Internet of Things
Module 1
Syllabus
Choice 1 (20 marks) Choice 2 (20 marks) Important (Priority wise)
What is IoT? IoT Network Architecture Simplified IoT architecture
Genesis and Design IoT world forum standard
Digitization Comparing IoT architectures M2M architecture
Impact M2M architecture
Connected roadways IoT world forum standard
IoT reference model
Buildings
Simplified IoT architecture
Challenges
IoT Network Architecture and
Design
Drivers behind new
network architectures
IoT: Definition: What is IoT?
● Connect the unconnected: A major technological shift forward
● IoT is a technology transition (what?) in which devices allow us to sense and control
the physical world (why?) by making objects smarter and connecting them through
an intelligent network (how?)
● IoT allows for improvements in efficiency, accuracy, automation, and enablement of
advanced applications
Genesis of IoT
● Age of IoT: Start: 2008 - 2009: More things connected to the internet than the world’s
population
● Kevin Ashton: Coined the term IoT
● IoT is the addition of senses to Computers
Evolutionary Phases of the Internet: [CNII ABDWI] [ABD Williers Cartoon Network)
● Intelligent Connections vs Business and Societal Impact
● Stage 1: Connectivity: Digitize access
○ Email, Web browser, Search
○ This phase started in the mid-1990s. Initially, getting on the Internet was a luxury
even for universities and corporations. This phase enabled access to the internet or
“Digitize access”. This phase connected people to Email, Web browsers, and
Internet searches so that information is easily accessed.
● Stage 2: Networked Economy: Digitize business
○ E-Commerce, Digital Supply chain, Collaboration
○ There came a saturation point when connectivity and speed were no more issues
that limited access to the internet. Now, the focus became leveraging this
connectivity and access for efficiency and profit. This inflection point marked
the beginning of the second phase of the internet evolution called the Networked
economy.
○ E-Commerce and digitally connected supply chains became so prominent that
they lead to online shopping, thus, digitally intertwining vendors, suppliers, and
consumers making them directly connected to each other.
● Stage 3: Immersive Experiences: Digitize Interactions
○ Social media, Video, Mobility, Cloud
○ Characterized by the emergence of Social media, collaboration, and widespread
mobility across devices
○ Connectivity is pervasive thus enabling communication and collaboration (access
across multiple platforms)
○ Person to Person interactions are digitized
● Stage 4: Internet of Things: Digitize the World
○ Connecting People, Process, Data, Things
○ In this latest phase, Machines and objects connect with other machines and
objects, along with humans
○ This has led to a huge increase in data and knowledge, leading to previously
unrecognized insights, increased automation, and new process efficiencies
IoT and Digitization
● IoT focuses on connecting “things” to the internet: Well understood term
● Eg: Wi-Fi location tracking in a shopping mall: Wi-Fi location tracking is the ability to
track a customer’s live location through his/ her smartphone’s connection to the shopping
mall’s Wi-Fi network. Here “things” are Wi-Fi devices. Such location-tracking gives us
relevant information about where customers spend more time, and how much time they
spend in different parts of the store. This data if analyzed will help owners in making
important business decisions such as Where to place advertisements? How much rent to
charge? Where to place security guards? Where does a specific product need to be
displayed? and so on. These business insights that lead to business benefits make IoT
very attractive.
● Digitization: Connection of “things” with the data they generate and the business
insights that result
● Digitization: Conversion of information into a digital format
● Eg: Photography industry: Film roll to Digital Camera
● Eg: Video rental industry: DVDs to streaming services and downloadable files
● Eg: Transportation: Traditional taxi services to Uber, Ola, and so on
● Eg: Online Payment
● In the context of IoT, digitization brings together things, data, and business
processes to make networked connections more relevant and valuable.
