
f    2 cos   cos   ; f    2    1 .
10. (a)  (x )  a   ( p)  a
x p  
2  4   
4  
2 2 2

 [ ( p)]3  [a p ]3  a 3 p   (3 p) 1 1
18. (c) f (x )  
f (x )  3 x  2 2x  4 x  2 2x  4
11. (a) f [ f (x )] 
f (x )  1 1 1
f (11)  
 x 3 11  2 18 11  2 18
 3
x 1  x  3  3x  3 3  x
  
 x 3 x  3  x 1 1 x
  1 1 1 3 2 3 2 6
 x 1       .
3 2 3 2 7 7 7
3 x
Now f [ f ( f (x ))]  f   10  x  10  x 
1x  19. (a) e f ( x )  , x  (10 , 10 )  f (x )  log  
10  x  10  x 
3 x
 3  200 x 
1x  3  x  3  3x  200 x   10  100  x 2   10 (10  x ) 
2
  x.  f   log    log 
3 x 3  x 1 x 
 100  x   10 (10  x ) 
2
  1  10  200 x 
1x   100  x 2 
12. (c) f (x )  cos (log x )  10  x 
 2 log    2 f (x )
1  x   10  x 
Now let y  f (x ) . f (4 )   f    f (4 x ) 1  200 x  1
2   4    f (x )  f   k   0 .5 .
2  100  x 2  2

1 x   2 3 1 1
y  cos (log x ). cos (log 4 )  cos log    cos (log 4 x ) 20. (c) ( f  g)    3 .
2  
4  3 2 4 4
 y  cos (log x) cos (log 4) 21. (b) f (x )  f ( x )  f (0  x )  f (0  x ) is symmetrical
about x  0 .
1
cos (log x  log 4 )  cos (log x  log 4 )  f (2  x )  f (2  x ) is symmetrical about x  2 .
2
x 1 1 y 1
22. (d) f (x )     {Applying
 y  cos (log x ) cos (log 4 )  2 cos (log x ) cos (log 4 )
1
x 1 y x 1 y
2
dividendo}
 y 0. x 1 y
1 | 1 | 1  1     x  1  f (y).
13. (b) f (1)    2. 1 y 1
| 1 | 1 ax  b ay  b
23. (d) y   x (cy  a)  b  ay  x   f (y) .
1  4 3 3  cx  a cy  a
14. (d) x 3 f    x 3  3  2   4 
 
x x x x  x 2 1 x 2 1  2 2
24. (d) Let f (x )   1 2
 4  3 x  3 x  4 x  f (x ) .
2 3
x2 1 x 2 1 x 1
15. (b) f (2 x )  2(2 x)| 2 x |  4 x  2| x | , x2 1  1 ;  2
2
2
f (x )  2 x | x |  2 x | x | , x 1
2
f (x )  2 x | x |  f (2 x )  f ( x )  f (x ) So 1  2  1  2 ;  1  f (x )  1
x 1
 Thus f (x ) has the minimum value equal to –1. 40. (b) For any x , y  R, we have
25. (b) It is a fundamental concept. x m y m
f (x )  f (y)   x y
26. (b) Obviously, it is an irrational number for maximum x n y n
x  2, y  3 then 2 3 is an irrational number.  f is one-one.
3x 1
3
3(27 )  1  80 Let R such that f (x )    x  m   
27. (a)   4. x n
2x 2  2 2(9)  2 20
x  3 m  n
x
28. (d) Since the mapping is many-one into. 1 
29. (a) It is obvious. Clearly x  R for   1 . So, f is not onto.
30. (b) Width of both interval is same, which can mapped 41. (c) Function f : R  R is defined by f (x )  e x . Let
by these function y  1  x and y  1  x .
x 1 , x 2  R and f (x 1 )  f (x 2 ) or e 1  e 2 or x 1  x 2 .
x x
31. (c) Y
Therefore f is one-one. Let f (x )  e x  y . Taking log
}x=1/2 X on both sides, we get x  log y . We know that
O
negative real numbers have no pre-image or the
function is not onto and zero is not the image of any
Which is step function. real number. Therefore function f is into.
32. (d)  f (0)  f (1)  0 hence f (x ) is many one. But there
42. (a) | x | is not one-one; x 2 is not one-one;
is no pre-image of 1 . Hence f (x ) is into function.
So function is many-one into. x 2  1 is not one-one. But 2 x  5 is one-one because
33. (a) Let x 1 , x 2  R, then f (x 1 )  cos x 1 , f (x 2 )  cos x 2 , so f (x )  f (y )  2 x  5  2 y  5  x  y
f (x 1 )  f (x 2 ) Now f (x )  2 x  5 is onto.  f (x )  2 x  5 is
 cos x 1  cos x 2  x 1  2n  x 2 bijective.
x2 4 y2  4
 x 1  x 2 , so it is not one-one. 43. (c) Let f (x )  f (y )  
x 4
2
y2  4
Again the value of f-image of x lies in between –1 to
1 x2 4 y2  4
 1  1  x 2  4  y2  4
 f [R]  f (x ) : 1  f (x )  1) x2 4 y2  4
So other numbers of co-domain (besides –1 and 1) is  x  y ,  f (x ) is many-one.
not f-image. f [R ]  R, so it is also not onto. So this Now for each y  (1,1), there does not exist x  X
mapping is neither one-one nor onto. such that f (x )  y . Hence f is into.
34. (b) We have f (x )  (x  1)(x  2)(x  3)
44. (a) f (x )  2  cos x  0 . So, f (x ) is strictly monotonic
and f (1)  f (2)  f (3)  0  f (x ) is not one-one.
increasing so, f (x ) is one-to-one and onto.
For each y  R , there exists x  R such that f (x )  y
45. (c) f : N  I
. Therefore f is onto. Hence f : R  R is onto but not
f (1)  0, f (2)  1, f (3)  1, f (4)  2, f (5)  2
one-one.
35. (d) f (1)  f (1)  1 ;  function is many-one function. and f (6 )  3 so on. 0
1
Obviously, f is not onto so f is neither one-one nor 2 –1
3 1
onto.
4 –2
36. (b) It is obvious. 2
5
37. (a) Let x, y  N such that f (x )  f (y ) 6 –3
Then f (x )  f (y)  x 2  x  1  y 2  y  1
In this type of function every element of set A has
 (x  y )(x  y  1)  0  x  y or x  (y  1)  N unique image in set B and there is no element left in
 f is one-one. set B. Hence f is one-one and onto function.
Again, since for each y  N , there exist x  N (b) f (x ) 
1
46.  0, x  [0, ) and range  [0, 1)
 f is onto. (1  x )2
38. (c) f (x 1 )  f (x 2 )  x 12  x 22  x 1  x 2 , [if X  R  ]  function is one-one but not onto.
 f is one-one. Since R f  R   R  Y ;  f is not 47. (a)  1  ( 3 )2  (sin x  3 cos x )  1  ( 3 )2
onto.  2  (sin x  3 cos x )  2
39. (c) The total number of injective functions from a set A
containing 3 elements to a set B containing 4  2  1  (sin x  3 cos x  1)  2  1
elements is equal to the total number of  1  (sin x  3 cos x  1)  3 i.e., range  [1, 3]
arrangements of 4 by taking 3 at a time i.e.,
 For f to be onto S  [1, 3] .
4
P3  24 .
48. (d) Let f (x1 )  f (x 2 )  [x1 ]  [x 2 ] 
 x1  x 2 60. (c) f (x )  log | log x | , f (x ) is defined if | log x |  0 and
{For example, if x1=1.4, x2=1.5, then [1.4]=[1.5] =1} x  0 i.e., if x  0 and x  1 (| log x |  0 if x  1)
 f is not one-one.  x  (0,1)  (1, ).
Also, f is not onto as its range I (set of integers) is a
proper subset of its co-domain R. 61. (a) f (x )  sin 1 [log 2 (x /2)] , Domain of sin 1 x is
x  [1,1]
49. (d) We have f (x )  x  x 2  x  | x |
1 x
Clearly f is not one-one as f (1)  f (2)  0 but  1  log 2 (x / 2)  1   2  1 x 4
2 2
1  2 .
Also f is not onto as f (x)  0, x  R,  x  [1, 4 ] .
Also, range of f  (0, )  R . 62. (d) Here x  3  0 and x 2  3 x  2  0
50. (a) It is obvious.  x  3 and (x  1)(x  2)  0, i.e. x  1,  2
51. (c) Let f (x ) be periodic with period T.  Domain  (3, )  {1,  2} .
Then, f (x  T )  f (x ) for all x  R 63. (b) The function sec 1 x is defined for all
 x  T  [ x  T ]  x  [ x ] , for all x  R 1
x  R  (1, 1) and the function is defined
 x  T  x  [x  T ]  [x ] x  [x ]
 [x  T ]  [x ]  T for all x R  for all x  R  Z. So the given function is defined for
T  1, 2, 3, 4,........ all x  R  {(1, 1)  (n | n  Z)}.
The smallest value of T satisfying 64. (b) x 2  6 x  7  (x  3)2  2
f (x  T )  f (x ) for all x  R is 1. Obviously, minimum value is – 2 and maximum  .
Hence f (x )  x  [ x ] has period 1. Hence range of function is [–2, ].
1
52. (d) It is a fundamental concept. 65. (b) f (x )  log  sin x  0  x  n  (1)n 0
53. (c) We have f (x)  ax  b, g(x )  cx  d | sin x |

and f (g(x ))  g( f (x ))  x  n  . Domain of f (x )  R  {n , n  I} .

 f (cx  d )  g(ax  b)  a[cx  d ]  b  c[ax  b]  d 66. (c) f (x )  log( x  4  6  x )
 ad  b  cb  d  f (d )  g(b) .  x  4  0 and 6  x  0  x  4 and x  6
54. (b) Domain of f (x )  R  3, and range {1, –1}.  Domain of f (x ) = [4 , 6] .
55. (d) [ x ]  I (Integers only).   5 x  x 2 
1/ 2

67. (b) We have f (x )  log 10  

 …..(i)
56. (b)  1  5 x  1  1  x  1 . Hence domain is  1 1  .
 5 , 5   4 
5 5  
From (i), clearly f (x ) is defined for those values of x
sin 1 (3  x )
57. (b) f (x )  5x  x 2 
log| x | 2 for which log 10  0
 4 
Let g(x )  sin 1 (3  x )  1  3  x  1
5x  x    
 5x  x   1
2 2
Domain of g(x ) is [2, 4]     10  
0

 4  4  
and let h(x)  log| x | 2  | x | 2  0
 x  5 x  4  0  (x  1)(x  4 )  0
2
 | x |  2  x  2 or x  2  (,  2)  (2, )
Hence domain of the function is [1, 4].
we know that  1
1
 2 ( x  1), x  1  2 , x  1
x  D1  D2  x  R : g(x )  0
f (x )
( f / g)(x )  
g(x )   1
68. (c) f (x )  tan 1 x ,  1  x  1 ; f ( x )   , 1  x  1
 Domain of f (x )  (2, 4]  {3}  (2, 3)  (3, 4] . 1 1  x
2

 (x  1), x  1 1
  x    x  2  , x 1
58. (a) y  sin 1 log 3     1  log 3    1 2
 3   3  
1 1 1
f (1  0)   ; f (1  0)  
1 x 1  (1  0)2
   3  1  x  9  x  [1, 9] . 2 2
3 3 1 1 1
f (1  0)   ; f (1  0) 
59. (c) For x  3, 3, | x 2  9 |  0 1  (1  0) 2
2 2
Therefore log| x 2  9 | does not exist at x   3, 3.  f (1) does not exist;  domain of f (x )  R  {1}
Hence domain of function is R   3, 3. .
69. (c) f (x ) is to be defined when x 2  1  0
  x 2  1,  x  1 or x  1 and 3  x  0 81. (c)  1  1  3 x  2 x 2  1
 x  3 and x  2 Case I : 2 x 2  3 x  1  1 ; 2 x 2  3 x  2  0
 Df  (3,  2)  (2,  1)  (1, ) .  3  9  16 3i 7
x  (imaginary).
70. (b) According to question, as sin 2 x can’t be negative. 6 6
So the option (b) is correct Case II : 2 x 2  3 x  1  1
Domain of function sin 2 x is [n , n   /2] .  2 x 2  3 x  0  2 x  x    0
3
3  2
(d) f (x )   log 10 (x 3  x ) . So, 4  x  0 
2
71.
4  x2 3  3 
  x  0  x   , 0 
x  4 2  2 
and x 3  x  0  x (x 2  1)  0  x  0, x  1 In case I, we get imaginary value hence, rejected
3
– + – +  Domain of function =  , 0  .
 2 
–1 0 1 (x  2) (x  1)
82. (d) f (x ) 
 D  (1, 0)  (1, )  { 4 } i.e., D  (1, 0)  (1, 2)  (2, ) (x  2) (x  3)
. Hence domain is x : x  R, x  2, x  3.
72. (b) The quantity under root is positive, when
83. (a) Here | x |  1, therefore x  ( ,  1) (1, ).
 1  3  x  1  3 . 84. (a) For it must | x | x  0
73. (b) Obviously, here | x |  2 and x  1
| x |  x but | x |  x for x positive and | x |  x for x
i.e., x  ( ,  2) (2, ) . negative. So, domain will be ( , 0) .

5x  x 
2
 5x  x 2
74. (b) log   0   1 or x 2  5 x  6  0 85. (d) f (x )  x 2  1  x 2  1  f (x )  y 1  y 2

 6 
 6
or (x  2)(x  3)  0 . Hence 2  x  3. Domain of y 1  x 2  1  x 2  1  0  x 2  1
x  ( , )  (1, 1) and Domain of y 2 is real
75. (c) (i) x2 (ii) 9  x2  0 | x |  3 or
number,  Domain of f (x)  (, )  (1, 1) .
3  x  3.
(d) f (x )  e 5 x 3  2 x 2
 5 x  3  2 x 2  0 or  3
Hence domain is ( 3, 2]. 86. (x  1) x    0
+ve  2
76. (d) 1  x  0  x  1 ; 1  x  0  x  1, x  0 -ve
Hence domain is [1, 1]  {0} . –1 0 1 3/2
 D [1, 3 / 2] .
77. (d) f (x )  x  x 2  4  x  4  x 87. (b) To define f (x ) , 9  x 2  3  3  x  3 .....(i)
Clearly f (x ) is defined, if 4  x  0  x  4 1  (x  3)  1  2  x  4 .....(ii)
4x 0  x  4 From (i) and (ii), 2  x  3 i.e., [2, 3).
x (1  x )  0  x  0 and x  1  
88. (a) f (x )  sec  cos 2 x 
 Domain of f  (, 4]  [4, )  [0,1]  [0,1] . 4 
1 We know that, 0  cos 2 x  1 at cos x  0, f ( x )  1
78. (a) Clearly  1  1
1ex and at cos x  1, f (x )  2 ;  1  x  2  x  [1, 2 ]
1 1 1
But 2  e  3  3  (e  1)  4  
x x
 .
4 1ex 3 1
89. (c) f (x )  1   Range  (1, 7 / 3] .
1 1  1
2
Domain of f (x )   ,  . x   
3
4 3  2  4
79. (c) The function f (x )  log( x 2  6 x  6) is defined 90. (d) f (x )  a cos(bx  c)  d …..(i)
For minimum cos(bx  c)  1
when log( x 2  6 x  6)  0
from (i), f (x )  a  d  (d  a)
 x 2  6 x  6  1  (x  5)(x  1)  0
For maximum cos(bx  c)  1
This inequality holds if x  1 or x  5 . Hence, the
from (i), f (x )  a  d  (d  a)
domain of the function will be (,1] [5, ) .
Range of f (x )  [d  a, d  a] .
1
80. (d) 1   0  x  1 . Also, x  0 . 91. (b) As shown in graph
x
 Range is (–1, 0]. O (1,0) (2,0)
 Required interval  (, 0)  (1, ) .

