Department of Electrical, Electronics and Communication

Engineering

INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SYSTEM

Lab Manual
[G2UC101B]

B.Tech IST Year

Lab Coordinator: Approved By: HOD

Ms. Divya Sharma Prof. Dr. Lokesh Varshney

 About Laboratory Manual

This manual is intended for the First year students of engineering branches in the subject
“Introduction to Digital System”. This manual typically contains practical/Lab Sessions
related Digital Electronics covering various aspects related to the subject to enhance
understanding.
Students are advised to thoroughly go through this manual rather than only topics
mentioned in the syllabus. As practical aspects are the key to understanding and conceptual
visualization of theoretical aspects covered in the books.
 Course Code: G2UC101B

Title of the course: Introduction to Digital System Lab

1. Dos and Don’ts in the laboratory

2. Lab Experiments:

To understand the practicability of Analog and Digital Electronics, the list of experiments is given
below to be performed (at least 10) in the laboratory.

1. Verification of the truth tables of TTL gates.

2. Verify the NAND and NOR gates as universal logic gates.
3. Design and verification of the truth tables of Half and Full adder circuits.
4. Design and verification of the truth tables of Half and Full subtractor circuits.
5. Verification of the truth table of the Multiplexer 74151.
6. Verification of the truth table of the De-Multiplexer 74138.
7. Design and test of an S-R flip-flop using NOR/NAND gates/7400.
8. Verify the truth table of a J-K flip-flop (7476)
9. Verify the truth table of a D flip-flop (7474)
10. Operate the counters 7490, 7493.
 Open ended Experiments

1. Design of 4-bit shift register (shift right).

2. Design of modulo-4 counter using J K flip flop.

DO’S and DON’TS in Laboratory

1. Come fully prepared for the experiment in the laboratory.

2. Check for appropriate power supply before connecting to the equipment.

3. Decide the appropriate range of the measuring instruments on the basis of quantity to be measured.

4. Make the connections without connecting the leads to the supply.

5. Re-check the connections and show it to the teacher /instructor before switching-on the power supply to the circuit.

6. Energize the circuit only with the permission of the teacher/instructor.

7. After the experiment, disconnect the connections and put back the connecting wires/leads at appropriate place.

8. Return all the apparatus to the lab-staff.

9. In case of shock, switch-off the power supply immediately.

10. Strictly follow the procedure given with the respective experiments.

11. Avoid loose connections.

12. Don’t touch the main power supply leads with bare hand and avoid body earth.

13. Don’t use the mobile phones during laboratory.

 EXPERIMENT – 1
AIM: -
Verification of the truth tables of TTL gates.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
Digital lab kit, single strand wires, breadboard, TTL IC’s AND (IC-7408), OR (IC-7432), NAND (IC-7400), NOR
(IC-7402), NOT (IC-7404) and XOR (IC-7486).

THEORY: -
Logic gates are idealized or physical devices implementing a Boolean function, which it performs a logical operation
on one or more logical inputs and produce a single output. Depending on the context, the term may refer to an ideal
logic gate, one that has for instance zero rise time and unlimited fan out or it may refer to anon-ideal physical device.
The main hierarchy is as follows: - 1.
Basic Gates
2. Universal Gates
3. Advanced Gates

BASIC GATES

AND GATE:
The AND gate performs a logical multiplication commonly known as AND function. The output is high when both
the inputs are high. The output is low level when any one of the inputs is low.

OR GATE:
The OR gate performs a logical addition commonly known as OR function. The output is high when any one of the
inputs is high. The output is low level when both the inputs are low.

NOT GATE:
The NOT gate is called an inverter. The output is high when the input is low. The output is low when the input is high.

UNIVERSAL GATES

NAND GATE:
The NAND gate is a contraction of AND-NOT. The output is high when both inputs are low and any one of the input
is low. The output is low level when both inputs are high.

NOR GATE:
The NOR gate is a contraction of OR-NOT. The output is high when both inputs are low. The output is low when one
or both inputs are high.