● Eg: Smart home automation: NEST: Brings together different smart objects to provide
the consumer with a better experience
● Digitization: Differentiator; IoT: Prime enabler of digitization
● Smart objects and increased connectivity drive digitization and IoT
● Digital transformation is the process of using digital technologies to transform existing
traditional and non-digital business processes and services, or creating new ones, to meet
with the evolving market and customer expectations, thus completely altering the way
businesses are managed and operated, and how value is delivered to customers
IoT Impact
As more things get connected to the Internet, IoT will fundamentally shift the way people and
businesses interact with their surroundings. Managing and monitoring smart objects using
real-time connectivity enables a whole new level of data-driven decision-making. This in turn
results in the optimization of systems and processes and delivers new services that save time
for both people and businesses while improving the overall quality of life.
Connected Roadways
● IoT is a necessary component in implementing a fully connected transportation
infrastructure: IoT allows vehicles to better interact with the transportation system
around them through bidirectional data exchanges while also providing important data to
the riders.
● The driver sitting behind the steering wheel has access to a myriad of sensor data such
as oil pressure, tire pressure, temperature, and other core car functions. This will assist
the driver in making critical decisions.
● Nowadays, sensors are becoming IP-enabled facilitating easy communication with other
systems both inside and outside the vehicle. This enables vehicles to talk with other
vehicles, traffic signals, school zones, and other elements of the transportation
infrastructure.
● Challenges being addressed by connected roadways:
○ Safety: Will empower drivers with tools to anticipate potential crashes and thus
significantly reduce road accidents and loss of lives
○ Mobility: Connected vehicle mobility applications enable drivers to make
informed decisions which can in turn reduce travel delays. Congestion causes 5.5
billion hours of travel delay per year, and reducing this is more critical than ever.
In addition, coordinated communication among different elements of connected
roadways helps optimize routing, further reducing potential travel delays.
○ Environment: If private vehicle miles are reduced, it will greatly aid in reducing
carbon dioxide emissions. Connected vehicle environmental applications will
give travelers the real-time information they need to make green transportation
choices.
● Benefits: Reduced traffic jams, reduced urban congestion, decreased road accidents,
increased response time for emergency vehicles, reduced vehicle emissions, and so on
● Applications: Intersection movement assist (IMA), Automated vehicle tracking,
Cargo management, road weather communications
● Data potential: The data generation potential of a connected vehicle is staggering. It is
estimated that a fully connected vehicle will generate more than 25 Gigabytes of data
per hour, much of which will be sent to the cloud.
○ Concern with data:
■ Who owns the data?
■ Who will use this data and for what purpose?
■ How data generated by a vehicle will be used by third parties?
■ Privacy concerns?
■ Security and reliability?: Authentication and verification of both driver
and car
○ Automobile data are extremely useful to a wide range of interested parties: Tire
companies - Durability of tires, Automobile manufacturing companies - Build a
better car by understanding core car conditions; Very useful as they get hold of
real-time data
○ Application areas: Targeted advertising, Interaction with third-party
applications (GPS) to enhance user experience, safety, and comfort
○ IoT data broker: Data generated by an automobile and driver is a valuable
commodity that can be bought and sold. These data will likely go to one initial
location in the cloud, from where data can be separated and sold selectively by
the data broker. The technology required to aggregate and separate the data from
connected cars in a secure and governed manner is rapidly developing and is a
significant business opportunity.
○ Connected roadways are likely to be one of the biggest growth areas for
innovation. Eg: Smart Highway systems with integrated sensors
Connected Factory
● For years, traditional factories have been operating at a disadvantage because of their
“disconnected: within and outside” or “strictly gated” nature. Managers herein are
flying blind or lack visibility.