y=–1
  (y  5)(y  4 )  0 ;  y lies between – 5 and 4.
105. (d) 1  cos   1  cos 2   1
92. (b) f (x )  cos( x /3)

We know that 1  cos( x /3)  1 . and sec 2   1 for   , sec   2
3
x 2  sec 2   4 .  Required interval  [2, ) .
93. (b) f (x ) 
| x  2|
a x  1 1  ax ax  1
1, x  2 106. (b) In (a), f ( x )      f (x )
f (x )   a x  1 1  ax ax 1
 1, x  2
So, it is an odd function.
 Range of f (x ) is {1,1} . In (b),
94. (d) Since maximum and minimum values of a x  1 1  ax ax 1
f ( x )  ( x )  x x  f (x )
cos x  sin x are 2 and  2 respectively, a x  1 1  ax ax  1
therefore range of f (x ) is [ 2 , 2 ]. So, it is an even function.
a x  a x
95. (b) R  {as y is always positive  x  R} . In (c), f ( x )    f (x )
a x  a x
   So, it is an odd function.
96. (b) f (x )  2 sin  2 x 
  4  In (d), f ( x )  sin( x )   sin x   f (x )
  2  f (x )  2 and [1, 1]  [ 2 , 2 ] . So, it is an odd function.
1 1  x 
97. (b) f (x )  , sin 3 x  [1, 1] 107. (d) Here, f (x )  log  
2  sin 3 x 1  x 
1
1  1 x  1 x 
Hence f (x ) lies in  , 1  . and f ( x )  log    log  
3    1  x  1 x 
98. (b) f (x )  sin (x )  cos (x )  1 . Hence range  1.
2 4 2 4
1  x 
  log     f ( x )  f (x ) is an odd function.
99. (b) y  f (x )  9  7 sin x . Range  [2, 16 ]. 1 x 
x 2  34 x  71
100. (b) Let y 108. (b) f (x )  sin  log (x  1  x 2 )
x 2  2x  7  
 x 2 (1  y )  2 (17  y ) x  (7 y  71)  0  f ( x )  sin [log ( x  1  x 2 )]
For real value of x , B 2  4 AC  0  ( 1  x 2  x ) 
 f ( x )  sin log  ( 1  x 2  x ) 
 y  14 y  45  0  y  9, y  5 .
2
 ( 1  x 2  x) 

101. (c) sin 1 x  cos 1 x  holds x lying in [0,1].  
2 1
 f ( x )  sin log  
102. (b) Let y  sin 1 x  x  sin y  (x  1  x 2 ) 

 x  sin 2 y,  0  x  1  f ( x )  sin log( x  1  x 2 )1 

 
103. (c) y  f (x )  cos x  sin x
2 4

 y  f (x )  cos 2 x  sin 2 x (1  cos 2 x )  f ( x )  sin  log( x  1  x 2 )

 
 y  cos 2 x  sin 2 x  sin 2 x cos 2 x
 f ( x )   sin log( x  1  x 2 )  f ( x )   f (x )
1  
 y  1  sin x cos x  y  1  . sin 2 2 x
2 2
4  f (x ) is odd function.
3
  f (x )  1 , ( 0  sin 2 2 x  1) 109. (b) f (x )  log( x  x 2  1 )
4
 f (R)  [3 / 4, 1] . and f ( x )   log( x  x 2  1 )   f (x )
x 2  14 x  9 f (x ) is odd function.
104. (c)  y  x 2  14 x  9  x 2 y  2 xy  3 y
x 2  2x  3 110. (a) A function is invertible if it is one-one and onto.
 x 2 (y  1)  2 x (y  7)  (3 y  9)  0 x2 3 y2
111. (a) y  x 1   f (y) .
Since x is real,  4(y  7)2  4(3 y  9)(y  1)  0 x 1 y 1 y 1
1x
 4(y 2  49  14 y)  4(3 y 2  9  12 y)  0 1
1  x  1  x  x , x
112. (a) Since fof (x )  f ( f (x ) )  f  
 4 y 2  196  56 y  12 y 2  36  48 y  0 1  x  1x
1
 8 y 2  8 y  160  0  y 2  y  20  0 1 x
  fof  I  f is the inverse of itself. y3 x 3
 f 1 (y )   f 1 (x )  .
x 2 2
e ex
e 2x
1
113. (b) y  2  y  2 2x  1
e x  e x e 2x  1 122. (a) Let y  f (x )  y   y  3 xy  2 x  1
1  3x
1y y 1 1  y 1 
 e 2x    x  log e   y 1 y 1 x 1
y3 3y 2 3y  x  f 1 (y)   f 1 (x )  .
3y  2 3y  2 3x  2
1/2 1/2
 y 1   x 1  123. (d) Let y  x 2  1  x   y  1
 f 1 (y )  log e    f 1 (x )  log e   .
3y 3x
 f 1 (y)   y  1  f 1 (x )   x  1
114. (b) Given f (x )  2 x ( x 1)  x (x  1)  log 2 f (x )
 f 1 (17 )   17  1  4
1  1  4 log 2 f (x )
 x 2  x  log 2 f (x )  0  x  and f 1 (3)    3  1    4 , which is not
2
possible.
1  1  4 log 2 f (x ) 124. (c) By definition of composition of function,
Only x  lies in the domain
2 g( f (x ))  (sin x  cos x )2  1  g( f (x ))  sin 2 x

 f 1 (x ) 
1
[1  1  4 log 2 x ] .   
We know sin x is bijective only, when x   , 
2  2 2
115. (b) Let f (x )  y  x  f 1 (y ).    
Thus g(x ) is bijective if   2x   x
y5 y5 2 2 4 4
Hence f (x )  y  3 x  5  x   f 1 (y )  x 
3 3 .
1 x 5 2x  1
 f (x )  125. (b) Let f (x )  y  x  f 1 (y) . Now, y  , (x  5)
3 x 5
Also f is one-one and onto, so f 1 exists and is given xy  5 y  2 x  1  5 y  1  2 x  xy .
x 5 5y  1 5y  1
by f 1 (x )  .  x (2  y)  5 y  1  x   f 1 (y) 
3 2y 2y
116. (b) Given f (x )  3 x  4 . Now let y  f 1 (x )  f (y )  x 5x 1
 f 1 (x )  ,x2.
 3y  4  x  3y  x  4 2x
x4 x4  5   5 
y  f 1 (x )  . 126. (a) Given (gof )    ( fog )  
3 3  3   3 

117. (d) f (x ) 
x
. Let y  f (x )  x  f 1 (y)    5     5  5
 g f   f  g    g(2)  f    2  1  1 .
1 x
  3    3  3
x y
 y  y  yx  x  x  127. (c) ( fog )x  2[g(x )] and (g  g) x  2 [g(x )].
1 x 1y
y x 128. (c) (gof ) (x )  3 (x 2  1)  1  3 x 2  2 .
 f 1 (y)   f 1 (x )  .
1y 1x 129. (b) ( fog ) (x )  f g(x )  f (log 1)  e o  1  log e e .
118. (a) For finding inverse of any function, function should
130. (d) fog (x )  f {g(x )}  e 2 log x
 x.
1
be bijective. Since f (x )  is bijective function. 131. (c) gof (x )  g{ f (x )}  [| cos x |].
x 1
119. (c) Here, f ( )  sin  (sin   sin 3 ) 132. (c) fof (x )  f { f (x )}  (x 2  1)2  1  x 4  2 x 2  2 .
 sin (sin  3 sin  4 sin 3  )  4 sin 2  (1  sin 2  )  
133. (b) ( fofof ) (x )  ( fof ) ( f (x ))  ( fof )  
x
 4 sin  cos   (sin 2 )
2 2 2
 
 1 x
2

 f ( )  0 for all real  .
   
