28-Aug-23

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

403037
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Tri-Vien Vu, PhD

TDTU-2023

OBJECTIVES

Understand and remember:

– Basic concepts of PSD and Power Electronics

– Main Applications of PSD

– Classification of PSD

– Important Quantities Calculation

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CONTENTS

1.1 Motivation

1.2 Definition

1.3 Classification

1.4 Application

1.5 Important Quantities Calculation

15/8/2023 403037 – Chapter 1: Introduction 3

1.1 MOTIVATION EXAMPLE

HOW CAN THIS CONVERTER BE

REALIZED?
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1.1 MOTIVATION EXAMPLE

DISSIPATIVE REALIZATION

Pout
Resistive voltage divider
 100  50%
Pin
- Only suitable for low power applications, in
Ploss  500W electronic circuits
- For higher power application, no resistor available
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1.1 MOTIVATION EXAMPLE

DISSIPATIVE REALIZATION

Linear regulator
Pout
 100  50% Only suitable for low power
Pin
applications: LM7805, LM7809
Ploss  500W

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1.1 MOTIVATION EXAMPLE

SWITCHING MODE – SQUARE WAVE

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1.1 MOTIVATION EXAMPLE

SWITCHING MODE – WITH FILTER

V Vg
100
Vout
50

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1.1 MOTIVATION EXAMPLE

VOLTAGE REGULATOR – CLOSED LOOP

15/8/2023 403037 – Chapter 1: Introduction 9

1.2 DEFINITION
POWER ELECTRONICS

- According to IEC, 551-11-2, power electronics is:

“The modification of one or more parameters of

electrical energy by means of electronic
devices, without significant power losses”

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1.2 DEFINITION
POWER ELECTRONICS VS ELECTRONICS

- If power transmitted through the device or

converter exceeds the level of information and
control signals substantially, we are talking about
power devices and power converters.
- Electronics/Microelectronics: Carrying communica-
tions of data, working with information or signals
which of several Volts or Amperes.

15/8/2023 403037 – Chapter 1: Introduction 11

1.2 DEFINITION
POWER SWITCHES
Switch: Two extremely state - ON or OFF
Electronic switch
– Based on semiconductor devices
– On-state: Allow current flows through
– Off-state: No current flows through
• Forward-blocking: Forward biased voltage
• Reverse-blocking: Reverse biased voltage

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1.2 DEFINITION
POWER SWITCHES: CHARACTERISTICS
Ideal
– On: Isw = Iload; Vsw = 0 Ploss = Psw = IswVsw = 0
– Off: Isw = 0; Vsw = Vsource
– Switching between states are instantaneous.
Typical
– Conduct a finite current and have a finite voltage
drop
– Also have finite leakage current
– Speed of response to control signal is limited
– Dissipate certain amount of energy when
conducting, switching, and blocking
15/8/2023 403037 – Chapter 1: Introduction 13

1.2 DEFINITION
POWER SWITCHES: CHARACTERISTICS

Characteristic of an Characteristic of a
ideal power diode typical power diode
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1.2 DEFINITION
POWER SWITCHES: CHARACTERISTICS

Ideal switching waveforms Typical switching waveforms

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1.2 DEFINITION
POWER SWITCHES: CHARACTERISTICS

Ideal switching waveforms Typical switching waveforms

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1.2 DEFINITION
POWER SWITCHES: POWER LOSSES

 Conduction power loss

 Switching power loss

 Total power loss

Ploss  Pc  Psw

15/8/2023 403037 – Chapter 1: Introduction 17

1.2 DEFINITION
POWER CONVERTERS
Consists of semiconductor switches and energy
storage elements
Control and convert one form of electrical power to
another form
– Converting between AC and DC
– Changing the magnitude and phase of voltage
and current or frequency or combination of these

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1.3 CLASSIFICATION
POWER ELECTRONIC SWITCHES

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1.3 CLASSIFICATION
POWER ELECTRONIC SWITCHES
Uncontrolled switch: Diode
– Lack of control electrode: cannot controlled by
control signal
– The state is depended on the load circuit
Semi-controlled switch: SCR
– Lack of turn-off capability
Fully-controlled switch: BJT, MOSFET, IGBT...
– The on-state and off-state can be controlled by
applying control signal to the control electrode
– The control signals: voltage, current, light
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1.3 CLASSIFICATION
POWER ELECTRONIC SWITCHES
Based on control variable
– Current driven: SCR, BJT, TRIAC, GTO, IGCT
– Voltage driven: MOSFET, IGBT, MCT
Based on triggering method
– Pulse triggered: SCR, TRIAC
– Level triggered: BJT, GTO, IGCT, MOSFET, IGCT
Based on structure
– Single switch: one per chip
– Module: one device per wafer