ADVANCED GATES

X-OR GATE:
The output is high when any one of the inputs is high. The output is low when both the inputs are low and both the
inputs are high.
AND GATE:
SYMBOL: PIN DIAGRAM:

OR GATE:
SYMBOL: PIN DIAGRAM:

NOT GATE:
SYMBOL: PIN DIAGRAM:

XOR GATE:
SYMBOL: PIN DIAGRAM:

2-INPUT NAND GATE:

SYMBOL: PIN DIAGRAM:

NOR GATE:
SYMBOL: PIN DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
I. Place the breadboard gently on the observation table.
II. Fix the IC which is under observation between the half shadow line of breadboard, so there is no shortage of
voltage.
III. Connect the wire to the main voltage source (Vcc) whose other end is connected to last pin of the IC (14 place
from the notch).
IV. Connect the ground of IC (7th place from the notch) to the ground terminal provided on the digital lab kit.
V. Give the input at any one of the gate of the ICs i.e. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th gate by using connecting wires. (In
accordance to IC provided).
VI. Connect output pins to the led on digital lab kit. VII. Switch on the power supply.
VIII. If LED glows red then output is true, if it glows green output is false, which is numerically denoted as 1 and 0
respectively. The Color can change based on the IC manufacturer it’s just verification of the Truth Table not the
color change.

RESULT:

Thus the logic gates are studied and their truth tables were verified.

PRECAUTIONS:-

• All connections should be made neat and tight.

• Digital lab kits and ICs should be handled with utmost care.
• While making connections main voltage should be kept switched off.
• Never touch live and naked wires.
 EXPERIMENT – 2
AIM: -
Verify the NAND and NOR gates as universal logic gates.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
logic trainer kit, NAND gates (IC 7400), NOR gates (IC 7402), wires.

THEORY: -
NAND gate is actually a combination of two logic gates: AND gate followed by NOT gate. So its output is complement
of the output of an AND gate.
This gate can have minimum two inputs; output is always one. By using only NAND gates, we can realize all logic
functions: AND, OR, NOT, X-OR, X-NOR, NOR. So this gate is also called universal gate.

NAND gates as NOT gate:

A NOT produces complement of the input. It can have only one input, tie the inputs of a NAND gate together. Now
it will work as a NOT gate. Its output is
Y = (A.A)’
Y = (A)’

NAND gates as AND gate:

A NAND produces complement of AND gate. So, if the output of a NAND gate is inverted, overall output will be that
of an AND gate.
Y = ((A.B)’)’
Y = (A.B)

NAND gates as OR gate:

From DeMorgan’s theorems: (A.B)’ = A’ + B’
(A’.B’)’ = A’’ + B’’ = A + B
So, give the inverted inputs to a NAND gate, obtain OR operation at output.

NAND gates as X-OR gate:

The output of a two input X-OR gate is shown by: Y = A’B + AB’. This can be achieved with the logic diagram shown
in the below.

Gate No. Inputs Output

1 A, B (AB)’
2 A, (AB)’ (A (AB)’)’
3 (AB)’, B (B (AB)’)’
4 (A (AB)’)’, (B (AB)’)’ A’B + AB’
Now the output from gate no. 4 is the overall output of the configuration.
Y = ((A (AB)’)’ (B (AB)’)’)’
= (A(AB)’)’’ + (B(AB)’)’’

= (A(AB)’) + (B(AB)’)

= (A(A’ + B)’) + (B(A’ + B’))

= (AA’ + AB’) + (BA’ + BB’)

= ( 0 + AB’ + BA’ + 0 )

= AB’ + BA’ Y
= AB’ + A’B
NAND gates as X-NOR gate:
X- NOR gate is actually X-OR gate followed by NOT gate. So give the output of X-OR gate to a NOT gate, overall
output is that of an X-NOR gate.
Y = AB+ A’B’