● Main Challenges faced by manufacturing in a factory environment:
○ Accelerating new product and service introductions to meet customer and market
opportunities
○ Increasing plant production, quality, and uptime while decreasing cost
○ Mitigating unplanned downtime
○ Securing factories from cyber threats
○ Decreasing high cabling and re-cabling costs
○ Improving worker productivity and safety
● Since these challenges need to be addressed at various levels of the manufacturing
business, it adds an additional level of complexity
● Benefits of Connected factory:
○ New levels of overall equipment effectiveness
○ New levels of supply chain responsiveness
○ Enhanced customer satisfaction
● A convergence of factory-based operational technologies and architectures with
global IT networks is starting to occur, referred to as “CONNECTED FACTORY”
● How? - There are already large numbers of basic sensors on factory floors. With IoT,
these sensors become advanced and attain a level of connectivity. They are smarter
and can communicate using IP over an Ethernet infrastructure.
● In addition to sensors, devices on the plant floor are also becoming smart. Ethernet
connectivity is becoming pervasive. More IP-enabled devices are getting added to the
manufacturing environment: Cameras, Diagnostic smart objects, Personal mobile
devices, and so on
● Eg: Smelting facilities: Extract metals from their ores: A multistage process wherein
data and controls lie in various dispersed control rooms
● With IoT and connected factory solutions, true “machine-to-people” connections are
implemented to bring sensor data directly to operators on the floor via mobile devices,
thus reducing the wastage of time involved in moving back and forth between control
rooms and the plant floor. In addition, since operators now receive data in real time,
decisions can be made immediately to improve production and fix any quality problems.
● Eg: RTLS: Real-time location system: Uses small and easily deployed Wi-Fi RFID tags
that can attach to any material and provide real-time location and status. Benefits: Track
production and make real-time changes, Smart assembly lines, and Employee
performance.
● Evolution of IoT: Fourth Industrial revolution: The IoT wave of Industry 4.0 takes
manufacturing from a purely automated assembly line model of production to a model
where the machines are intelligent and communicate with one another.
Smart Connected Buildings
● The operational networks (structural, electrical, IT, mechanical) that support the
building environment have matured into sophisticated systems, but lack interaction with
each other, which is a major limitation paving the way for Smart connected buildings
● The function of a building is to provide a work environment that keeps the workers
comfortable, efficient, and safe for which intelligent systems for modern buildings need
to interact with each other, whereas as of now they are independent of each other
● The trend is slowly starting to change: Sensors deployed throughout the building such
as Motion detection sensors, Occupancy detection sensors, and Temperature sensors as
part of BMS (Building Management System)
● Benefit: Smart buildings are easier and cheaper to manage: Eg: Analysis of office
space - When smart building sensors and occupancy detection are combined with the
power of data analytics, it becomes easy to demonstrate floor plan usage
● BAS (Building automation system) has been developed so that a myriad of different
systems such as HVAC, lighting, fire alarm, detection systems, and so on can be
connected to a single framework thus enabling access control. All these systems may
support different types of sensors and connections to the BAS. How do you connect them
together so the building can be managed in a coherent way? This highlights one of the
biggest challenges in IoT: The heterogeneity of IoT systems
● Before we bring together heterogenous systems, they need to converge at the network
layer and support a common services layer that allows application integration
● Digital Ceiling
○ Promising and widespread
○ The digital ceiling is more than just a lighting control system. This technology
encompasses several of the building’s different networks such as lighting,
HVAC, blinds, CCTV, and security systems combining them into a single IP
network.
A framework for Digital Ceiling
○ Central to digital ceiling technology is the lighting system. The advent of LEDs
has revolutionalized smart connected buildings as they offer lower energy
consumption and far longer life, allowing them to run on Power over Ethernet
(PoE), thus permitting them to be connected to standard network switches.
○ Challenge: Supporting a large number of ethernet ports and density of IP
addresses require some redesign of the network, and it also requires a quiet,
fanless PoE-capable switch in the ceiling
○ Eg: Occupancy sensors in digital ceiling light: Live location tracking using BLE
and Wi-Fi
○ Digital ceiling not only provides optimized levels of lighting based on actual
occupancy and building usage, but it also allows granular control of
temperature, management of smoke and fire detection, video cameras, and
building access control. IoT allows all this to run through a single network,
requiring less installation time and a lower cost of system ownership.
Smart Creatures
● IoT also provides the ability to connect living things to the internet
● Eg: Connected cow: Monitor the location and health status (even pregnancy) of cows
via connected sensors and send the data wirelessly to the farmer
● Eg: IoT enabled roaches can be used in rescue operations during a disaster
○ An electronic backpack attached to the roach sends low-level electrical pulses to
an antenna on one side, thus making the roach turn to the opposite side, as it
believes it is encountering an obstacle. Backpack stimulates the cerci of the roach,
a sensory organ on the abdomen to facilitate forward movement. Wireless
communication is used.
○ Benefits: A fleet of such IoT-enabled roaches can be used to search for
survivors in a disaster scenario, such as an earthquake since the roaches are
naturally designed to efficiently move around objects in confined spaces;
Backpack is equipped with directional microphones that allow for detection of
certain sounds and direction from which they are coming. Mapping of spaces in a
disaster-hit area can also be done.
Convergence of IT and OT
● IT supports connections to the internet along with related data and technology systems
and is focused on the secure flow of data across an organization. Specifically, the IT
organization is responsible for the information systems of a business, such as email, file
and print services, databases, and so on.
● OT monitors and controls devices and processes on physical operational systems.
OT is responsible for the devices and processes acting on industrial equipment, such as
factory machines. Meters, actuators, and so on
● Traditionally, OT and IT networks have run completely separately from each other
● Management of OT takes precedence over IT simply because OT network failures
directly impact production on a huge level when compared to IT networks. Eg: Failure of
network connecting machines vs. failure of an email server
● Comparison of OT and IT network
Criterion Industrial OT network Enterprise IT network
Operational focus Keep the business Manage the computers,
operating 24*7 data, and employee
communication system in a
secure way
Priorities Availability, Integrity, Security, Integrity,
Security Availability
Types of data Monitoring, Control, and Voice, Video, Transactional
Supervisory data and bulk data
Security Controlled physical access Devices and users
to devices authenticated to the
network
Implication of failure OT network disruption Can be business impacting,
directly impacts business but workarounds may be
possible
Network upgrades Only during operational Often requires an outage
(software or hardware) maintenance windows window when workers are
not onsite; impact can be
mitigated
Security vulnerability Low: OTt networks are High: Requires vigilant
isolated and often use protection since connected
proprietary protocols to Internet
● With the rise of IoT, IT and OT worlds are converging. OT is beginning to adopt the
network protocols and methods of IT organization, whereas IT organization is beginning
to support the operational requirements used by OT. This will lead to economies of scale,
a reduction in capital infrastructure, easy-to-operate networks, faster growth, and
adaptability.
● Challenges in converging IT and OT:
○ There are fundamental cultural and priority differences between the two
○ Eg; Deploying quality of service (QoS) in a network - When the IT team deploys
QoS, voice and video traffic are given priority, whereas if OT shares the same
network, an argument can be made that OT traffic should be given higher priority
as disruption in OT network directly impacts business
● The overall benefit of IT and OT networks working together is a more efficient and
profitable business due to reduced downtime, lower costs through economy of scale,
reduced inventory, and improved delivery times
IoT Challenges (SPBSI: SPBalu singer)
Certain obstacles need to be overcome for IoT to become ubiquitous throughout the industry and
our everyday life, some of them are:
Scale: While the scale of IT networks can be large, the scale of OT can be several orders of
magnitude larger. Eg: Deploying IPv6-based smart meters onto an electrical grid - Managing
Thousands of employees without IoT vs tens of millions of meters with IoT, whereby the scale of
the system has increased 1000-fold
Security: With more things connected to the internet, security becomes a critical issue as threat
surface is now greatly expanded. If a device gets hacked, it may compromise an entire system
as it can be used as a launching point to mount an attack on the whole system. Since IoT
systems are pervasive, security becomes even more critical and complex.
