if f ONIT- Memery ond Freq ammable Logie Ram — M E ae. ernony durodung — Enor cletectsp and Corveatién - cn. vegemmer logic annoy — Programmable Aroy oa equantiol Prqemmable dhvices . \ Random Acces Memow CRAM) ue Memories ase made up of Ak ae B one Skonnge locabso Jotation . Each mamey local & tdanty tc Oncor more bit. Can Slore regs - Coch regal 2 also calud memory wd by on adds ae Jocation Can acrommodal ia total numba o, bile thot a Mery of} tohich Sloses one bik op data: A Storage elemant p calud a coll. The datn Sted 4 Memory ys calud wailng xebieved Yom the memory by oo prow cold ond oe cert Address Biorage elle padres ° ' 1 a {lo feTe j<- 1000 2/110 a WAhing 3 ab data 4 é + = at eee roe act nw 7x write opeabroon] yeaTre Hme taken do Wanyer Udjermabée & oF grom any — dasiaed Location & always Saree? Hens = c Random - Access Memoy CRAM) . Memory ik ® Called as te colled wait sles bubary jermatioo ub groups 5 bi wads 2 A Wod ud mamey 6 an ently oY bile thot MOVES LA and out af Storage a» quit. A werd hawig Group or g bile h colud a byt Nok: Ib bit Wad Contaws two byt ond Sovh eed B mode gy byt - — Communication between a memoy anc ie et (b auhteved through data fanes , acldlacee leshin Lines , Ond control Dtres Os shown & 3g: yok addres fins , we ean acces ak Memoy words eg: ig k=te, w°= 1024 Memow words. B: A bipelas RAM Chip 6 anonged as le wods - How many bile axe Slored ww the Chip- Soln: One word = 8 bit Ibasceie Leg = Ie bile - : How many asda bib ae rucded to Operate akxe Rom ? Soin: 2k location = axioak = ooh [dealers duce: “Abe al, vignued, [eats Dinos - Hew mossy locabdns axe addressed ubing: 18 addun bil Sola: giB = ab alr Jocatiom .din ond “Read Cpootee wah opbabeo’? re buy addun of He desined merery Word b&w the addres Lena - 2. Apply the data bity thot must memoy be the dota wmput Lanes - 3. Activate the wai Conbol Signal . Read Operatsbn : tL. Apply the urary adidas 9} tae dtacch memory tool te Wc Cuddy te 2. Activa the Read Conkeol Signal be stored wn Memory Deaiptoo uw HPL Te » declared as seq Cis:0] Mem Ww t Word lengte ketal No- 4 wads wh Memey U Two dimensional any q sin regslis each Containing Ib-bile - Read operation + Y Read Signal & autive, , Memory Read opestin 6 aBpeeigied as DataOut = Mem CAddress] ; Writ operoltoo : t Wait Signal b achive , Memory Wake & Sperigeed as EX! Mem £.Addrew] = Datatn ; Wak a HDL cocle for Memov vead / writ, Cperoliso Modute Mamory C Enable , Readwhritt , Addres , Data , DataOut) ord Co. sia] input Enabe, Readwaik » Apu [1:0] Datatn 5 Uspuk £71 0] DataOut ;Anput Ce:0)} Addres > iy : req C1:0J DatbOut » ed req it :o0] mMemLo: 127) 5 alus @ CEnabl or Readwait) m CAddres] 5 I Read tf CReadWait) Data Out = Me I Waite else. Mem CAddres] = Datatn 5 else DalaQut = B'be > end module. Tinuing qLiagaam or Waveforms : Actos Hire: Te 8 dyunid os a tire requtsad to delet a Memory word and xead ct - Cycle Gre: Tt B diyened as a time required te compli & Memory Lori. pealiée - A Temaings fos Memory wri opesahén- */ clock / T cea Ta a React | paep te ee ee Dats —! ' ee Tha tmanmoy enable ® aeivatd Lhogier] and Read]wil & made logic © ta the Signals ua the Address Luies an Stable vrordu te avotd dulioyerg day o> otlar Mmiwoy Words -Memov . eg ae UT Read ie _ ' 1 Date i 1 Sper — Gece ase Gt Meeeay The Zemiconduiter Mimeyy divas canbe Clasuryed dunuzcned and uate Several 4 Gerorduag te Huis Qacktkectinal Charostinstias Non Volatile Memory | NJolatile Memory Read OnlyMemow Read] wate Memon Read | WN Memo C Rom) CNvRem) Crwmd. »*) Mosk-Preqammcth x) EPROM Random Aces /non- Random Ron x) EBROM x) SRAM * *) Roquammabe ae Rom 3) FLASH K)DRAM *) LIFO A) shit Ret Rom» Readenty Memory Fifo 3 Fist & Fest ble Rom Cn Prom > Programme! i ee Eprom Erosabl. PROM ear EE PRoM> Elechi Exasabl. PROM RAM —> Static Random Acces Memon DRAM > Dynan Random Accets ManorsTwo types oy Memories 4) Volatile f) Nonvolotile *) Volobtita manonts ton yetarn thar stom a Leng o> Power 5 applied . On the ote, hand, eke Can hold datz even Yo power burned oy. at) Read [waite Memores CRWMs) > aliow beth te0d bonite operons. They on Used cr Oopplicalice wre dake hoo to Change Continuosly - They ase Used to barnponony Sieroap of data - %) ROM memories allow only read operalioy - wed & sieve moniley Pmgams and cersiane se the pacgsam - *) The volotifa. memories Which can held the data o> ‘eng Orn Power & ON ae couled static RAMs CSRAMs) ‘ &) Dynamic, RAMs CDRans) sles The cata as ac i alld ails ond they reed Aqreshirg 3} chaise. On the coparilss aye every jew Ai abveroreiaks ; hold tha data oven tf Power & ON- %) EPRom and ERROM Qu erasable memoriio whech te lared date can be erased and new data canbe Ilored * Types of RANDOM_- ACCESS MEMORIES ae age. Teo lypes x) Stotic RAM a) Dyrowic RAM. x) Stouc Bae Merienu toc. comeley ot ctkeuite capable of Balada tran Sit voeutergias, Powl © applied ate known os Skotic, BABS Memories - Theat ace RanctemAccs M Neca Memory CRAM) ancl hence. Combinety called totic RAM memories. i Select 7a One bit buray coll x/. Select output L P tret_ fre ——y output eines Read] wate Read waiti x) The 8 leiage part O4 fhe Call 6 modal by OF Chita “with geeuoud gate te deme ® Waech %) The budcry Cell 6 Capable 04 stouhg one bile th Urkeanal QotCh- %) Select ip enables the coll. When Read sead opuohsn perjormed 5 Otharwse » Peformed - 4) Dynamic RAM CDRAm) RAM xl [out vo Dente, White operation Je Dynowwie Sen ind storage c 7 capacitor ° conbol. dine Dynamic RAM Steves ta dota axa Choe om the Capasits A dynamic RAM Contarrs tbourards Bunt pa seoasicetis:||Whan” | Commins (Cant? and Row ae Denes) go high» the MosFeT conduc 0nd may the Caporilen - When Cohbvmn and Row lens go tow , te MosFeT opens and the Copasiler rebaen tks choage « Th tha way it glbros | bikolisady Te needs Bepyeshing 0} charge 09 the Capetiter a4Gr every jew enriltiseronds. Comparison betwean SRAM and DRAM! s J Static RAM Dynamle RAM 1. |Contatns less Memory cells} More memory Celle. Per Unit area. Q. fTeharw les decors Hma [te ciceets ma 5 quealte than hanee gOotes memorizo. [static RAMs 3. Consisls of Meamber ay Comist af MosFET £ capa cilss Fepdrops Ae [Rejseshing ciaceatt 1 [Rejreshidg cineuit coquised Dok vequized. 5. | cost 6 more cost 6 tow. *) Memory Decoding = 7% Organi voloon oF bie, Cally oma ea rahas baby bbl bo be as a eee fun fenuefont] R H . is Cinbuit, couse! | D ata input] output ne . e Lines “Hq Shows a 1b x @ bit Memowy chip. There are Ib Words of §-bils each. A memow With Ib wordsteres Tre Your cuddren input fo dtlect one oy the Sixten werds neods our adolrers Iroug a IX le decoder u The decodes 58 enabud with @ Mamow enablk élp One a tomrd 6 delected , the Noga [erik dp cletermecs tho Operalton wey od aan Dunha writ Operadiion , the data avaidabl in the mM eres) ae Wansjerod rtp the ecght tremor Us CJ Me Selected word . The camo Celle frat ou nok Selected cs haabled and thet ‘prevous buiary voles Aeman aunrck eugel Dwing read operate , tardata gm | mMamow Cells oy the geleclid word b available on He data Output Po 9) Cowrcidint Decoding | Je Two clumansional clecocteng frie a fre Ecce acheme */DA dacdr with k uxpatR and aX output Aaquinss ak AND 3 Bo toflh kK tnpate per gat Z We con accuse the total number 4} gals pelt evel Rumba of inpal® . gab be mptoye” two duodus wa a oe eee a 4) Ore decoder Performs the rw Seledfiso and the oHut the column delecticn us a loo climensional maliix Cong urabono - %) The dive most signegean® bitty of He add gol A oma give ast signegecont hits go fs eoput &. Each word withio the memory ariory seleetid by the Conutdknte op One A and OB dre . Thus each word by the Cotpeidence. between th mamon A selected column fo total of lop 32 rows ancl lof 38 loxy words. 3: Explcow He basic shudduve of a ase xy sraGe RaM with Neat diagram - by ba wo eta Po WI a Addses A2- As decodes : ies As- AG: AT taseEn: Gune He tdbernal block diagiam Of 4x4 RAM bs be by br be__be Wo = [ | ty EP] Ac Addsess Decodias A\ set. bef ret Data tr) ole Vee *) Addrers Multi paxsg Dreams hove fous Hews The allows gour Ames ruck MmEMOY copotilg bo be Ploied on a given sige 4 chip. Because of th hosge Caparuity , the Aecodeng of DRAMs 6 oaanged ub a leo dumensional) “To vediuee pre number of pers the 1 C Pockoy vow oddaers ond column acdscs fenes Que pauttplxed th DRAM - eg ad shows for a biyk DRAM. Hee , bak Menrcony Cons the density oO} SRAMs tho crdiclacrs mureplerteg oi ot te dlarcenrsione) carey af cells ig wis 356 Yous by ash columns | Jor a total q a ssf. a ab wo256 x 256 Mae: eee Gl) ossey CAS *) DRAM hon o Zug data put huis, a surgle data Output Line 0 sed] write Conbiel , an a-bit adden Input and lize addoun Sitobes CRAs and CAs) 4) Row Addssa Slicbe (RAS) enabls @- bit rw rgele and column Addsuw Slike Ccas) enables &-bié Column ae | The PRE ond TH ase achive low signals Error Detection AND CoRRecTioNn: When Whe dig ital thforrsac> us the bevany dom & Gorsenitid from one Cini OF Syl be another Ths Means & Céimuit or gylito Gn enor may oceny - Signal Conepordurg to © may Chan ts | oy Vite- Vesa dusts prwcne of noise. Te rnasbtarr the data wakegty between tronynitt, ond receive. , eta biter more than One bib ae cddid ws ta date . Those exteabile Allow fe duterbén and Lornsbimas Conechon of exrot us tha dour Tre doln oforg with Ha extia bib [bile dorms the code. Codas Which 4 wordy error deteclsn ae CO error dafutting codun ond Codis Which tipw omer dekedion ond 6 Coredion ow colled emer detecting ond Conesting todsn.” yPoxilg pit: prs — A posuilg bit 4 used tor the Puspose of dekecking errs diving Darsmissun 4 bu imormalioo . 7 : — A pally bit 2 on exte bit urcluded Wilh & buiewy reso. by moks tha number af |S either odd ovr even. — Theives that generals the — Parity hit w the Gorenitte 2 colkd a parity Grerrattor urd He Ciscuit thak checkt the pasil, ch the receiver 5 called a Parity Checker, —Tr even Posty , He added paulg bit will make Fa borat puimber ok [es One Seen Gernot - Th oad poly the aadiad pasity bik will make the total numbes oF Is On edd arncunk © : si] Meus jit even faa 3B bik Menage Mi with edd fou te on Aner es cs Metege all | Mens oe ey Slo 1 000 ° ool I a ae o | ote | o 10 © ° i : wet i oul ° \ ° ° 100 o loo | 1 oO i 101 1 lor oO 1 1 ° (ole! 1 1lo ° I It 1 rel © pul ] Fo: Wai a Ase Code jos the cleeimal atigit 9 wilb an even poly. Pha Paxil bik He most Signiqicant Position - Solon T-bit pger code for 9 5 Owlool Te give even pouty add 0 uw the MsB ODorwsooltrex ~ Wath a Ascil Code jor the celphabet ‘A’ With an odd pauly Place Pasity biE wh the MSB position - Soln: Te bit Ascii Coole foo Te give odd — pasiby ada Ans: a A+ 100000! 1 up the ~MSB loo0000l. Hamming Cone Hamming Code not © nly provides The cletecon a} abit enor, but also iclentiyces Which bik 1 2 ener Go that tb can be comected > Thus Harem vb Called error detecting anal uses a number of parity bits , located at cesta positions wr the code er x) Number a} Foxit bits : Number of partly pile depend on He number f Wiformaties bils «Ty Ue number of Lformabion bili olssignad X, theo the numba ef Parity biE | PA dukermened by the gotlewrg coda correcting toda. Ths code aclatwoshép . aPS x+ PH lek xeh , gurl usa bial Methed - lot Poa ae ateh M+ Pl = beatl= ele aP put Pr eat = Not Gatufied . Assume P23Pe a? = 8: xePrts Hiatt = 8 az wt P+ a ze = cobsasdied « 1) hocalzina oj the fauly OB et OS > Caleulati the cuumber OF pasiy ee a : Provide sbuighe eros conedsse for gtvem es ormotion bile = 24: yy bit urjor ma! "The code 9 OF Bity, Bike, Bis, tao ond 3 pariky bile gaven bile pie, Birks, BIEA, the endesg Biel. > Posty bils ae tera’ Powe of a- a Cl,>, 4.8 po) 2 2,22 -) eqs q-bik code, Localasn for Ldjormatior bil “ara parity bily axe - Dy, De, De, R , Da, Pa,R. x) Assigning Value f Parity bib : Assignment 0 Pr —9 cheeks) the BIE Qocaltons 1,315 27 Assignment of Pa D> " " re Assignenant of Py > era nou in " u " ute Seven bie Eq: Encods the burouy word 10 even parity Namrurg code : Step |, Judd Ue Number of parity bile dagquired jot P=3 then aP =~ ait X4Ppei a trl Three. bile ore Suydictan® =e.Total cede bits + 4h +3 ed, | eel el uo. Pasilg - Ships: Consult a bit Locahsn table | Bit designation | By [Pe [ d= [Py | Pa] | P 7 La (ne Bit Localion * 6 fe iis pad Usjos mation’ ili 1 Siti [Pasty bis ; oie Ass: [oto tol . Detormun He Sugl, err Conechng tods for the Udformalise Cede loll for odd pari Sti: let P=3 arenes R+PH] = SH+atl=4 A aPy xepe -® nee satisfied - ber Pah szatta le Xe Pepe SATE => sP a xePtl ? dota ped - \ Total code bit = B+h=4. Check 2,2 jb ja TVrere ae four ones uy (Wie QouP - Tk 6 correct * Py cheeks tS reoT The a ous ones | UP Aes Qroup Sosy & Coneek: -*. The conect coda » tii ry 24! Detect and Correct error CU Guy) ue the follows Acceived ven porily hammeng code word oOto1o Also Jusd out the Conect Merage - Ceonskaut a bit focation fable - “Bit Aesignotisn| Du | De] Dal Fo) Dvir Py [alm Bt lecatide W iol a] e| 7 BF kg 55) | Received coco. ojo{tljiutt iI lo | forslp 8: Cheek gor pau bite Mer Ts TH cheeks the locates 1 Wio ace two 1S for Pat Py checka the Ware cre thrice 18 7) Waong > I Jo Py 8 end 4 Chocks location &, 5,6 aay “The ’ Maan theee