NAND gates as NOR gate

A NOR gate is an OR gate followed by NOT gate. So connect the output of OR gate to a NOT gate, overall output is
that of a NOR gate.
Y = (A + B)’
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the trainer kit to ac power supply.
2. Connect the NAND gates for any of the logic functions to be realized.
3. Connect the inputs of first stage to logic sources and output of the last gate to logic indicator.
4. Apply various input combinations and observe output for each one.
5. Verify the truth table for each input/ output combination.
6. Repeat the process for all logic functions. 7. Switch off the power supply.
THEORY:
NOR gate is actually a combination of two logic gates: OR gate followed by NOT gate. So its output is complement
of the output of an OR gate.
This gate can have minimum two inputs; output is always one. By using only NOR gates, we can realize all logic
functions: AND, OR, NOT, X-OR, X-NOR, NAND. So this gate is also called universal gate.

NOR gates as NOT gate:

A NOT produces complement of the input. It can have only one input, tie the inputs of a NOR gate together. Now it
will work as a NOT gate. Its output is
Y = (A+A)’
Y = (A)’

NOR gates as OR gate:

A NOR produces complement of OR gate. So, if the output of a NOR gate is inverted, overall output will be that of
an OR gate.
Y = ((A+B)’)’
Y = (A+B)

NOR gates as AND gate:

From DeMorgan’s theorems: (A+B)’ = A’B’
(A’+B’)’ = A’’B’’ = AB
So, give the inverted inputs to a NOR gate, obtain AND operation at output.
NOR gates as X-NOR gate:
The output of a two input X-NOR gate is shown by: Y = AB + A’B’. This can be achieved with the logic diagram
shown in the left side.

Gate No. Inputs Output

1 A, B (A + B)’
2 A, (A + B)’ (A + (A+B)’)’
3 (A + B)’, B (B + (A+B)’)’
4 (A + (A + B)’)’, (B + (A+B)’)’ AB + A’B’

Now the output from gate no. 4is the overall output of the configuration.
Y = ((A + (A+B)’)’ (B +( A+B)’)’)’
= (A+(A+B)’)’’.(B+(A+B)’)’’
= (A+(A+B)’).(B+(A+B)’)
= (A+A’B’).(B+A’B’)
= (A + A’).(A + B’).(B+A’)(B+B’)
= 1.(A+B’).(B+A’).1
= (A+B’).(B+A’)
= A.(B + A’) +B’.(B+A’)

= AB + AA’ +B’B+B’A’

= AB + 0 + 0 + B’A’

= AB + B’A’

Y = AB + A’B’
NOR gates as X-OR gate:
X- OR gate is actually X-NOR gate followed by NOT gate. So give the output of X-NOR gate to a NOT gate, overall
output is that of an X-OR gate.
Y = A’B+ AB’
NOR gates as NAND gate:
A NAND gate is an AND gate followed by NOT gate. So connect the output of AND gate to a NOT gate, overall
output is that of a NAND gate.
Y = (AB)’

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the trainer kit to ac power supply.
2. Connect the NOR gates for any of the logic functions to be realised.
3. Connect the inputs of first stage to logic sources and output of the last gate to logic indicator.
4. Apply various input combinations and observe output for each one.
5. Verify the truth table for each input/ output combination.
6. Repeat the process for all logic functions. 7. Switch off the ac power supply.

RESULT:
NAND & NOR are verified as universal gates successfully.

PRECAUTIONS:-

• All connections should be made neat and tight.

• Digital lab kits and ICs should be handled with utmost care.
• While making connections main voltage should be kept switched off.
• Never touch live and naked wires.
 EXPERIMENT – 3
AIM: -
Design and verification of the truth tables of Half and Full adder circuits.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
logic trainer kit, NAND gates (IC 7400), XOR gates (IC 7486), AND gates (IC 7408), wires.

THEORY:

half adder:
A half adder has two inputs for the two bits to be added and two outputs one from the sum ‘ S’ and other from the
carry ‘C’ into the higher adder position. Above circuit is called as a carry signal from the addition of the less significant
bits sum from the X-OR Gate the carry out from the AND gate.
Truth Table for Half Adder
INPUT OUTPUT

A B SUM CARRY

0 0 0 0

0 1 1 0

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1
Full Adder:
A full adder is a combinational circuit that forms the arithmetic sum of input; it consists of three inputs and two
outputs. A full adder is useful to add three bits at a time but a half adder cannot do so. In full adder sum output will
be taken from X-OR Gate, carry output will be taken from OR Gate.
Truth Table for Full Adder
INPUT OUTPUT

A B C SUM CARRY
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
 PROCEDURE:

(i) Connections are given as per circuit diagram.

