President University

Digital System and Laboratory

Author:
Antonius Suhartomo, B.Sc., M.Eng.Sc., M.B.A., Ph. D.
=====================================================================

Vision and Mission

=====================================================================

Vision
Playing an active role in the development of science and technology in the field of Electrical
Engineering, so in 2020 to become the leading study program in the nation to improve the quality
of life globally

Mission
1. Developing an education system in the field of Electrical Engineering with strong scientific
background and broad insight, covering the concentrations that become the hallmark
2. Producing high quality and professional graduates in their own concentrations, that
includes control, communication, and power systems
3. To create and to develop science and technology, through innovative research activities, to
enrich the competency of the graduates in global market competition
4. To return positive contribution to the society and the surroundings, through transfer of
science and technology, whose benefit can be perceived directly by the society and the
surroundings.

PRESUNIV
President University
September 2023
 Digital System Laboratory
Laboratory Module

Module 1
Digital Logic Circuit Using Diodes and Transistor

PRESUNIV
President University
1. Objectives.
To introduce to students’ physical appearance of resistors, diodes, and LED for designing
Digital Logic Circuits.

2. Breadboard.
The breadboard consists of two terminal strips and two bus strips (often broken in the center).
Each bus strip has two rows of contacts. Each of the two rows of contacts is a node. That is,
each contact along a row on a bus strip is connected together (inside the breadboard). Bus strips
are used primarily for power supply connections, but are also used for any node requiring a
large number of connections. Each terminal strip has 60 rows and 5 columns of contacts on
each side of the center gap. Each row of 5 contacts is a node.

You will build your circuits on the terminal strips by inserting the leads of circuit components
into the contact receptacles and making connections with 22-26-gauge wire. There are wire
cutter/strippers and a spool of wire in the lab. It is a good practice to wire +5V and 0V power
supply connections to separate bus strips.

The 5V supply MUST NOT BE EXCEEDED since this will damage the ICs (Integrated
circuits) used during the experiments. Incorrect connection of power to the ICs could result in
 them exploding or becoming very hot - with the possible serious injury occurring to the
people working on the experiment! Ensure that the power supply polarity and all
components and connections are correct before switching on power.

3. Theoretical Background.
All digital electronic circuits and microcontroller and microprocessor based circuit systems
contain digital logic gate elements in their signal processing operations, such as AND, OR, and
NOT operations using binary numbers. There are two voltage levels, namely high or low,
which are generally indicated as the digits “1” and “0”. The logic gate output here is shown in
the Truth Table through the numbers "1" and "0", and the operation of Boolean Algebra.
 EXPERIMENT 1
REALIZATION OF GATES USING DISCRETE COMPONENTS

Learning Outcome:
After performing this experiment, students will be familiar with various digital circuits of different
logic families. They will be able to understand the data sheet of these circuits.

Aim: To construct logic gates OR, AND, NOT, NOR, NAND gates using discrete components
and verify their truth tables. To realize the logic gates using Diodes and verify the truth tables.

Apparatus:
1. Breadboard
2. Resistors 10k, 1k, 220ohms, 2k.
3. Transistors 2N2222 (NPN)
4. Diodes 1N 4001/4002
5. Connecting wires
4. DMM
5. LEDs
6. DC Power Supply

Theory:
1. OR Gate:
The operation of these gates is to consider the diode as a simple switch, which is closed (on) when
the voltage on one side (the anode) is higher than the other (the cathode). The current then flows
in the direction of the arrow in the diode's circuit diagram symbol. The figure 1(a) shows the logic
symbol, my discrete component implementation, and the truth table. In an OR gate, the output is
"1" (high) if either of the inputs are "1". In this diagram, if either of the inputs has a "high" voltage,
its diode will conduct and current will flow to the output. A "high" voltage will develop across the
resistor, equivalent to the input voltage minus 0.7V drop, as is usual across silicon diode junctions.
If both of the inputs are low voltage "0", then the diodes don't conduct. In this instance the gate's
output is tied low by the 10K resistor.

2. AND Gate:
It's similar to the OR gate except that the diodes point in the other direction, and the resistor goes
to +5V not ground. The output of an AND gate is "1" only if BOTH the inputs are "1". In diode-
resistor implementation, if either input is "low" voltage (logic "0") then the diode will conduct and
the output is effectively shorted to ground. If both of the input voltages are "high" (logic "1") then
neither of the diodes will conduct, so the output is not shorted to ground: it remains at +5V (logic
"1") via the 10K resistor. This gives the desired result. Note that again, due to the silicon junction
voltage, the actual "low" output voltage is 0.7V higher than the "low" input voltage.

3. NOT Gate:
You cannot implement an inverting function with diodes and resistors alone. You also now need
a transistor, to provide the inverting action. There's nothing particularly special about the transistor
to be used, almost any small signal NPN transistor will suit, since it's driven into saturation
(unbiased). If the voltage presented to the base of the transistor is above 0.7, the transistor will
conduct which drags the output to logic "0", low voltage. If the input voltage is logic "0", then the
transistor does not conduct, and the resistor will just tie the output to +5V. You always need that
10K current limiting resistor in the base, or excessive base-emitter current will destroy the
transistor.

4. Circuit Diagrams:
 Fig: 1: logic gate symbol, discrete components implementation and truth table

EXPERIMENT:

Procedure: REALIZATION OF GATES USING DISCRETE COMPONENTS

Precautions:
All the connections should be made properly.

Result:
Different logic gates are constructed and their truth tables are verified.

Conclusion: