Plane and Solid Geometry 6.

Tangent – an indefinite line touching a circle at only one

point
The term Geometry came from 2 words, “geos” meaning 7. Sector – bounded by 2 radii and an included arc
earth and “metron” meaning measurement. It is the branch of 8. Segment – bounded by a chord and the arc subtending the
mathematics which deals with questions of size, shape, and relative chord
position of figures and with properties of space. It attempts to 9. Inscribe angle – the angle vertex is a point in a circle, the
understand and classify spaces in various mathematical contexts. sides of which are chords
The earliest recorded beginnings of geometry can be traced to 10. Central angle – an angle whose vertex is at the center of the
ancient MESOPOTAMIA, EGYPT and the INDUS VALLEY from around circle the sides of which are radii.
3000 BC.
Formulas:
In the 3rd century B.C. geometry was put into an AXIOMATIC
FORM by EUCLID, whose treatment set a standard for many 1. Area of a circle
centuries to follow. Even the earliest Egyptian pyramid proved that A = π r2 = π = d2/4
the maker had a fundamental knowledge of geometry and tange
surveying skills. nt
secan
Euclid – give more emphasis on plane geometry Inscribed t
angle
Chorddiamet
Archimedes – give more emphasis on solid geometry
er
θ arc
PLANE GEOMETRY

Circles: - It is a plane figure that is locus of points which are at the

same distant from a given point called the center. Central
angle
Definitions of terms: 2. Circumference of a circle
C=2πr=πd
1. Diameter – a line passing thru the center of the circle
2. Radius – a line drawn from the center of the circle
3. Arc – part of the circle r
4. Chord – a line joining 2 points on the circle
5. Secant – an indefinite line intersecting the circle in 2 points
 3. Area of a sector 4. Apothem (for regular polygon) – the perpendicular line
A = ½ r2 θ = ½ rs where: s = rθ drawn from the center of the inscribed circle to any one of
S the sides

Classifications of Polygons based on their interior angles:

r θ
r
- Convex Polygons – are polygons with no interior greater than
4. Arc length (S) 180⁰
S = rθ - Concave polygon – (sometimes called re-entrant polygon)
5. Area of a segment are polygons with at least one angle greater than 180⁰ . It is a
A = area of sector – area of triangle polygon in which you can draw at least one straight line that
A = ½ r2π – ½ r2 sin θ crosses more than two sides.

r θ in
r
radians
18
coco co co co
Polygon: is a closed space bounded by lines. Polygons are named in 0⁰
nvnv nv nv nv
accordance with the interior angles and number of sides. Polygons co
exex ex ex ex
of equal length of the sides are called regular polygons. It comes nca
from the word “poly” meaning many and “gonia” meaning angles. ve

Types of Polygons based on the number of sides:

Definitions of terms
Number Name of Number Name of Polygon
1. Regular polygon – polygon whose angles are equal and all
of sides Polygon of Sides
whose sides are equal
3 Triangle/trigon 11 Undecagon/hedecagon
2. Similar polygon – polygon whose corresponding angles are 4 Quadrilateral/ 12 Dodecagon
equal and their corresponding sides are proportional tetragon
3. Diagonal – line joining two non-consecutive vertices 5 Pentagon 15 Pentadecagon/
Quindecagon
6 Hexagon 16 Hexadecagon/
 7 Heptagon/ 20
Hexakaidecagon
Icosagon
A=
1
4 (
nb2 cot
180 °
n )
septagon b = side
8 Octagon 100 Hectogon
9 Nonagon/ 1000 Chiliagon b
enneagon
10 Decagon 10000 myriagon

6. Regular polygon inscribed in a circle

Key Formulas for Regular n-sides Polygon:

1. Number of diagonals
A=
1 2
2 (
nr sin
360 °
n )
n r = radius
Nd = (n-3)
2
2. Interior angle of polygon (regular)
r
(n−2)180 °
-θeach =
n n
3. Sum of interior angles
- Σ θinterior =( n−2 ) 180 ° 7. Regular polygon circumscribing a circle
4. Sum of Exterior angles
- Σ α exterior =360° (
A= nr 2 tan
180 °
n )
n
α
exterio r
θ
r
interior

diagon
al Areas & Perimeters of Common Geometric Figures
5. Area of a regular polygon with n sides
Triangles: is a polygon having three sides and three interior angles
1. Area of triangle
A = ½ bh
b
R
a
h h
conv
b exb c
2. 2 sides and one included angle 6. Circle inscribe in a triangle (excircle)
A = ½ ab sin θ A = r(s – a)

a
θ a R
c
b
3. 3 sides (Heron’s Formula) b
A=√ s ( s−a ) ( s−b ) ( s−c ) 7. Medians of a triangle
a+ b+c 1
Where: s=
2
h a=
2
√ 2 2
2b + 2c −a
2