(ii) Logical inputs are given as per circuit diagram. (iii) Observe the output
and verify the truth table.
RESULT:

Thus the half adder &full adder was designed and their truth table is verified.

PRECAUTIONS:

• All connections should be made neat and tight.

• Digital lab kits and ICs should be handled with utmost care.
• While making connections main voltage should be kept switched off.
• Never touch live and naked wires.
 EXPERIMENT – 4
AIM: -
Design and verification of the truth tables of Half and Full Subtractor circuits.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
logic trainer kit, NAND gates (IC 7400), XOR gates (IC 7486), AND gates (IC 7408), NOT gates
(IC 7404), connecting wires.

THEORY:

Half Subtractor:
The half subtractor is constructed using X-OR and AND Gate. The half subtractor has two input and two outputs. The
outputs are difference and borrow. The difference can be applied using X-OR Gate, borrow output can be implemented
using an AND Gate and an inverter.

Truth Table for Half

Subtractor
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Bo Diff
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0
 Full Subtractor:
The full subtractor is a combination of X-OR, AND, OR, NOT Gates. In a full subtractor the logic circuit should have
three inputs and two outputs. The two half subtractor put together gives a full subtractor .The first half subtractor will
be C and A B. The output will be difference output of full subtractor. The expression AB assembles the borrow output
of the half subtractor and the second term is the inverted difference output of first X-OR. Truth Table for Full

Subtractor
INPUT OUTPUT
A B C Bo Diff
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1

PROCEDURE:
(i) Connections are given as per circuit diagram.
(ii) Logical inputs are given as per circuit diagram. (iii) Observe the output
and verify the truth table.
RESULT:
Thus the half subtractor and full subtractor was designed and their truth table is verified.

PRECAUTIONS:
• All connections should be made neat and tight.
• Digital lab kits and ICs should be handled with utmost care.
• While making connections main voltage should be kept switched off.
• Never touch live and naked wires.
 EXPERIMENT – 5
AIM: - Verification of the truth table of the IC-74151 Multiplexer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
▪ logic trainer kit, IC-74151
▪ Connecting wires.
▪ Breadboard.
▪ Multiple power supply
THEORY:

The TTL/MSI SN54/74LS151 is a high speed 8-input Digital Multiplexer. It provides, in one package,
the ability to select one bit of data from up to eight sources. The LS151 can be used as a universal
function generator to generate any logic function of four variables.

• Multiplexer is a combinational circuit that is one of the most widely used in digital design.
• The multiplexer is a data selector which gates one out of several inputs to a single o/p. It has n
data inputs & one o/p line & m select lines where 2m= n shown in fig a.
• Depending upon the digital code applied at the select inputs one out of n data input is selected &
transmitted to a single o/p channel.
• Normally strobe (G) input is incorporated which is generally active low which enables the
multiplexer when it is LOW. Strobe i/p helps in cascading.
• IC 74151A is an 8: 1 multiplexer which provides two complementary outputs Y & Y. The o/p Y is
same as the selected i/p & Y is its complement. The n: 1 multiplexer can be used to realize a m
variable function. (2m= n, m is no. of select inputs)

8:1 Multiplexer:

It has eight data inputs D0 to D7, three select inputs S0 to S2, an enable input and one output.

IC PINOUT:
 Block diagram &Truth Table:

IC 74151 (8-input Digital Multiplexer)

Block diagram of n:1 MUX Truth Table

Logic Diagram

Data input and select input lines

 It has eight data inputs D0 to D7, three select inputs S0 to S2, an enable input and one output.