10 x  10  x 1 1  y    x  
120. (a) y  x  x  log 10        
 1 x x 1 x2
2
10  10 x
2 1  y     f 
 f
   
x2  1  x 1  2x
2 2
Let y  f (x )  x  f 1 (y )  1  
 1 x2 
1 1  y  1 1  x 
 f 1 (y)  log 10    f 1 (x )  log 10  
2  1  y  2 1  x  x
.  x  1  2x 2 x
 f   .
y3  1  2x 2 
121. (a) y  2 x  3  x     x 2
1  3x 2
2 1  2
 1  2 x 
134. (c)   (x )    (3 x )  (3 x ) 2  1  3 2 x  1 144. (d) Here f (2) 
5
4
and   (x )    (x 2  1)  3 x
2
1
.
5
2 1
1 1 5 4
135. (a) (gof ) (x )  2 x 2  5 x  2 or g [ f (x )]  2 x 2  5 x  2 Hence ( fof )(2)  f ( f (2))  f     2.
2 2  4  3 5 2
 [{ f (x )}2  { f (x )}  2]  2 [2 x 2  5 x  2] 4
145. (b) (gof )(x ) | sin x | and f (x )  sin 2 x
 f (x ) 2  f (x )  (4 x 2  10 x  6)  0
 g(sin 2 x ) | sin x | ;  g(x )  x .
 1  1  4 (4 x 2  10 x  6)
 f (x ) 
2
146. (c) f [ f (x )]  [a  f (x )n ]1 / n  [a  (a  x n )]1 / n  x .
2x
 1  (16 x 2  40 x  25  1  (4 x  5) 147. (b) For – 1< x< 1, tan 1  2 tan 1 x
   2x  3 . 1  x2
2 2
  
136. (a) F [ f (x )]  F (log a x )  a log a x  x Range of f (x )    , .
 2 2
f [F (x )]  f (a x )  log a a x  x log a a  x .   
Co-domain of function = B    , .
x  2 2
137. (d) ( fog )(x )  f (g(x ))  f  x   1x  x
 x. 148. (c) f (a  (x  a))  f (a) f (x  a)  f (0) f (x ) .....(i)
1  x  x
1
x 1 x
Put x  0, y  0 ; f (0)  ( f (0))  [ f (a)]  f (a)  0
2 2
1x
[ f (0 )  1]. From (i), f (2 a  x )   f (x ) .
138. (a) f (x )  (1  x )2 and g(x )  x 2  1
149. (c) The set B satisfied the above definition of function f
and fog (3)  f [g(3)]  f [9  1]  f [10 ]
so option (c) is correct.
 fog (3)  f [10 ]  [11]2  121 . 150. (b) f (x )  2 x 6  3 x 4  4 x 2
139. (b) g(x )  1  x and f (g(x ))  3  2 x  x .....(i) f ( x )  2( x )6  3( x )4  4( x )2  f (x )
 f (1  x )  3  2 x  x  f (x ) is an even function and derivative of an even
Put 1  x  y  x  (y  1)2 function is always odd.
then, f (y)  3  2(y  1)  (y  1)2  2  y 2  x 
 
x  x  x 1 
therefore, f (x )  2  x 2 . 151. (e) f (x )  ; f ( f (x ))  f   
x 1  x 1  x
140. (c) f : R  R, f (x )  sin x and g : R  R, g(x )  x 2 1
x 1
 fog (x )  f (g(x ))  f (x 2 )  sin x 2 .  2x
141. (b) ( fog )(x )  f (g(x ))  a(cx  d )  b But f ( f ( x ))  x ,  x
x  x  1
and (gof )(x )  g( f (x ))  c(ax  b)  d (1)2 x x
Put   1 ,   x ;    1
Given that, ( fog )(x )  (gof )(x ) and at a  1, b  2 (1)x  x  1  x  x  1
 cx  d  2  cx  2c  d  c  1 and d is arbitrary. .
142. (b) Here g(x )  1  n  n  1, x  n  Z 152. (c) It is well known fact that fractional function always a
1  n  k  n  1  k , x  n  k (where n  Z, 0  k  1 ) periodic function whose period is 1.
Y
 1, g(x )  0

Now f (g(x ))   0, g(x )  0
 1, g(x )  0

Clearly, g( x )  0 for all x. So, f (g(x ))  1 for all x. X
O
 x  3  x  2,2  x  1,1  x  0
 
 f (x ) x 1   2 .x y  f (x ), 0,  x  3  1, 0  x  2  1 ,
143. (d) f ( f (x ))    
f (x )  1  x  x  x  1 0  x 1  1
  1
 x 1  0  x  1, 1  x  2
 2 .x 0  x  1, 0  x  1  1 .
x  or x ((  1)x  1   2 )  0
(  1)x  1
153. (b) g(x )  1  { x } ; f {g(x )}  f {1  {x }}  f (k )  1
or (  1)x 2  (1   2 )x  0 . This should hold for all
where, k  1  {x },1  k  2
x.
x2 1
   1  0, 1   2  0 ,    1 . 154. (c) g(x )  x 3  tan x 
P
 ( x )2  1 For x  7 , 3 f (7)  2 f (11)  70  30  100
g( x )  ( x )3  tan(  x ) 
P For x  11 , 3 f (11)  2 f (7)  140
x2 1 f (7 ) f (11) 1
g( x )   x 3  tan x     f (7 )  4 .
P  20  220 9  4
g(x )  g( x )  0 because g(x ) is a odd function
164. (b)  e x  y  1  y 2
 x 1
2  3 x 1 2
  x 3  tan x     x  tan x  0
 P   P   ex  y  1  y2

2(x 2  1) x2 1 Squaring both the sides, (e x  y)2  (1  y 2 )

 0  0  1 because x  [2, 2]
P P e 2 x  y 2  2ye x  1  y 2  e 2 x  1  2ye x
5
 0  1 P 5. e 2x  1
P  2y   2y  e x  e  x
ex
155. (a) The domain of function log e x  [x ] is R, because
e x  e x
[x] is a greatest integer whose value is equal to or Hence, y  .
less than zero. 2
1 165. (d) Given f : (2, 3)  (0, 1) and f (x )  x  [ x ]
156. (e) 1  log 3 x  1 ; 3 1  x  3  x3
3  f (x )  y  x  2  x  y  2  f 1 (y)  f 1 (x )  x  2 .
1 
 Domain of function   , 3  . Limits
3 
157. (a,b,c) When x1  1 and x 2  1 , then 1. (b) Here f (0 )  0
1 1
 1  1  Since  1  sin  1   | x |  x sin  | x |
f (1)  f (1)  f    f (1)  f (1)  0 x x
 1  1(1)  We know that lim | x |  0 and lim | x |  0
x 0 x 0
1 x 
Which is satisfied when f (x )  tan 1   In this way lim f (x )  0.
1 x  x 0

When x1  x 2  0 , then 3
x cot x  x 3 cot x 1  cos x 
2. (c) lim  lim   
x 0 1  cos x x 0  1  cos x 1  cos x 
0  0 
f (0 )  f (0 )  f    f (0 )  f (0 )  0 3
1  0   x 
 lim    lim cos x  lim (1  cos x )  2
x 0  sin x  x 0 x 0
When x1  1 and x 2  0 then
 1  0  x (e x  1) 2 x (e x  1)
f (1)  f (0)  f    f (1)  f (0)  0 3. (d) lim  lim
 10 
x 0 1  cos x x 0 4. sin 2 x
2
1 x 
Which is satisfied when f (x )  log   and  
1 x   (x / 2) 2   e x  1 
 2 lim      2.

1 x  x 0
 sin 2 x   x 
f ( x )  log  .
1 x   2 
158. (c) It is a fundamental concept. 1 1
4. (d) lim  lim 
159. (d) It is a fundamental concept. x 1  | 1  x | h0 1  (1  h)
160. (c) It is direct consequence of the definition. 1 1
and lim  lim 
x 1  | 1  x | h 0 1  h  1
 x, x  Q
161. (a) ( f  g)(x )   1
 x , x  Q Hence lim  .
x 1 | 1x|
x2
162. (c) Let y  n (2n  1) 2 4n 3  4n 2  n
x 1
2
5. (c) lim  lim
n  (n  2) (n 2  3n  1) n  n 3  5n 2  5n  2
 (y  1)x 2  0 x  y  1, y  1 for real values of x,
 4 1 
we have D  0  4 y(y  1)  0  y(y  1)  0  y  [0, 1) n3 4   2 
 n n 
 lim 4
x2 n  3  5 5 2 
0 1. n 1   2  3 
x 1
2
 n n n 
 x  59  1 1
163. (b) 3 f (x )  2 f    10 x  30 6. (b) lim  .
 x 1  n  1 2
1 1
n
 3x  a  x  a Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule,
7. (b) lim log cos x  tan x
x a x a lim  lim  0.
x 0 x x 0 1
3x  a  x  a 3x  a  x  a
 lim  2 sin 2 x
x a(x  a) 3x  a  x  a 17. (d) lim  2.
x 0 2x
2 1 (b) Applying L-Hospital’s rule,
  18.
2 2a 2a 1 f (9)
 f (x ) 4
Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule 2 f (x ) f (9)
lim   3 4
3x  a  x  a 3 1 x 9 1 1 1
lim  lim 
x a x a x a 2 3 x  a 2 x a 2 x 9 3
3 1 1 | x| | x|
   . 19. (d) Since lim  1 and lim  1, hence limit
2 2a 2 2a 2a x 0  x x 0  x
8. (a) Hence lim f (x )  1 Y does not exist.
x 1
x h  x ( x  h )2  ( x )2 1
Aliter : lim f (x )  lim (1  h)  1 y=f(x) 20. (a) lim  lim  .
x 1 h 0 h 0 h h 0 h( x  h  x ) 2 x
and lim f (x )  lim 2  (1  h)  1 Aliter : Apply L-Hospital rule,
x 1  h 0

Hence limit of function is 1. X x h  x 1 1

O 1 2 lim  lim  .
log [(x  1)  1] h 0 h h  0 2 x h 2 x
9. (a) lim  1.
x 1 x 1 2x 1 2 x log 2
Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule, 21. (b) lim  lim
x 0 (1  x )1/2
1 x 0 1
2
(1  x ) 1 / 2
1
log x  f (x ) f (x ) 
lim  lim x  1  xlim  lim 
x 1 x  1 x 1 1 a g(x ) x a g (x )
 
x n  2n  2 log 2  log 4.
10. (b) lim  n . 2 n 1  n. 2 n 1  80  n  5 .
x 2 x 2  2 sin 2 mx 
1  cos mx
x . 2 sin 2 x  sin x 
2 22. (c) lim  lim  2

 2 . lim  x  0 1  cos nx x  0  2 sin 2 nx
11. (a) lim   lim x  0 .  2 
 x  x 0
x 0 2 
x x 0

2  
  1  
x/2
 
12. (c)  lim 1     e 2.  sin mx  2 m 2 x 2 1 4 
 x  x / 2    lim  mx 2  . . 2 2
x 0   n x 
 2 
2
4  sin nx2 
(2 x  3) ( x  1)  ( x  1)
1 1   nx  
13. (a) lim   .   2  
x 1 ( x  1) (2 x  3)  ( x  1) 5 . 2 10  
14. (c) lim kx cosec x  lim x cosec kx m2 m2
x 0 x 0  2
1  .
n n2
x 1 kx 1
 k . lim  lim  k   k  1 . Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule,
x 0 sin x k x 0 sin kx k
1  cos mx m sin mx m 2 cos mx m 2
 e1 / x  1  lim  lim  lim 2  2 .
x 0 1  cos nx x 0 n sin nx x 0 n cos nx
15. (d) f (x )   1 / x  , then n
e  1  e sin x  1 e sin x  1 sin x
23. (a) lim  lim 
 1  x 0 x x 0 sin x x
e 1 / h 1  1 / h 
 e 1  1/h
 e  1 e sin x  1 sin x
lim f (x )  lim  1 / h   lim
 h 0 1 / h   lim  lim  11  1 .
x 0 h 0 e
  1  1  x 0 sin x x 0 x
e 1  1 / h 
 e  Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule,
Similarly lim f (x )  1 . Hence limit does not exist. e sin x  1 cos x e sin x
x 0 lim  lim  1. e 0  1.
x 0 x x 0 1
 x
log 1  2 sin 2  ( x  5  x)
log cos x  2 24. (c) lim x ( x  5  x ) 
16. (a) lim  lim x  ( x  5  x)
x 0 x x 0 x
  2 x 
2  x (5) 5
  2 sin    lim  .
x x    2
  2 sin 2   2   ......  5
x  1   1
 2  2    x 
     
   
 lim 0
x 0 x
 x 1 1 sin ax a sin ax bx a
25. (c) lim  . 35. (a) lim  lim  .
x 1 (x  1) (2 x  5) 3 x 0
sin bx x 0 b ax sin bx b
Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule. x
sin
sin x o 180   x 
26. (b) lim sin x , let x 
1
or y
1
, so that 36. (b) lim  lim   x   radian .
x  x y x x 0 x x 0 x 180  180 
x   y  0 x 2  a2
37. (c) lim  lim (x  a)  2a.
 sin x   1 1 x a x a x a
 lim    lim  y. sin   lim y  lim sin  0  ...  0
x   x  y 0
 y  y 0 y 0 y f (x ) f (x )
38. (a) Apply the L-Hospital‘s rule, lim  lim .
1  sin x  1  sin x
x a
g(x ) x a g (x )
27. (b) Apply L-Hospital‘s rule, lim 2
x 0
x 39. (c) lim f (x )  5  3  2, lim f (x )   1.
cos x cos x 1 1 x 3  x 3  53
 lim     1.
x 0 2 1  sin x 2 1  sin x 2 2 cos ax  cos bx
40. (b) lim
x 0 x2
2  9 sin 2 3 x
28. (c) lim  18 ab b a
x 0 (3 x ) 2 2 sin   x . sin  x
 2   2  b 2  a2
sin   cos   lim 
29. (a) lim x 0  a  b  2 2 b a 2
  / 4   /4  x . . . x
 2  ab ba  2 
  1 1 
 2  sin  .  cos  .  Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule,
  2 2   cos ax  cos bx  a sin ax  b sin bx
 lim    lim
  / 4
   
lim
   x 0 x2 x 0 2x
  4 
   a 2 cos ax  b 2 cos bx b 2  a2
 lim  .
  x 0 2 2
sin   
 4 cosec 2  4
 2 lim  2 1  2 . 41. (b) lim  lim cosec   2  4.
  / 4   x  / 6 cosec   2 x  / 6
  
 4
x [5 C1 5 C2 x 5 C3 x 2 5 C4 x 3 5 C5 x 4 ] 5
Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule, 42. (c) lim  .
x 0 x [3 C1 3 C2 x  3 C3 x 2 ] 3
sin   cos  cos   sin  1 1
lim  lim    2 . Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule.
  / 4   ( / 4 )   / 4 1 2 2
x 9  a9 2a 9
30. (a) lim tan x log sin x  lim
log sin x 43. (a) lim 9   9  a8  9  a  91 / 8
  x a x  a 2a
x x cot x
2 2
x
1 44. (a) lim  0 as e 1 / x  0 when x  0 
x 0  1  e 1 / x
cos x
 lim sin x 0 (Applying L-Hospital’s 45. (c) lim [x ]  lim [1  h]  lim 0  0
x   cosec x
 2 x 1 h0 h0
2
and lim [x ]  lim [1  h]  lim 1  1
rule) x 1 h0 h0
31. (a) lim (x  [n])  lim x  lim [n]  n  n  0 . Hence limit does not exist.
x n 0 x n 0 x n 0