I's. wrong = I for Par R 2: TR cheeks Location @, 9, to and I “Were are tive is ui the Group Connect - 0 q sy The conoct Merage B Oolileo (010 Sw Co Faspr Concction plus Seubk Enor A one more parity bit 6 added cp Tre hamming rurek t ail te ensure hammer code contains ane \s- the added paaity bie dvb wed tp’ dabeemeneyy the valu of He otter partly biG Te youlbng eclicn ord Vrammurg Code enables Buigle errer cons Gouble om da tection ¢ When overall parity bit clureng the TRamsmiasuce awd ten Mae 7? é} be unclicatid by Surgh ower overart parity bit > erconerk and the bit position of he ower Gan 4 gormed alt chang te poly ne: 3 athieved- : burary vember Hence Suagte cone cticeReap onty Memory (ROM) —We can’ wath data co xead only Memones . TES non. votoktl. Mancoy —Th ean hold dota evr if Power B (Zand Off. User! Roms a1e Used bo glete the burg codes 107 Yro Sequence df udsltuctrons — gol want the compulis t Coauy out and dota such a> Look UP Lablis Most Roms aw accored randomly With unique addrewes 7x dq? Rom cell x! pit hin | oe \Nord bare open: Bata sted Clogic 9 T f Close: Date alored Clegic ©) rdeq . bh . wat “q 7 ows the typical congigquration oy a ae dt “cease of a bansnl& FT and sewilth P- anselsi BH datven by Iho Word fene + The contenk 0, J cell con be road — Yrom the all tohen word furs P logic! A logec. value oO pxwad ef the lansnlér 7 connects te ground Uhvough Basile Pp. Sy the Stitch PB Oper & Logie value | read , The bik Lave ib connectid & geerd=ttme Ubrugh a resphor to the Powe Supply ,Ge ae four types o ROM f x) Masked ROM a) PROM x) EPROM *~) EEPROMer E* PROM. Prom [Progtarnmabl. Read Only Memory] Adelross Goloet Lens MOSFET Switch output bit Fase i AAG: Suigte used Prom cell 1 PRoMs am prograrnmed by user. To prowde the Proqrarnmarg qouiliky , each oddree Select and dats luis tpberseciion — has ib own fused Mosret or Lanse lar - when the quse Pb ubtact | the memory Cell cengiqured as afogic | ood whin dure mp blown 7 the memory ct b& Logic 0. bogte Or cro progammed by Sole ching — the Approprat select Lee ard thee davuig ths vertical tata Lore with a puke af hegh Cument « sq. Shows — your byte PROM » St has diodes we ervey bit — posibon therefore the OP eatially afl o's Fath diode | howeva, has a qusibee Lek UA sedos witht. By adduuwa pit out epptyeng paeheCament pulse at the Conesponding ofp, we can beour cut Ne yuse, alordg Logie | at that bit pesilion. The fuse uses piatenal dike nécbreme and polynystaluis Yor blowsrg te guse it 8 “eteucry to Pas around 86 lo 50 mA ay cument for pened & lo 2ous. The blowing cy fuse actorderg (othe buth Table an Progamming ay Rom. The PROM Progsammes selectively hws Abe uses actorderg be the bit pattin te be stmed . Ths pros 2 alae known as burnusg 04 PROM. ‘The Proms ase. one tme programmable . Onc progammsd , the ton Srmation stored i Permanent: aus Ao Al \ wg speed ears f f 3% m Mm %S Re Dy 5 7% dour bye prom. ¥]. SEpRowy Cerosable. Paoqwornmaba Read only Memory t * Srosable Programmable ROMs Use Mos Cheuiliy, Tex slore 1's and O's asa paths’ of chaage waburied Boyes 4 Te ehep Eppoms ean be Paogowmmed by the used wilh a dpereal PF pron poyenne We can erase tha dtmed data cin f Prom bay @ xposey the chip to ulbaveo le figut: theough ih jee r wurdow dos to le do iminulix Lajormalise, TER