8:1 MUX

Sr. D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 S2 S1 S0 - -
E Y Y
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D0
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 D1
2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 D2
3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 D3
4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 D4
5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 D5
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 D6
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 D7

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 _ +

_ + D3 D2 D1 D0 Y - - S2 S1 S0 _ +
Y E

PROCEDURE: -

1) Assemble the circuit on bread board, as per above diagram.

2) Give the logical inputs and check for the proper output, as per the truth table.

CONCLUSION:

Thus, we have implemented four input Boolean function using 8:1 multiplexer of IC 74151.

PRECAUTIONS:

• All connections should be made neat and tight.

• Digital lab kits and ICs should be handled with utmost care.
• While making connections main voltage should be kept switched off.
• Never touch live and naked wires.
 EXPERIMENT – 6

AIM: - Verification of the truth table of the De-Multiplexer 74138.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

Logic trainer kit, IC- 74138, wires.

THEORY:

A Demultiplexer performs the reverse operation of a Multiplexer. It accepts a single input and distributes
it over several outputs. The SELECT input code determines to which output the data input will be
transmitted. The Demultiplexer becomes enabled when the strobe signal is active LOW.
This circuit can also be used as binary-to-decimal decoder with binary inputs applied at the select input
lines and the output will be obtained on the corresponding line. These devices are available as 2-line-to-4-
line decoder, 3-line-to- 8-line decoder, 4-line-to-16-line decoder. The output of these devices is active
LOW. Also there is an active low enable/data input terminal available. Figure below shows the block
diagram of a Demultiplexer.
We have three input pins which are actively in high state and are classified as I2, I1 and I0. The outputs are
actively in low state and are eight in number and are classified as O7*, O6*, …, O0*. A power supply of
+5 V DC is needed by the chip and is Grounded.
PIN CONFIGURATION:
As you see in the below pin diagram, the IC 74LS138 has a total of sixteen pins.

IC 74138 Pin Diagram Diagram in functional mode of 74138

1. The pin no. 8 and 16 are the ground and Vcc respectively for the power input.
2. There are a total of three input pins (pin no. 1, 2, 3). They are denoted by A0, A1, A2. So, the IC 74LS138
can take three binary input signals.
3. There are three enable input pins E1, E2, E3(pin no. 4, 5, 6). E1 and E2 are the active LOW pins that mean
when low signals are applied to those pins they will be active
4. Pin no. 7 and 9 to 15 are the output pins.
Logical Diagram of IC 74138
The logical circuit of the IC 74138 is made using NOT Gate, and AND Gates. You
can see the circuit diagram in the below figure.

IC 74138 Truth Table

Here the truth table of IC 74138 is given below.

PROCEDURE: -

1) Assemble the circuit on bread board, as per above Pin diagram.

2) Give the logical inputs and check for the proper output, as per the
truth table.

CONCLUSION:

Hence verified the Demultiplexer operation using IC-74154.

PRECAUTIONS:

• All connections should be made neat and tight.

• Digital lab kits and ICs should be handled with utmost care.
• While making connections main voltage should be kept switched off.
• Never touch live and naked wires.
 EXPERIMENT – 7

AIM: - Design and test of an S-R flip-flop using NOR/NAND gates.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

Logic trainer kit, NAND gates ICs- 7400, NOR gates ICs-7402, wires.

THEORY:

The SR flip-flop is one of the fundamental parts of the sequential circuit logic. SR flip-flop is a memory device
and a binary data of 1 – bit can be stored in it. SR flip-flop has two stable states in which it can store data in the form
of either binary zero or binary one. Like all flip-flops, an SR flip-flop is also an edge sensitive device.
SR flip–flop is one of the most vital components in digital logic and it is also the most basic sequential circuit that is
possible. The S and R in SR flip-flop means ‘SET’ and ‘RESET’ respectively. Hence it is also called Set–Reset flip-
flop. The symbolic representation of the SR Flip Flop is shown below.

