1 Print function

Print function prints a textual representation to the console

In [35]: print("Hello world!")

Hello world!

In [36]: print("Hello", "world!")

Hello world!

2 Variables, types
2.1 int - integers: ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
In [1]: x=5
y=-3
print(x, type(x))
print(y, type(y))

5 <class 'int'>
-3 <class 'int'>

In [38]: x = 5.5
print(type(x))

<class 'float'>

2.2 float - floating point numbers, decimal point fractions: -3.2, 1.5, 1e-8, 3.2e5
In [39]: x=5.0
y=-3.2
z=2.2e6
print(x, type(x))
print(z, type(z))

5.0 <class 'float'>

2200000.0 <class 'float'>

1
2.3 str - character strings, text: "CS562", ’python’
In [2]: x = "CS462.py"
y = 'I like python'
print(x, type(x))
print(y, type(y))

CS462.py <class 'str'>

I like python <class 'str'>

In [41]: print(type(4), type(4.0), type("4"))

<class 'int'> <class 'float'> <class 'str'>

2.4 bool - boolean values: True and False

In [42]: i_love_python = True
python_loves_me = False
print(i_love_python, type(i_love_python))
print(python_loves_me, type(python_loves_me))

True <class 'bool'>

False <class 'bool'>

3 Operators
3.1 Mathematical operators
Addition:

In [45]: 4 + 5

Out[45]: 9

In [46]: x = 5
4 + x

Out[46]: 9

In [47]: x = 4.0 + 5
print(x, type(x))

9.0 <class 'float'>

Subtraction:

2
In [48]: x - 3

Out[48]: 6.0

Multiplication:

In [49]: x * 3

Out[49]: 27.0

Division - float and integral with / and //:

In [50]: 10 / 3, 10 // 3

Out[50]: (3.3333333333333335, 3)

Power:

In [52]: 2 ** 3, 2 ** 3.0, 3 ** 2

Out[52]: (8, 8.0, 9)

Modolu:

In [53]: 10 % 3

Out[53]: 1

3.2 String operators

String concatenation using +:

In [55]: "Hello" + " World"

Out[55]: 'Hello World'

String duplication using *:

In [58]: "Bye" * 2

Out[58]: 'ByeBye'

Strings vs. numbers:

In [59]: 4 + 5

Out[59]: 9

In [60]: "4" + "5"

Out[60]: '45'

3
In [61]: "4" + 5

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-61-f945f8c7e111> in <module>()
----> 1 "4" + 5

TypeError: Can't convert 'int' object to str implicitly

In [62]: 4 + "5"

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-62-871c0c3bbca2> in <module>()
----> 1 4 + "5"

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'

3.3 Comparisons
In [63]: 5 < 4

Out[63]: False

In [64]: 5 > 4

Out[64]: True

In [65]: 5 >= 4

Out[65]: True

In [66]: 4 >= 4

Out[66]: True

In [73]: 4 <= 3

Out[73]: False

In [67]: 5 == 4

4
Out[67]: False

In [68]: 5 == 5.0

Out[68]: True

In [69]: 5 == "5"

Out[69]: False

In [70]: 5 != 4

Out[70]: True

In [71]: 2 + 2 == 4

Out[71]: True

In [72]: 2 => 3

File "<ipython-input-72-76c8f045e4cf>", line 1

2 => 3

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

In [77]: x = 1 / 3
print(x)
x == 0.3333333333333333

0.3333333333333333

Out[77]: True

3.4 Logical operators

• not:

In [83]: print(not True)

a = 2 == 5
print(not a)

False
True

• and:

5
In [84]: True and True
Out[84]: True
In [85]: True and False
Out[85]: False
In [86]: False and False
Out[86]: False
• or:
In [87]: True or True
Out[87]: True
In [88]: True or False
Out[88]: True

4 Conversions
Use the functions int(), float(), and str() to convert between types (we will talk about functions
next time):
In [91]: x = "6"
print(x, type(x))
x = int("6")
print(x, type(x))
6 <class 'str'>
6 <class 'int'>

In [92]: float("1.25")
Out[92]: 1.25
In [93]: str(4)
Out[93]: '4'
In [94]: int("a")

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-94-91097a4105a2> in <module>()
----> 1 int("a")

ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'a'

6
In [98]: course = "intro" + str(2) + "cs"
print(course)
print("intro", 2, "cs", sep='')
intro2cs
intro2cs

5 Flow control
5.1 Conditional statements
The if condition formula - replace conditions and statements with meaningful code:
if *condition*:
*statement*
*statement*
...
elif *condition*: # 0 or more elif clauses
*statement*
*statement*
...
else: # optional
*statement*
*statement*
Example:
In [9]: today = "Friday" # change to other days and test
strike = "N"
my_lecture = "Monday"

if today == "Sunday":
print("Today is Sunday")
if strike == "Y":
print("Stay home")
else:
print("Go out!")
elif today == "Wednesday":
print("lecture in Artificial Intelligence!")
elif today == my_lecture:
print("Go to class!")
elif today == "Monday" or today == "Tuesday" or today == "Thursday" or \
today == "Friday" or today == "Saturday":
print("No AI Class")
else:
print("Not a day")
no AI Class

7
5.2 Loops
• While:

while *condition*:
*statement*
*statement*

Example - count how many times 0 appears in an integer number:

In [102]: num = 2**100

print(num)

1267650600228229401496703205376

In [103]: count = 0

while num > 0: #what if we changed to >=0?

if num % 10 == 0:
count = count + 1
num = num // 10

print(count)

• For:

for *variable* in *iterable*:

*statement*
*statement*

Example - solve the same problem with a str type instead of int:

In [105]: num = 2**100

count = 0
for digit in str(num):
#print(digit, type(digit))
if digit == "0":
count = count + 1

print(count)

Builtin solution:

8
In [106]: num = 2**100
count = str.count(str(num), "0")

print(count)

6 Efficiency
We can measure which solution is faster:

In [108]: %%timeit
num = 2**100
count = 0
while num>0: #what if we changed to >=0?
if num % 10 == 0:
count = count + 1
num = num // 10

10000 loops, best of 3: 37.4 us per loop

In [3]: %%timeit
num = 2**100
count = 0
for digit in str(num):
if digit == "0":
count = count + 1

100000 loops, best of 3: 2.29 µs per loop

In [110]: %%timeit
num = 2**100
count = str.count(str(num), "0")

100000 loops, best of 3: 2.82 us per loop

The builtin solution is 4 times faster than the for solution which is 3 times faster than the while
solution.

6.0.1 Other notes

• The while solution will not work for num <= 0
• The while solution will not work for non-numerals (e.g, num = "Cola 0 is awesome!")
• The builtin solution is implemented with C and that is why it is faster