nok possible by erane. — Aaleetive When erased the entire wdfenrnalion 0 fout. Tho chip suitable G (he. meron, icloa lly Con be Acpyogtammad 5 for Proclucet clovelopmont , experi eontal paoyech and College laboralonies Busco thas chip con be reured many kerncs , Over - A oe 4 Quay widow Whin eased eaen coll 1 the EPROM contaws 1. Bata ® chboduud by Bolectdwrly —Prograrnmeg a (nto the diated bit focatidns' + Pureng Progrowornung addurs and data ow opp eiod ly adden, od clota Purs og the EPROM. when the adds, and dota ov Stable Paogram pubo n applied be the Progeerin uxpuk oy the PROM.EEPROM CElechically Brasohle Froquarnreable Read —— j Outy Memo J, Eleckteolly erasable. Ror, abo use Mos Gruiby Vewy Suvifi bo that of EPROM. pata G Alvied 78 /e © OA no Chaage onan triulated Pontos ov an d sloate ab th the diate) The wssutoges fou meds veuy tur C< 200A) . EEPROM altos 4eleclive Caseig ok the acgila Live! neither Fran exaning Oi fe ra taJomolton suico Hho urformasiin Con be. clang by Maung electrical tg als. Tho fie required 6 fs - Gut EEPROM: da quit expensive « Dijerntiatr PROM aud EPROM: Pe PROM JeStands jor Progammable Read only oyera ob. Memon | aact eralay memory, Progommed Only Over Murtipu Kmes Guar ly Usidey Absowt Preseut « Bragerg Mult) By exposurg OV Laight - Enaging dota Not Possible @olective sxosung of data Biayiina ie & nek po vb. Case. diet lo go minule gh : ted ay —Stalic Mero Slores Li Gage cau, Applicalion « Used in +» Mitroconliollors Micophons , Radio Aveques Tdentipi cation Cads CRFTPT, High ‘ Depindtion Madia enterase CHpmi) oud vido game Coulzolle Wwedas Bios chips Computs M oretboardsTyjerentiat: EPROM awd FEPROM. Fata mela EPROM EEPROM. Stands for Frasable proqareimath wad] Eleckically Erasable Only ramory Rogemmabe read outy ae ; : Meno Fragen g clata os lective crasusg not Geleckivh oases ‘ Possible. Possible « Fragug Method] F: Thatos To’ ay oR Malix 62 mabex P Provided te Procuece We Logical Sum of te Proclurt tem ojps of the And mobix cS = P+ Ps -* Pnat Pm. Trvat | Non-Trvet Mabix : es Invert | Non Trove Compliment or unconiplenentd 4 ps S Doe poe es Combinatignal urpplementation vscng Roy mabic Provicler ofe We om: peas ne Rom vealige the getlowusg expranion « Fta,bt) = Sml%1,3,5, 7) = FeCa,b0) = mC1,a, 5,6)hee walpa. > Generale 93 a°= & mentama. dg I. Hate la io o| e sy of? es ee 32 ri pol qf 4} SN° tot tf UUU HA a I | | OUUU ant bbe a 3 » ete | _} {4 —|— =r eat —tH eles ater dt ep ma —4— yD - TL pst Tit + Fm tkRor ye Desiqn a Corn busa tional are ¢ octepts 32-bit eee ti The cuacenit code « “ genwalis ib So--o OH Pao ° OG Or yO eGoesign A Combinalasnal — eeacauit Ceacuit atop butay number Osuig ROM - The g- bik number and qonealis an output equal te Squexc af uspat number . Burary

| PLA Consple oF n-ctnpule , output buyer with re outpuls | om produute tess , Mm sum terms , ele aud ole buyes. the rodent kom constitnk 0 qoup in pnp gels and Ue Bumterms Comblilale a Qeoup Of rn oR gels Cotted oR Matix . uses oe essertad betwen all n-inpes aud thea Compe ment provided blw yatuos & eoth oy tra AND galr Sferen ALe Abo Otten ae ia and Ue [Ps od tha AND goals avd tte trpuls’ of the OR gala. TH dad Set of fuses te Outpuk Udversters atlous He output junsiisr ty ba genesolid dither cb tre AND-0R form 92 0) the