Working Principle:

SR flip-flop works during the transition of clock pulse either from low to high or from high to low (depending on the
design) i.e. it can be either positive edge triggered or negative edge triggered.
For a positive edge triggered SR flip-flop, suppose, if S input is at high level (logic 1) and R input is at low level (logic
0) during a low to high transition on clock pulse, then the SR flip-flop is said to be in SET state and the output of the
SR flip-flop is SET to
1. For the same clock situation, if the R input is at high level (logic 1) and S input is at low level (logic 0), then the
SR flip-flop is said to be in RESET state and the output of the SR flip-flop is RESET to 0.
The SR flip-flops can be designed by using logic gates like NOR gates and NAND gates.

S-R Flip-Flop Using NAND Gate

SR flip flop can be designed by cross coupling of two NAND gates. It is an active low input SR flip-flop. The circuit
of SR flip-flop using NAND gates is shown in below figure:
 R – S flip-flop using NOR gates

PROCEDURE:

I. Connections are given as per circuit diagram.

II. Logical inputs are given as per circuit diagram.
III. Observe the output and verify the truth table.

RESULT:

Design of S-R Flip flop using NAND & NOR gates was verified successfully.

PRECAUTIONS:
• All connections should be made neat and tight.
• Digital lab kits and ICs should be handled with utmost care.
• While making connections main voltage should be kept switched off.
• Never touch live and naked wires.
 EXPERIMENT – 8

AIM: - Verify the truth table of a J-K flip-flop (7476)

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
Logic trainer kit, Flip-flop ICs- 7476, wires.
THEORY:

The JK flip-flop is the modified version of SR flip-flop with no invalid state; i.e. the state J=K=1 is not forbidden. It
works such that J serves as set input and K serves as reset. The only difference is that for the combination J=K=1 this
flip-flop; now performs an action: it inverts its state.

JK Flip-Flop: Circuit, Truth Table

Truth Table
Q J K Q(t+1)
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

The flip-flop is constructed in such a way that the output Q is ANDed with K and CP. This arrangement is made so
that the flip-flop is cleared during a clock pulse only if Q was previously 1. Similarly, Q’ is ANDed with J and CP, so
that the flip-flop is cleared during a clock pulse only if Q’ was previously 1.

When J = K = 0
When both J and K are 0, the clock pulse has no effect on the output and the output of the flip-flop is the same as its
previous value. This is because when both the J and K are 0, the output of their respective AND gate becomes 0.

When J=0, K=1

When J=0, the output of the AND gate corresponding to J becomes 0 (i.e.) S=0 and R=1. Therefore, Q’ becomes 0.
This condition will reset the flip-flop. This represents the RESET state of Flip-flop.

When J=1, K=0

In this case, the AND gate corresponding to K becomes 0(i.e.) S=1 and R=0. Therefore, Q becomes 0. This condition
will set the Flip-flop. This represents the SET state of Flip-flop.

When J=K=1
Consider the condition of CP=1 and J=K=1. This will cause the output to complement again and again. This
complement operation continues until the Clock pulse goes back to 0. Since this condition is undesirable, we have to
find a way to eliminate this condition. This undesirable behavior can be eliminated by Edge triggering of JK flip- flop
or by using master slave JK Flip-flops.

JK Flip-Flop: Circuit
 JK Flip-Flop: Pin Out

PROCEDURE:

I. Connections are given as per circuit diagram.

II. Logical inputs are given as per circuit diagram.
III. Observe the output and verify the truth table.

RESULT:

Thus the J-K Flip flop was designed and truth table is verified.

PRECAUTIONS:
• All connections should be made neat and tight.
• Digital lab kits and ICs should be handled with utmost care.
• While making connections main voltage should be kept switched off.
• Never touch live and naked wires.
 EXPERIMENT – 9

AIM: - Verify the truth table of a D flip-flop (7474)

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
Logic trainer kit, Flip-flop ICs- 7474, wires.

THEORY:

D flip flop also called as delay flip flop where it can be used to introduce a delay in the digital circuit by changing
the propagation delay of the flip flop. Here the input data bit at D will reflects at the output after a certain propagation
delay.