  
2 46. (d) lim 2 sin 4 x cos 2 x  lim 4  sin 4 x   x  cos 2 x  4 .
 cos  sin  x 0 2 sin x cos 4 x x 0  4x   sin x  cos 4 x
32. (a) 1  sin   2 2
lim  lim  0. 2 sin 2 x 6 sin 6 x
  / 2 cos    / 2       
 cos  sin   cos  sin  2x 6x 26
 2 2  2 2 Aliter : lim   4.
x 0 5 sin 5 x 3 sin 3 x 53
 2 tan 2 x  
 2 x 1 5x 3x
tan 2 x  x  1
33. (c) lim  lim   .  
x 0 3 x  sin x x 0 sin x sin sin
 3  2 4  lim 1 . 4  1.
 x  47. (b) lim
 0   0 4 ( / 4 ) 4
Aliter : Apply L-Hospital‘s rule
 b 4 
lim
tan 2 x  x
 lim
2 sec 2 2 x  1 2  1 1
  . 1  x  2 
(b) lim  x   1.
x 0 3 x  sin x x 0 3  cos x 3 1 2 48.
x   a 5 
0h 1 1  2
34. (d) lim f (x )  lim  lim  1  x x 
x 0  h 0 h  h 2 h 0 1  h
d
h 1 49. (b) f (r)  2r .
and lim f (x )  lim  lim 1 dr
x 0  h 0 h  h 2 h 0 1  h
50. (b) lim x log sin x  lim log (sin x ) x  log [ lim (sin x ) x ]
Hence limit does not exist. x 0 x 0 x 0
  x (sin x 1)  Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule.
 log  lim (1  sin x  1) sin x 1  sin x  x
 x 0  60. (d) lim
x 0 x3
lim x (sin x 1)
 log e [e x 0 ]  log e 1. Expand sin x, then
 ax 1   x  x3 x5
ax  b x   lim  b  1     ...
51. (b) lim  lim   x 0  x  3! 5!  1 x2  1 1
x 0 x x 0
 x     lim 3
 lim    ...    .
x 0 x x  0  3 ! 5 !  3 ! 6
 log a  log b  log (a / b) .
Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule.
52. (a) Expand sin x and then solve.
d 2
Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule 61. (c) [a sin a]  2a sin a  a 2 cos a.
da
x3 3x2
sin x  x  cos x  1  Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule,
lim 6  lim 6
x 0 x5 x 0 5x4 (a  h) 2 sin(a  h)  a 2 sin a
lim
6x h 0 h
 sin x 
 lim 6  lim  cos x  1  lim sin x 2 (a  h) sin (a  h)  (a  h) 2 cos (a  h)
 lim
x 0 20 x 3 x 0 60 x 2 x 0 120 x
h 0 1
cos x 1
 lim  .  2a sin a  a 2 cos a.
 
x 0 120 120
 
x 3 ( x  3) x  2  4  x
 a1 / x  1  62. (a) lim  
  xlim  1.
53. (d) lim x (a 1/ x
 1)  lim   x 3 
 x 2  4x 
 3 2 ( x  3)
x  x   1 / x 

1/ x
Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule.
[e log e a  1] 1 x cos x  sin x  sin x
 lim  log e a   log e . 63. (b) lim  lim
x  1/ x a x 0 x 2 sin x x 0 2 sin x  x cos x
54. (a) Expand log (1  x ) and then solve. (By L-Hospital’s rule)
 cos x 1
 x  log (1  x )   lim   , (Again by L-Hospital’s
Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule, lim   x 0 3 cos x  x sin x 3
x 0  x2 
rule)
1 (x  1) (2 x  3) 2x 2  x  3
1 2
 lim  2.
 lim 1  x  lim 1  1   1 . 64. (c) lim 2
x 0 x 0 2  1  x 
x  x x  x2
2x 2 2
 1
 1  1 1  
1    2    n 1
 n (n  1) (2n  1)   n  n 1 65. (c) lim  .
55. (c) lim 
n  
  nlim  . n  4 4
6n 3   6 3
ax  bx 2  cx 3 a  bx  cx 2
Note : Students should remember that 66. (c) lim  lim  a.
x 0 x x 0 1
n 1 n2 1 n3 1 (1  x )1 / 2  (1  x )1 / 2
lim 2  , lim 3  and lim 4  . 67. (c) Multiply function by and
n  n 2 n   n 3 n   n 4 (1  x )1 / 2  (1  x )1 / 2
f (a)[g(x )  g(a)]  g(a)[ f (x )  f (a)] solve.
56. (b) lim
x a [x  a] Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule,
 f (a)g (a)  g(a) f (a)  2  2  (1)(1)  5. (1  x )1 / 2  (1  x )1 / 2 1 1
lim  lim  1.
x 0 2 1  x 2 1x
sin x  sin  x 0 x
57. (d) lim
x  x  (x  1) (x 2  x  1) 3
68. (b) lim  .
cos x x 1 (x  1) (x  6) 7
lim  cos  , (Apply L-Hospital's rule)
x  1 a  2x  3x

69. (b) lim
c2 d2  x a 3a  x  2 x
 1  1 
(a 2  b 2 )  x2 x 2  a2  b 2
  lim
a  2x  3x

a  2x  3x

3a  x  2 x
58. (a) lim 2  2 .
x  (c  d 2 )  2  c d2
x a 3a  x  2 x a  2x  3x 3a  x  2 x
a2 b
 1  1 
 x2 x2  3a  x  2 x 2
   lim  .
x a 3 ( a  2x  3 x) 3 3
   Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule.
 x 
59. (c) lim 2  2   2 1  x 1 / 3 1
x  / 2    70. (b) lim 1 / 3
 .
 sin   x   x 1 (1  x ) (1  x 1 / 3 ) 2
  2 
 Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule. 2 sin 2 (x / 2)
79. (a) lim  0.
(a) lim (1  nx  C2 x  ... higher pow ers of x to x )  1  n .
n 2 n
x 0 x
71.
x 0 x Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule.
Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule. 80. (c) Put cos 1 x  y and x  1  y  0.
tan 3 x
72. (c) lim 3  lim cos x  3  1  4 . 1 x 1  cos y
x 0 3x x 0
lim  lim
x 1 (cos 1 2 y 0 y2
73. (b) Let sin 1 x  y  x  sin y x)
(1  cos y)
1  sin y  1  sin y Now rationalizing it, we get lim
So lim ( x  0  y  0) y 0 y (1  cos y )
2
y 0 y
  1  cos y 1 1 1 1
 Now multiply it by 1  sin y  1  sin y  lim . lim    .
and solve  y 0 y2 y 0 1  cos y 2 2 4
 1  sin y  1  sin y 
 
 2 tan 2 x 
=1 x  x  
Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule.  2x 
81. (b) lim  2 .
 x sec (x  y)  sec x 
x 0 tan x

74. (a) lim   sec (x  y) 2 sin 
y 0
 y  5 cos  
 52 3
 x  cos x  cos (x  y)  82. (a) lim   .
 0 tan  3 1 4
 lim     ylim sec (x  y) 3
  cos (x  y) cos x  
y 0  y 0