15/8/2023 403037 – Chapter 1: Introduction 21

1.3 CLASSIFICATION
POWER ELECTRONIC SWITCHES

Based on charge carriers

– Majority carrier (Schottky diode, MOSFET, JFET)
– use only one type of charge carrier (electron or
hole)
– Minority carrier (p-n diode, Thyristor, BJT, IGBT) –
use both charge carriers

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1.3 CLASSIFICATION
POWER ELECTRONIC SWITCHES

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1.3 CLASSIFICATION
POWER ELECTRONIC SWITCHES

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1.3 CLASSIFICATION
POWER ELECTRONIC SWITCHES

15/8/2023 403037 – Chapter 1: Introduction 25

1.3 CLASSIFICATION
POWER CONVERTERS

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1.3 CLASSIFICATION
POWER CONVERTERS

 AC input/DC output (AC-DC converter)

 Known as a rectifier
 The most common power converters
 AC input/AC output (AC converter)
 AC voltage converter: same phase number,
voltage frequency, change voltage amplitude
 Frequency converter: transform an m1-phase, f1-
frequency to m2-phase, f2-frequency
 Phase converter: 1-phase to 3-phase & vice versa

15/8/2023 403037 – Chapter 1: Introduction 27

1.3 CLASSIFICATION
POWER CONVERTERS

 DC input/AC output (DC-AC converter)

 Known as an inverter

 DC source: solar cell, battery, DC trans. line...

 DC input/DC output (DC-DC converter)

 Change the magnitude of the DC voltage

 Stabilize the DC voltage

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1.4 APPLICATIONS
US Energy Consumption by Sectors (2015)
Transportation
000%

Industrial
026%
Residential
038%

Quadrillion BTU? It's about equal to the Commercial

amount of energy in 45 million tons of coal, 035%
or 1 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, or 170
million barrels of crude oil.

15/8/2023 403037 – Chapter 1: Introduction 29

1.4 APPLICATIONS
Why we need a highly efficient converter?

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1.4 APPLICATIONS
Key factors of sustainability development
– Use electricity energy efficiently
– Use renewable energy
Power electronics is a key technology
Applied in a very wide range of power
Less than 1W in battery-operated portable equipment
10s, 100s, or 1000s of watts in power supplies for
computers or office equipment
kW to MW in variable-speed motor drives
1000 MW in rectifiers and inverters for utility DC
transmission line
15/8/2023 403037 – Chapter 1: Introduction 31

1.4 APPLICATIONS

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1.4 APPLICATIONS
AC Electric Power Grid

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1.4 APPLICATIONS
DC Micro-Grid

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1.4 APPLICATIONS
Wind Turbine

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1.4 APPLICATIONS
Photovoltaic /Solar Cell System

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1.4 APPLICATIONS
Fuel Cells
Battery

DC
Hydrogen AC Power
Fuel Power
Inverter
Oxygen Cell
Air
DC Load
Water
15/8/2023 403037 – Chapter 1: Introduction 37

1.4 APPLICATIONS
A laptop computer power supply system

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1.4 APPLICATIONS
Power system of an earth-orbiting spacecraft

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1.4 APPLICATIONS
Fuel Cell Vehicles

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1.4 APPLICATIONS
Inverters for BLDC in hybrid electric vehicle

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1.4 APPLICATIONS
Variable Speed Electric Drives

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1.4 APPLICATIONS
Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)

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1.5 IMPORTANT QUANTITIES

PERIODIC SIGNALS

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1.5 IMPORTANT QUANTITIES

PERIODIC SIGNALS
Periodic functions of time signal
f t   f t  T 
Fundamental frequency
1
f1 
T
Fundamental angular frequency
2
  2 f1 
T
In the angle term:

f t   f t  2 

15/8/2023 403037 – Chapter 1: Introduction 45

1.5 IMPORTANT QUANTITIES

POWER AND ENERGY
– Periodic voltage and current
i t  T   i t 
v t  T   v t 
– Instantaneous power

p t   v t  i t 
– Power is also periodic with period of T
– For a resistive load
v2 t 
p t    Ri 2  t 
R