Privacy: As sensors become more and more common, the data they collect will be very
personal and specific to individuals and their activities. This data can range from health
information to shopping patterns. For businesses, this data is of huge value. Here the concern is
who owns the data? What parts of personal data can be sold or even accessed? Is it ethical?, and
so on
Big data and data analytics: IoT and its large number of sensors are going to generate a
tremendous amount of data that needs handling as this data leads to business insights. But
processing such large amounts of data arriving from different sources in various forms in an
efficient and quick manner is a huge challenge.
Interoperability: Interoperability focuses on ensuring that two IoT systems or their components
can engage in a working interaction. The lack of interoperability prevents devices from
connecting autonomously, discovering each other, and collaboratively engaging with other
smart devices and services, which is a barrier for companies to build automated ecosystems
IoT Network Design and Architecture
● A computer network should never be built without careful planning, thorough security
policies and adherence to well-understood design practices and standards, failing which
we will end up with a network which is difficult to scale, manage, troubleshoot, and adapt
to organizational changes
● IT systems need to be designed to withstand ‘network earthquakes’ such as DDoS
(Distributed denial of service) attacks, network outages, human error, and also to
accommodate future growth requirements
Drivers behind New Network Architecture (DSLRSC)
Scale: The massive scale of IoT sensors is far beyond that of typical IT networks. The IPv4
address space has reached exhaustion and is unable to meet IoT’s scalability requirements.
Scale can only be met using Ipv6. IT networks continue to use IPv4 through features like
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Security: IoT devices, especially those on wireless sensor networks are often physically
exposed to the world. Thus security is required at every level of the IoT network. Every IoT
endpoint node on the network must be part of the overall security strategy and must support
device-level authentication and encryption. It must also be easy to deploy with some type of
zero-touch deployment model. The frequency and impact of cyber attacks in recent years have
increased dramatically, thus putting more emphasis on securing data from intrusion and theft.
In IT networks, it would be unthinkable to place critical endpoints outside the perimeter firewall,
whereas in IoT it is a necessity. Thus IoT systems require consistent mechanisms of
authentication, encryption, and intrusion prevention techniques that understand the behavior of
industrial protocols and can respond to attacks on critical infrastructure. For optimum security,
IoT systems must:
● Be able to identify and authenticate all entities involved in the IoT service
● Ensure that all user data shared is encrypted
● Comply with local data protection legislation
● Utilize an IoT connectivity management platform equipped with rules-based
security policies
● Take a holistic, network-level approach to security
Constrained devices and networks: Most IoT sensors are designed for a single job, and thus
are limited in power, memory, CPU and so on, thus making them constrained. Similarly, due
to massive scale and longer distances, the networks are also often constrained, lossy, and
capable of supporting only minimal data rates. If an IT network has performance constraints, the
solution is simple: Either upgrade or Expand. However, this approach does not suit IoT systems.
New last-mile wireless technologies are needed to support constrained IoT devices.
Data: The sensors generate a massive amount of data on a daily basis, causing network
bottlenecks and slow analytics in the cloud. Data analytics capabilities need to be distributed
throughout the IoT network from edge to the cloud. IT networks generally don’t care much
about unstructured data, whereas in IoT it is treated as gold as proper analysis herein will lead to
profitable business insights. Eg; Connected street lights in a smart city
Legacy device support: An IoT network often comprises a collection of modern, IP-capable
endpoints as well as legacy non-IP devices that rely on older protocols. Digital transformation
is a long process that may take many years, and thus IoT networks need to support protocol
translation and/ or tunneling mechanisms to support legacy protocols. Legacy device support is
easier in the case of IT when compared to IoT.
Real-time Data Analysis: Traditional IT networks perform scheduled batch processing of
data, whereas IoT data needs to be analyzed and responded to in real time. Analytics
software needs to be positioned closer to the edge and should support real-time analytics.
