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Pre Calculus

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PRE-CALCULUS REVIEWER

FIRST QUARTER EXAMINATION

CIRCLE WITH CENTER AT (h,k)


CONIC SECTIONS A circle is the locus of all points in the plane
Cone is a 3-dimensional shape formed by a having the same fixed positive distance r,
set of line segments which connects a called radius, from a fixed point C, called
common point called the apex or vertex. Its the center.
axis is the segment joining the vertex and
the center of the circular base.

PARABOLA WITH CENTER AT (0,0)


It is the set of all points such that its
distances from the fixed point called the
Conic section is the intersection of a plane focus and the fixed line called the directrix
and a double right circular cone. are the same.
Generator a line lying entirely on the cone. OPENING OF THE STANDARD
TWO TYPES OF CONIC: EQUATION OF THE PARABOLA:
Degenerate - a point, a line or two
intersecting lines.
Non-degenerate - either a;
Parabola cutting plane is parallel to one and
only one generator
Ellipse the cutting plane is not parallel to
any generator; that is, it cuts all generators.
Hyperbola the cutting plane is parallel to two
generators
CIRCLE WITH CENTER AT (0,0)
Circle consists of all points that are at a
fixed distance r, its radius, from a fixed point
C, its center. PARABOLA WITH CENTER AT (h,k)

Parabolas with vertex at (h, k) and whose


axis of symmetry is the line x = h.

Standard equation of a parabola with vertex


Note that a circle whose center is at (0, 0) at (h, k) can be written in any of the
and has a radius of 1 unit has the following forms:
center-radius (standard) form equation x2 +
y2 = 1 and is called the unit circle.

Sprinkling “PASADO” dust to everyone! Goodluck! - ke


PRE-CALCULUS REVIEWER
FIRST QUARTER EXAMINATION

Note the following observations:


● If the x-part is squared, the
parabola is vertical; if the y -part is ELLIPSE WITH CENTER AT (h,k)
squared, the parabola is horizontal.
We can move the ellipse so that its axes are
● If the coefficient on the right term
not on the x − axis and y − axis.
part is positive, the parabola opens
For the horizontal major axis case , if we
upward or to the right; if negative,
move the intersection of the major and
the parabola opens downward or to
minor axes to the point (h, k), we have the
the left.
standard equation of an ellipse:

ELLIPSE WITH CENTER AT (0,0)


Ellipse is the set of all points on the plane ,
the sum of whose distances from two fixed
points is a constant.
Foci - two points on the major axis of the
ellipse, sum of the distance of any point on
the ellipse from these two points is constant.

HYPERBOLAS WITH CENTER AT (0,0)


Hyperbolas is a set of all points, whose
absolute value of the difference in distances
from F1and from F2 is constant, where the
two fixed points F1and F2are called foci.

Sprinkling “PASADO” dust to everyone! Goodluck! - ke


PRE-CALCULUS REVIEWER
FIRST QUARTER EXAMINATION

PARTS OF HYPERBOLA:
foci - two fixed points
center - the midpoint of the line segment
vertices - the two points of intersection of
transverse axis - line that contains the foci
conjugate axis – line that is perpendicular to
the transverse axis
asymptotes - two lines passing through the
center
Note of the following observations: ELLIPSE WITH CENTER AT (h,k)
- if x2 comes first before y2 or when If the transverse axis is horizontally
x2 is positive then, the transverse coinciding with the x-axis whose vertex is
axis is horizontal and the opening of not on the origin or parallel to the x-axis,
the curve is right side and left side. then the standard equation is
- If y2 comes first before x2 or when
y2 is positive then, the transverse
axis is vertical and the opening of
the curve is upward and downward.
if the transverse axis is vertically coinciding
with the y-axis whose vertex is not on the
origin or parallel to the y-axis, the standard
equation is

Note the following observations:

Sprinkling “PASADO” dust to everyone! Goodluck! - ke


PRE-CALCULUS REVIEWER
FIRST QUARTER EXAMINATION

Equations and Characteristics of Conic Sections SIGMA NOTATION


The general form of quadratic equation in Sigma Notation - Sum of a sequence
two variables x and y is

A,B,C,D, and E Are constants and at least


one of the constants in A And B should K - index of summation, referred to as a
not be equal to zero. dummy variable.
QUADRATIC EQUATION IN CONIC
SECTION:
Circle: A = B
Parabola: when A=0 AND B ≠0 or vice
Upper limit of the summation is n while the
versa
Lower limit of the summation is 1.
Ellipse: A x B > 0
Hyperbola: A x B < 0
PROPERTIES OF SIGMA NOTATION

PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES SUM OF ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE:


I.Make a Representation: after
understanding the problem, assign variables
to the unknown quantities taking note of
their relationship with the known quantities. where n is the number of terms, a1 is the
II.Formulate the Equations: Write and derive first term and an is the last term.
the corresponding equations based on the
given conditions.
III. Determine the Solutions (values of the
unknown quantities) : Solve the problem
and determine the values of the unknown
variables.
IV. State your answer/s State the answer to
the problem in complete sentence.
Systems of Nonlinear Equations :
Substitution Method
Elimination Method

SEQUENCE AND SERIES

Sequence an enumerated collection of


objects in which repetitions are allowed and
order matters

Sprinkling “PASADO” dust to everyone! Goodluck! - ke


PRE-CALCULUS REVIEWER
FIRST QUARTER EXAMINATION

Sprinkling “PASADO” dust to everyone! Goodluck! - ke

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