 83. (c) Apply formula of sin C  sin D ,

 y  y 
 x sin  x   sin    sin(2  x )  sin(2  x ) 2 cos 2 . sin x
 2  2  i.e., lim  lim
 lim  .  sec x x 0 x x  0 x
y  0  cos ( x  y ) . cos x y 
 2  sin x
  2 cos 2 . lim  2 cos 2
x 0 x
= xtanxsecx + secx = secx(xtanx+1).
You may also apply L-Hospital rule.
Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule,
(x  y) sec (x  y)  x sec x 2  (3 / x )  (1 / x 2 )
lim 84. (b) lim  2.
y 0 y
x  1  (1 / x 2 )
(x  y ) sec (x  y ) tan (x  y )  sec (x  y )  0 3  (2 / x )  (1 / x 2 ) 3
 lim 85. (c) lim  .
y 0 1 x  2  (3 / x )  (3 / x ) 2
2
{Differentiating w.r.t.y assuming x as constant} | x 2| | 2 h2|
 x sec x tan x  sec x .  sec x (x tan x  1) 86. (c) lim  lim  1
x 2  x 2 h 0 2  h  2

x .(2 x  1) 2x 1 x2 | x 2| | 2h2|

75. (b) lim  lim . and lim  lim 1
x 0 1  cos x x 0 x 1  cos x x 2  x 2 h  0 2h2
x2 Hence limit does not exist.
 log 2 . lim  (log 2) . 2  2 log 2  log 4 .
x 0 x ( 2  sec x ) cos x (1  cot x )
2 sin 2 87. (b) lim
2 x  / 4 cot x [2  sec 2 x ]
2 sin ( / 2)
2
1 1
76. (c) lim  . (2)
 0  2
2 sin x (1  cot x ) 2 1
 lim   .
Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule. x  / 4 ( 2  sec x ) 2 2 2
77. (b) lim [3  4 sin 2  ]  1  2. Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule.
 0
sin 3  sin  sin 3 sin  cos x  cos a   sin x 
Aliter : lim  lim  lim 88. (c) lim  lim    lim sin 3 x  sin 3 a .
 0 sin   0 sin   0 sin  x a cot x  cot a x a   cosec 2 x  x a
3 
  1  2.    
1 2  3 sin   h   cos   h 
   
(d) lim 
6 6
You may also apply L-Hospital rule. 89.
tan x  sin x sin x  sin x cos x
h 0 3 h ( 3 cos h  sin h)
78. (a) lim  lim
x 0 x3 x 0 x 3 cos x 4  3   1  
 sin   h   cos   h 
 x   3  2 6  2 6 
sin x  2 sin 2   x 
sin 2  lim
 2  sin x 2 2 .1  1 . h 0 h ( 3 cos h  sin h)
 lim  lim . .
x 0 x 3 cos x x 0  x cos x  x  2 4  2
    4 sin h 1 4
   lim . .  .
2 h 0 3 h ( 3 cos h  sin h) 3
90. (b) Let y  x x  log y  x log x Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule to find both the
limits.
 lim log y  lim x log x  0  log 1  lim x x
1.
y 0 x 0 x 0 1
(1  cos 2 x ) | sin x |
 lim
2
40 5 105. (d) lim
 1  1 x 0 x x 0 x
2   4  
 x  x 2 40 . 4 5 | sin x | | sin x |
91. (c) lim 45
  2 5  32 . So, lim  1 and lim  1
x 
 3 2 45 x 0  x x  0  x
2  
 x Hence limit does not exist.
1 106. (b) It is a formula.
92. (b) Let tan 1 2 x    x  tan  and as x  0,   0 e x  e x e x  1  e x  1
2 107. (d) lim  lim
x 0 x x 0 x
1
tan 
x 1 e x  1 e x  1
 lim 
 lim 2  .   lim   lim   .1   .1     .
x 0 tan 1
2 x  0  2 x 0 x x 0 x
x (1 / x )  (1 / a) ax 1 1
2 sin 2 . (x 2 ) 108. (d) lim  lim  lim  2 .
1
93. (a) lim 2  . x a x a x a ax (x  a) x a ax a
x 0  2 
x  2
4 sin 2 x .    x 2
x 3

 4  109. (b) Let A  lim  

x   x  1 
Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule two times. (x  3)

94. (c) lim 3 .

sin 3 x
 lim
sin x
 3  1  4.  1 
x 3  1   ( x 1)
x 1

x 0 3x x 0 x  lim  1    lim  1    e
x   x 1 x  
 x  1  
 
95. (d)   2 x    x   and as x ( / 2),   0
2 2   1 
x 1

 x 
 lim  1   e
Now solve yourself.   x 1
1  cos 6 x 2 sin 2 3 x x . 2 sin 2 3 x
96. (a) lim  lim  lim 0. (x  3)
 lim
1  (3 / x )  1 .
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x2 and lim 
x  (x  1) x  1  (1 / x ) 
m
97. (b) (formula).
sin x  sin 2 x
n 110. (c) lim (1  sin x ) tan x   lim
x  / 2 x  / 2 cos x
4 sin 3 x
98. (a) lim  4. Apply L-Hospital’s rule, we get
x 0 x3
cos x  sin 2 x
x 2
lim 0.
99. (a) lim . lim x  0 . x  / 2  sin x
x 0 sin x 2 x 0
111. (a) It is obvious.
100. (d) lim f (x )  1  lim f (x ) .
x 1  x 1  112. (c) On rationalising, we get
tan 3 x
 . x2 1 x2 1
101. (a) lim
x  / 2
lim  lim  0.
x x  x 
x 1  x
2
x 1  x
2
2x 2 1
102. (d) lim   . 113. (a) It is a fundamental concept.
x 0 x( 3 x  3 x) 2 3 3
114. (c) Apply L-Hospital’s rule, we get
Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule two times. 1
1  sin x 
2
e x  cos x cos x 
1  x (1  x ) 2 1
103. (a) lim lim  lim  .
x 0 x2 x 0 2x x 0 2 2
Now expanding e x and cos x, we get
2
sin x  log (1  x )
Aliter : lim
1
x 0 x2
3x 2 1 
 x4     .......  3 5   2 3 4 
2!  2 ! 4 ! 3  x  x  x  ...    x  x  x  x  ... 
lim   3 ! 5 !   2 3 4 
   
x 0 x 2
2  lim 2
 lim 2
x 0 x x 0 x
Aliter : Apply L-Hospital’s rule,
 3 5
 sin x  x  x  x  .. and
2
2 xe x  sin x 2 sin x 1 3 
lim  lim e x  lim 1  .  3! 5!
x 0 2x x 0 x 0 2 x 2 2
1 x2 x3 
104. (a) Let f (x )  log x  f  (x )  log (1  x )   x    .. 
x 2 3 
Therefore, given function  f (a)  k f (e )  1  x2  1 1  x4
1 k  a 1
 x 3     ...
  1  k  e  2 3 ! 3 4 1
a e  a   lim  .
x 0 x2 2
 c  dx n n
y 1 x
c  dx  a  bx  a  bx   . . 
115. (a) lim  1  1  
 lim  1 
1 


  e d /b   x n   x  n y
x   a  bx  x    a  bx    y lim 1    
  n   y 
   
  1 
a  bx
c  dx d
1   e and lim
n
 xlim   . 1 x
. 
   a  bx  x   a  bx b  y
n
 n  y 
 n   x  
.
 