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1.5 IMPORTANT QUANTITIES

AVERAGE VALUE
tf T 2T kT
dW
p
dt
W  pdt   p (t )dt   p (t )dt  ...   p (t ) dt
0 0 T  k 1T
T T
tf tf
 k  p (t ) dt   p (t )dt t f Pavg k
0
T 0 T

Average power T
1
Pavg 
T  p (t )dt
Energy/work 0

Work
Pavg 
Time
15/8/2023 403037 – Chapter 1: Introduction 47

1.5 IMPORTANT QUANTITIES

AVERAGE VALUE
DC voltage source circuit: Vs = const
T T T
1 1 1
Pavg   p (t ) dt   v  t  i  t  dt  Vs  i  t  dt  Vs I avg
T 0
T 0 T 0

DC current source circuit: Is = const

T T T
1 1 1
Pavg   p (t )dt  v  t  i  t  dt  I s  v  t  dt  I sVavg
T 0 T 0 T 0
Voltage and current T 2
1  t 1
Vavg  
T 0
v(t )dt 
2  v( )d
0
T  t 1 2
1
I avg  
T 0
i (t )dt 
2  i( )d
0

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1.5 IMPORTANT QUANTITIES

AVERAGE VALUE
Example 1: The voltage across and current through a
load are shown in figure below.
- Determine the period of the voltage and current
- Calculate average values of voltage and current

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1.5 IMPORTANT QUANTITIES

AVERAGE VALUE
Example 2: The voltage across and current through a
load are periodic functions of time whose period is of
100ms and expressed by

- Calculate average values of voltage and current

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1.5 IMPORTANT QUANTITIES

ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE VALUE
General circuits, resistive load
1 v t 
T T 2 T 2
1 1 1 2 Vrms
   t  dt 
RT 
P  p (t )dt 
avg dt  v
T 0
T 0
R 0
R
T T T
1 1 1
Pavg   p (t )dt   Ri 2  t  dt  R  i 2  t  dt  RI rms
2

T 0 T 0 T 0

T 2
1 2 1
T 0 v
Vrms  v (t ) dt  2
( ) d
2 0

T 2
1 2 1
T 0 i
I rms  i (t ) dt  2
( ) d
2 0

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1.5 IMPORTANT QUANTITIES

ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE VALUE
Example 3: Determine the rms value of the
periodic pulse waveform that has a duty ratio
of D as shown in figure below.

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1.5 IMPORTANT QUANTITIES

ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE VALUE
Example 4: Determine the rms values of
a) A sinusoidal voltage of v(t) = Vm sin(t)
b) A full-wave rectified sine wave of

v  t   Vm sin t 

c) A half-wave rectified sine wave of

 T
Vm sin t  0  t 
v t    2
 0 otherwise
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1.5 IMPORTANT QUANTITIES

ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE VALUE

RMS Value of Sinusoids:

V rms  V m 2

RMS Value of Triangular Waveform:

V rms  V m 3

RMS Value of Pulse Waveform:

I rm s  I m D
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1.5 IMPORTANT QUANTITIES

POWER FACTOR

 Apparent Power

S  Vrms I rms

used in specifying rating of power equipment

(transformers...)

P P
 Power factor pf  
S Vrms I rms

15/8/2023 403037 – Chapter 1: Introduction 55

SUMMARY
 Power electronics: concept, classification,
application
 Calculate important quantities: average, rms
value, power consumption,..
 (H,K): Read “Chapter 1: power electronic
devices” and write a brief report: symbol,
name, turn on and turn off conditions…
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ASSIGNMENTS
Homework 1: The voltage across and current through
a load are shown in figure below.
- Calculate rms values of voltage and current
- Determine the power consumption of the load

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ASSIGNMENTS
Homework 2: The voltage across and current through
a load are periodic functions of time whose period is of
100ms and expressed by

Determine the power consumed by the load

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ASSIGNMENTS
Homework 3: A heater is considered purely resistive
load whose R = 10. Voltage provide to the heater is
in form of
 20
  ms   t  10  ms 
220 2 sin 100 t  when 3
uL   50
  ms   t  20  ms 
3

 0 otherwise
- Draw the waveform of the voltage
- Determine the average value of the current drawn by
the heater
- Determine the load power consumption

15/8/2023 403037 – Chapter 1: Introduction 59

ASSIGNMENTS

 Read [1]: 1-20; 21-64

 Read [2]: 1-14
 (H,K): Read additional material “Chapter 1:
power electronic devices” and write a brief
report: symbol, name, turn on and turn off
conditions…

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