D Flip-Flop: Circuit, Truth Table, Pin Out

Truth Table of D Flip-Flop Characteristic Table of D Flip-Flop

Clock INPUT OUTPUT D Q Q’

D Q 0 0 0 0

LOW X 0 0 1 0 0

HIGH 0 0 1 0 1 1

HIGH 1 1 1 1 1 1

Characteristic Equation:
Q’ = D Q’ + D Q
Q’ = D
 D Flip Flop with PRESET and CLEAR

PRESET is the input to the D flip flop which sets the output data to High i.e. 1. and CLEAR is also an input which
clears the output data or output state. A high PRESET forces Q to 1; a high CLEAR resets Q to 0. Figure shows
clocked flip flop with PRESET and CLEAR inputs.

Clocked D Flip-Flop with PRESET and CLEAR

In the above circuit irrespective of the AND gates out, if the PRESET input is high the OR gate out directly sets the S
input which makes Q to 1and in the same way if CLEAR input is high it resets the Q to 1.

PROCEDURE:

I. Connections are given as per circuit diagram.

II. Logical inputs are given as per circuit diagram.
III. Observe the output and verify the truth table.

RESULT:

Thus the D Flip flop was designed and their truth table is verified.

PRECATIONS:

• All connections should be made neat and tight.

• Digital lab kits and ICs should be handled with utmost care.
• While making connections main voltage should be kept switched off.
• Never touch live and naked wires.
 EXPERIMENT – 10

AIM: - Operate the counters 7490, 7493.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
Logic trainer kit, Counter ICs- 7490, IC - 7493 wires.

THEORY:

Asynchronous 74LS90 Decade Counter

Digital counters count upwards from zero to some pre-determined count value on the application of a clock signal.
Once the count value is reached, resetting them returns the counter back to zero to start again.

A decade counter counts in a sequence of ten and then returns back to zero after the count of nine. Obviously to count
up to a binary value of nine, the counter must have at least four flip-flops within its chain to represent each decimal
digit as shown.

The 74LS90 BCD Counter

The 74LS90 integrated circuit is basically a MOD-10 decade counter that produces a BCD output code. The 74LS90
consists of four master-slave JK flip-flops internally connected to provide a MOD-2 (count-to-2) counter and a
MOD-5 (count-to-5) counter. The 74LS90 has one independent toggle JK flip-flop driven by the CLK A input and
three toggle JK flip-flops that form an asynchronous counter driven by the CLK B input as shown.
 The counters four outputs are designated by the letter symbol Q with a numeric subscript equal to the binary weight
of the corresponding bit in the BCD counter circuits code. So for example, Q A, QB, QC and QD. The 74LS90 counting
sequence is triggered on the negative going edge of the clock signal, that is when the clock signal CLK goes from
logic 1 (HIGH) to logic 0 (LOW).
The additional input pins R1 and R2 are counter “reset” pins while inputs S1 and S2 are “set” pins. When connected to
logic 1, the Reset inputs R1 and R2 reset the counter back to zero, 0 (0000), and when the Set inputs S 1 and S2 are
connected to logic 1, they Set the counter to maximum, or 9 (1001) regardless of the actual count number or position.

PROCEDURE:

I. Connections are given as per circuit diagram.

II. Logical inputs are given as per circuit diagram.
III. Observe the output and verify the truth table.

RESULT:

Thus the Counters were designed and their truth table is verified.

PRECATIONS:
• All connections should be made neat and tight.
• Digital lab kits and ICs should be handled with utmost care.
• While making connections main voltage should be kept switched off.
• Never touch live and naked wires.
Open ended Experiments
 EXPERIMENT – 1
AIM: -
Design of 4-bit shift register (shift right).

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
Logic trainer kit, D Flip-flop IC - 7474 wires.
THEORY:

Serial In/Shift Right/Serial Out Operation

Data is shifted in the right hand direction one bit at a time with each transition of the clock signal. The data enters the
shift register serially from the left hand side and after four clock transitions the 4-bit registers has 4-bbits of data. The
data is shifted out serially one bit at a time from the right hand side of the register if clock signals are continuously
applied. Thus after 8 clock signals the 4-bit data is completely shifted out of the shift register.

Serial In/Serial Right/Serial Out Operation

Serial shift registers can be implemented using any type of flip-flops. A serial shift register implemented using D flip-
flops with the serial data applied at the D input of the first flip-flop and serial data out obtained at the Q output of the
last flip-flop is shown in figure. At each clock transition 1 bit of serial data is shifted in and at the same instant 1-bit
of serial data is shifted out. For a 4-bit shift register, 8 clock transitions are required to shift in 4-bit data and completely
shift out the 4-bit data. As the data shifted out 1-bit at a time, a logic 0 value is usually shifted in to fill up the vacant
bits in the shift register.

Serial In/Shift Right/Serial Out Register

Timing diagram of a Serial In/Shift Right/Serial Out Register

PROCEDURE:

(i) Connections are given as per circuit diagram.

(ii) Logical inputs are given as per circuit diagram. (iii) Observe the output and
verify the truth table.

RESULT:

Thus the Shift register was designed and their truth table is verified.

PRECATIONS:
• All connections should be made neat and tight.
• Digital lab kits and ICs should be handled with utmost care.
• While making connections main voltage should be kept switched off.
• Never touch live and naked wires.
 EXPERIMENT – 2
AIM: -
Design of modulo-4 counter using J K flip flop.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
Logic trainer kit, J-K Flip-flop IC - 7476 wires.
THEORY:

The Johnson counter is a modification of ring counter. In this the inverted output of the last stage flip flop is connected
to the input of first flip flop. If we use n flip flops to design the Johnson counter, it is known as 2n bit Johnson counter
or Mod 2n Johnson counter. This is an advantage of the Johnson counter that it requires only half number of flip flops
that of a ring counter uses, to design the same Mod. The main difference between the 4 bit ring counter and the Johnson
counter is that is in ring counter, we connect the output of last flip flop directly to the input of first flip flop. But in
Johnson counter, we connect the inverted output of last stage to the first stage input. The Johnson counter is also
known as Twisted Ring Counter, with a feedback. In Johnson counter the input of the first flip flop is connected from
the inverted output of the last flip flop. The Johnson counter or switch trail ring counter is designed in such a way that
it overcomes the limitations of ring counter. Mainly it reduces the number of flip flops required for designing the
circuit.

Operation
• Initially, a short negative going pulse is applied to the clear input of all flip-flops. This will reset all the flip-
flops. Hence, initially the o/ps are Q3Q2Q1Q0 = 0000.
• But Q′3 = 1 and since it is copied to 𝐽0 it is also equal to 1.
• 𝐽0 = 1 and 𝐾 = 1 ..... initially.
• On the first negative edge of clock arrives at first f/f. o/p of 𝑄0 = 1. • after 1st –ve edge clock the
o/ps of f/fs will be, 𝑄3𝑄2𝑄1𝑄0 = 0001
• On second –ve clock o/p of 2nd f/f will be 1 i.e 𝑄1 = 1.
• 𝑄3𝑄2𝑄1𝑄0 = 0011
• Similarly for 3rd –ve edge clock, 𝑄3𝑄2𝑄1𝑄0 = 0111
• For 4th –ve edge clock, 𝑄3𝑄2𝑄1𝑄0 = 1111
• Now as soon as 5th –ve edge is arrived o/p of 1st f/f becomes 0 i.e 𝑄0 = 1 i.e 𝑄3𝑄2𝑄1𝑄0
= 1110 - This operation continues till the o/p is reached to zero o/p state. i.e 𝑄3𝑄2𝑄1𝑄0 =
0000
 PROCEDURE:

(i) Connections are given as per circuit diagram.

(ii) Logical inputs are given as per circuit diagram. (iii) Observe the output
and verify the truth table.
RESULT:

Thus the Johnson counter was designed and their truth table is verified.

PRECATIONS:
• All connections should be made neat and tight.
• Digital lab kits and ICs should be handled with utmost care.
• While making connections main voltage should be kept switched off.
• Never touch live and naked wires.