 y lim  1    
x 
116. (c) Given limit  lim [(1  tan x ) cosec x
 1 /(1  sin x ) cosec x
]
n  
x 0  y   
 
 lim [{1  tan x )cot x } sec x  {1 /(1  sin x )cosec x }]  
x 0

1 1  x x
n 
 e sec 0 .  e .  1.  ye 0  y ,   1     0 as n   .
e e  y y 
 
117. (b) Given limit  lim (4 n  5 n )1 / n
n  122. (a) lim a 2 x 2  ax  1  a 2 x 2  1
n x 
(1 / n ) . (4 / 5 )
 (5 / 4 )n 
 4 
n ax
   lim
 lim 5 1       5.e 0  5 . x 
a x  ax  1  a 2 x 2  1
2 2
   
n  5  
 
a a 1
 lim   .
  4 n  x  2a 2
    0 as n    a 1 1
a2   2  a2  2
 5  x x
  x
1 e tan x  e x e x [e tan x  x  1]
118. (a) Putting x  , the given limit 123. (a) lim  lim
t x 0 tan x  x x 0 tan x  x
sin t
1 e tan x  x  1
1 1  lim e x . lim  e 0 1  1 .
 lim t   0, which is given in (a). x 0 x 0 tan x  x
t 0 t 1 0 1
sin x
1 1
x 2 sinx x  sin x x
x 124. (c) lim f (x )  lim  lim
Aliter : lim x  x  x  cos 2 x x  cos 2 x
x  1| x| 1
x
1 1 1 
x 2    ....   x 10  sin x cos 2 x 
3
 1   1,   0,  0 as x    .
 x 3 ! x  10 
 lim ,   0   x x 
x  1 | x |  x 
125. (b) Put cos 1 x  y. So if x  1, y  
 1 
x   ....  x    cos 1 x   y
 6 x   lim  lim
 lim y 
x  1 | x | x 1 x 1 1  cos y
1 1  y 
 terms containing powers of   
6 x x  0.   y   y  2 2
 lim  lim  lim
x  | x | 1 y  2 cos (y / 2) y   y   y 
2 sin      
 2 2  2 2
 sin x 
1 
 x  sin x   lim
1 1

1
119. (b) lim    lim  x   lim 1  1 .
 y 
.
x   x  cos x  x   1  cos x  x  y  2 2
  (   y ) sin   
 x  2  2 2
 y 
sin x cos x   
[ lim
x 
and lim
 
both are equal to 0]  2 2
x x x
1/ x   x x x x
 1  tan x  126. (b) lim  x  x  x  x   lim
120. (c) Given limit  lim   x   x  
x 0  1  tan x  x x x  x
{(1  tan x )1 / tan x }(tan x ) / x e x x 1  x 1 / 2
 lim  1  e 2 .  lim  lim 
1 .
x  0 {(1  tan x )1 / tan x }(tan x ) / x e x  x  2
1 3 / 2
x x x  x 1 x x 1
1/n
  x n  x 2  4 x  17  4 x  2
121. (c) We have lim (x  y ) n n 1/n
 y lim  1     127. (c) We have f (x )  g(x )  h(x ) 
n  n   y  x 2  x  12
   
 x 2  8 x  15 (x  3)(x  5) (Differentiating Nr and Dr n
 
x  x  12
2
( x  3)(x  4 ) times).
( x  3) ( x  5 ) log x 1
 lim [ f (x )  g(x )  h(x )]  lim
2
 . 132. (a) lim n
 lim 0 (By L-Hospital's
x 3 x  3 ( x  3) ( x  4 ) 7 x  x x  nx n
2/x
rule)
 ax  b x  cx 
128. (d) Let y  lim  

log (x  a) e x  ea  0
x 0 3 133. (a) lim  lim ,  Form 
  x a log (e  e ) x a (x  a) e x 
x a
0
2  ax  b x  cx 
 log y  lim log  
  lim
ex

ea
 1.
x 0 x
 3  x a (x  a) e x
e x
 ea
log (a x  b x  c x )  log 3  
 2 lim
2 3
1  x  x  x ....... 
1
x 0 x log (1  x ) x  2 3 
 
134. (a) (1  x ) 1/ x
e x e
Now applying L-Hospital’s rule, we have 2
x x x x2
log y  log (abc ) 2 / 3  y  (abc ) 2 / 3 1  ......    .....
 e 2 3 ee 2 3

1 2 x  3   x x2 2 
129. (a) We have lim  1  x x2 
x 2 x 2  e 1      .....    
  .....   ... 

  2 3  2 ! 2 3  
1 2 x 3  
 lim
x 2  x 11 2 
( 1  2  x  3 ) (x  2)  e 1   x  .... 
 2 24 
2x 2
 lim (1  x )1 / x  e 
ex
x 2
( 1  2  x  3 ) (x  2)  lim 2  11 e .
(x  2)
x 0 x2 24
 lim
x 2    
( 1  2  x  3 ) ( 2  x  2) (x  2) 135. (b) lim  x tan x    sec x 
x  / 2
  
2 
1 1
  .
2 x sin x    0
(2 3 ) 4 8 3  lim ,  form 0 
x  / 2 2 cos x  
1  cos x 2 2 sin 2 (x 2 / 2)
130. (c) We have lim  lim [2 sin x  2 x cos x ]
x 0 1  cos x x 0 2 sin 2 (x / 2)  lim  1 ,(By L-Hospital’s
x  / 2  2 sin x
 sin (x 2 / 2)  rule).
 
  x2 /2 (cos x  1) (1  cos x )  x 
1 x2 /2 136. (c) lim 2 sin a .  2 sin a . . 
 lim  . 2  2.
 2 x 0 x sin x x2  sin x 
2 x 0
  sin (x / 2)   x /4
    2 sin 2 (x / 2)
 x /2    lim  2 sin a .   sin a .
x 0 2
n
   x   sin x 
lim x m (log x )n  lim
(log x ) 4   
131. (a)  Form  2  x 
x 0  x 0  x m  
5
lim (1  5 x 2 )1 / 5 x 
2
1 1/ x2
n (log x )(n 1) 1  5x 2  x 0 
  e5
 lim x (By L-Hospital's 137. (a) lim  
    e2 .
x 0 1  3 x 2 3
e3
  lim (1  3 x ) 
m 1
x 0   mx 2 1/ 3x2
x 0 
rule)
n (log x )n 1   [ lim (1  x )1 / x  e ]
 lim  Form  x 0
x 0   mx m   (2 x  3) (3 x  4 )
138. (d) lim
1 x  (4 x  5) (5 x  6)
n (n  1) (log x )(n  2)
 lim x (By L-Hospital's  3  4
x 0  (m ) 2 x m 1 x22   3  
 lim  x  x

6

3
.
rule) x  2  5  6  20 10
n (n  1) (log x )n  2  x 4   5  
  x  x
 lim m
 Form 
x 0  2
m x  
sin (e x  2  1)
....................... 139. (d) lim f (x )  lim
x 2 x 2 log (x  1)
......................
sin (e t  1)
 lim
n!
0  lim , {Putting x  2  t}
t 0 log (1  t)
x 0  (m )n x m
 sin (e t  1) e t  1 t
 lim . .
t 0 e 1
t
t log (1  t)
 
 
sin (e  1)  1
t
t   1 
 lim .   ...  
t 0 et 1 1 ! 2 !    1  1 t  1 t 2  ...  
 
 2 3 
 1 . 1 . 1  1, ( As t  0, e t  1  0).
4x
140. (c) On rationalization lim
x 
( x  8x  3  x 2  4x  3
2

4
 lim  2.
x   8 3 4 3 
 1   1  2 
 x x 2
x x 
 
x n  an
141. (b) We know that, lim  n a n 1
x a x a
x 5
k k
 lim  k (5)k 1 ; But given,
x 5 x 5
x k  5k
lim  500 ,
x 5 x 5
 k (5)k 1  500 ; k (5)k 1  4 (5)4 1 ,  k  4 .
142. (b) On rationalising, the given limit
(1  x 2  1  x 2 )
 lim
x 0
x 2 ( 1  x 2  1  x 2)
2 2
 lim   1
x 0
1x  1 x 2 2 1 1
143. (a) lim f (x )  lim f (0  h)  lim f (0  h)  0
x 0 h 0 h 0

and lim f (x )  lim f (0  h)  lim  (0  h)  0

x 0 h 0 h 0

 lim f (x )  0 ,  lim f (x )  lim f (x ) .

x 0  x 0  x 0  