4. Triangle inscribed in a circle (circumcircle) 1

h a= √ 2a + 2c −b
2 2 2

abc 2
A=
4R 1
h a= √ 2a + 2b −c
2 2 2
2
R Centroid (Pt, x) is the point of intersection of the medians of
b a the triangle
B
c
5. Triangle circumscribing a circle (incircle) c h a
A = rs hb h
a+ b+c a c
Where: s= b C
2 A
8. Angle bisector of a triangle
 2
h a=
b+c
√ bcs ( s−a )
h
2
h a=
b+c
√ acs (s−b)
b
2
h a=
b+c
√|(s−c)| 3. Parallelogram – is a quadrilateral whose opposite sides are
Incenter is the point of intersection of the angular bisector parallel.
of a triangle A = bh
A = ab sin θ P = 2(a + b)
B
A = ½ d1d2 sin θ
ββ
d2
α θ a a h
d1
α cθ β
A C θ

b b
Quadrilateral: - a polygon with 4 sides
4. Rhombus – is a parallelogram of equal sides
1. Square – is a rectangle of equal sides A = a2 P = 4a
A = a2 A = ah A = ½ d1d2
P = 4a
a d2
Where: A = area, P = perimeter d1
90⁰ h
a θ
a
a a 5. Trapezoid – A quadrilateral with one pair of sides parallel to
each other.
a A = ½ (a + b) h
2. Rectangle is a quadrilateral whose adjacent sides are Where: median = ½ (a + b), h = distance between two
perpendicular. parallel bases a and h
A = bh
P = 2b + 2h
 a

media
h n
d
β 1
d
b 2
6. Trapezium: is also known as General quadrilateral or a
7. Cyclic quadrilateral
polygon of four sides.
Quadrilateral is a quadrilateral that lies in a circle
- Given four sides and sum of opposite angles (θ)
Bramaguptha’s Formula:
Aq =√ s ( s−a )( s−b ) ( s−c ) −abcd cos2 θ
A=√ s ( s−a ) ( s−b ) ( s−c ) ( s−d )
Where:

θ=
A+ C B+ D
2
=
2
S=
a+ b+c +d
2
r=
a+ b+c +d
√
( ab+ cd ) ( ac+ bd ) (ad +bc )
4A

c B Where: S=
2
a
A b
c
d C
D a
b
d
- Given the diagonals of the quadrilateral:
8. Circle inscribed in a quadrilateral
A= () 1
d d sin β
2 1 2 A=rs=√ abcd
Where: d1 and d2 are the diagonals β is the angle formed
between two diagonals
 b 2. Hexahedron - with 6 square faces and 8 vertices. It has 12
c edges.
3. Octahedron – with 12 pentagonal faces and 20 vertices. It
has 30 edges
a 4. Icosahedron – it has 20 triangular faces and 12 vertices. It
has 30 edges.
d
Formulas:
9. Ptolemy’s theorem – the sum of 2 pairs of opposite sides of
a convex quadrilateral inscribed in a circle is equal to the 1. Cube – a polyhedron whose six faces are squares
product of the lengths of the diagonals. Volume = a3
ac + bd = d1d2 A total surface = 6a2
Note: For cyclic quadrilateral the sum of opposite interior A lateral = 4a2
angles is 180⁰. d= √ 3 a
-

b a
c
d a
1 a
a d
2 2. Rectangular parallelepiped – is a polyhedron with six faces
d which are all rectangles.
Volume = abc
Solid Geometry
A total Surface = 2(ab + bc + ac)
Polyhedron – is a closed space bounded by planes A lateral = 2(bc + ac)

Regular polyhedron – a solid with all its faces identical regular c

polygons b
5 regular polyhedrons: a
3. Prisms – polyhedron of which 2 faces are equal polygon in
1. Tetrahedron – with 4 triangular faces and vertices. It has 6
parallel planes and other faces are equal parallelogram.
edges
 ( )
Right prism if the lateral faces are all perpendicular to the h1 +h2 +h3 +h 4 +h5
base otherwise it is Oblique prism. V = A base
5

Volume = Abase h
Alateral = PbaseL
Atotal surface = Alateral h4 h5 h2
h=L h1
+ 2B h3
Abase
Abas
Prismatoid is a polyhedron having for bases two polygons in
e
Right parallel planes, and for lateral faces triangles or trapezoids
Prism with one side lying in one base, and the opposite vertex or
side lying in the other base, of the polyhedron
A h/
A 2 2 h
m h/
L h 2
A
Abas 1
e
h
Where: Pb – is the perimeter of the base v= (A 1 + A 2 +4 A m )
6
P⊥ - is the perimeter of the right section Where: Am is the area of the midsection. A1 and A2 are the
A⊥ - is the area of the right section areas of the two parallel bases. H is the shortest distance
L – is the slant height between bases.
Abase – is the base area Regular polyhedron is a polyhedron whose faces are equal
regular polygons, and all of whose polyhedral angles are
Truncated Prism:
equal. Faces are the portions of the bounding planes
V = Abasehave included by the edges. Vertices are the intersection of the
edges.
Pythagoras knew the existence of all the regular polyhedron except
the dodecahedron which was discovered in 470 B.C. by Hippasus. The five
 regular polyhedrons are also known as the platonic solids, although they
were known to the Greeks before the time of Plato. Swiss mathematician a
Leonhard Euler showed that for any simple polyhedron, the sum of the
number of vertices V and the number of faces F is equal to the number of a a
edges plus 2.

Reg. No. of No. of No. of Volume Type of a

polyhedron faces vertices edges face

V = √ a3
Tetrahedron 4 4 6 2 Triangle
a dodecahe
12
hexahedro dron =
A surface
Hexahedron 6 8 12 V = a3 Square
n = 6Asquare
A surface 12Apentagon
Octahedron 8 6 12 √2 3
V= a
Triangle
3 a
Dodecahedron 12 20 30 V = 7.66 Pentagon
a3
Icosahedron 20 12 30 V = 2.18a3 triangle a
Where: a = length of one edge
Total surface area = No. of faces x face Area a
No. of vertices + No. of faces = No. of edges + 2
Icosahedron
Regular Polyhedrons A surface =
octahedro 20Atriangle
a a n
4. Cylinder – is a solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface
a
and two parallel planes which are the bases.
a a V = A base h
a V = A⊥ L
tetrahedro Alateral =P ⊥ L
n =
A surface A surface = A surface= A lateral+ 2 A base
4Atriangle 8Atriangle
 L h
h

Abas Abas
e Right
e
Pyramid
Right Circular Cylinder is a solid bounded by closed
cylindrical surfaces which are perpendicular to the circular Frustum of a Pyramid is a portion between the base of a
bases. pyramid and a section parallel to the base.

A
2
L h h
Abase A
V = πR²h 1
A lateral = 2πRL Where: A1 and A2 are areas of the two parallel bases
A surface = A lateral + 6. Cone a solid bounded by a conical surface (lateral surface)
2Acircle whose directrix is a closed curve, and a plane (base) which
5. Pyramid – a polyhedron of whose base is a polygon of any cuts all the elements.
number of sides with one face, called the base, and whose
other faces are triangles with a common vertex.
h
1
V = A base h h
3
Alateral =∑ of face area r Abase r
B
A surface= A lateral + A base
Right cone Oblique cone
7. Frustum of a Cone - Section of the cone between the base
and a section parallel to the base
 r
a
h r
h b
R

8. Sphere –is a solid bounded by a closed surface every point

of which is equidistant from a fixed point called the center. c. Spherical sector – portion of sphere generated by the
Volume: revolution of circular about any diameter of the circle of
V = (4/3)π R3 which the sector is apart.
Surface area: r V = 1/3 AR
A = 4π R2 Where: A = area of zone

a. Spherical Zone – portion of a spherical surface between h

two parallel planes. A spherical zone of one base has
one bounding plane tangent to the sphere.
r
h
d. Spherical Cone is a solid formed by the revolution of a
h r
circular sector about its one side (radius of the circle).
r r
h

b. Spherical segment – portion of sphere included r r

between two parallel lines
e. Spherical pyramid – portion of sphere bounded by a
h spherical polygon and the plane of its sides.

r r
 Where: E = spherical Excess
n = number of sides of the given spherical polygon
f. Spherical wedge – portion bounded by a lune and the
planes of 2 great circles.

r
θ

g. Spherical Lune - portion of a spherical surfaces bounded

by the halves of two great circles.

r
θ

Where: θ must be in degrees