This document provides a review of concepts in pre-calculus including conic sections, sigma notation, sequences and series, and problem solving strategies. It defines circles, parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas using their standard equations and geometric properties. Sigma notation and the sum of an arithmetic sequence are explained. Finally, it outlines four steps for solving problems: making a representation, formulating equations, determining solutions, and stating the answer.
This document provides a review of concepts in pre-calculus including conic sections, sigma notation, sequences and series, and problem solving strategies. It defines circles, parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas using their standard equations and geometric properties. Sigma notation and the sum of an arithmetic sequence are explained. Finally, it outlines four steps for solving problems: making a representation, formulating equations, determining solutions, and stating the answer.
This document provides a review of concepts in pre-calculus including conic sections, sigma notation, sequences and series, and problem solving strategies. It defines circles, parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas using their standard equations and geometric properties. Sigma notation and the sum of an arithmetic sequence are explained. Finally, it outlines four steps for solving problems: making a representation, formulating equations, determining solutions, and stating the answer.
This document provides a review of concepts in pre-calculus including conic sections, sigma notation, sequences and series, and problem solving strategies. It defines circles, parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas using their standard equations and geometric properties. Sigma notation and the sum of an arithmetic sequence are explained. Finally, it outlines four steps for solving problems: making a representation, formulating equations, determining solutions, and stating the answer.
CONIC SECTIONS A circle is the locus of all points in the plane Cone is a 3-dimensional shape formed by a having the same fixed positive distance r, set of line segments which connects a called radius, from a fixed point C, called common point called the apex or vertex. Its the center. axis is the segment joining the vertex and the center of the circular base.
PARABOLA WITH CENTER AT (0,0)
It is the set of all points such that its distances from the fixed point called the Conic section is the intersection of a plane focus and the fixed line called the directrix and a double right circular cone. are the same. Generator a line lying entirely on the cone. OPENING OF THE STANDARD TWO TYPES OF CONIC: EQUATION OF THE PARABOLA: Degenerate - a point, a line or two intersecting lines. Non-degenerate - either a; Parabola cutting plane is parallel to one and only one generator Ellipse the cutting plane is not parallel to any generator; that is, it cuts all generators. Hyperbola the cutting plane is parallel to two generators CIRCLE WITH CENTER AT (0,0) Circle consists of all points that are at a fixed distance r, its radius, from a fixed point C, its center. PARABOLA WITH CENTER AT (h,k)
Parabolas with vertex at (h, k) and whose
axis of symmetry is the line x = h.
Standard equation of a parabola with vertex
Note that a circle whose center is at (0, 0) at (h, k) can be written in any of the and has a radius of 1 unit has the following forms: center-radius (standard) form equation x2 + y2 = 1 and is called the unit circle.
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PRE-CALCULUS REVIEWER FIRST QUARTER EXAMINATION
Note the following observations:
● If the x-part is squared, the parabola is vertical; if the y -part is ELLIPSE WITH CENTER AT (h,k) squared, the parabola is horizontal. We can move the ellipse so that its axes are ● If the coefficient on the right term not on the x − axis and y − axis. part is positive, the parabola opens For the horizontal major axis case , if we upward or to the right; if negative, move the intersection of the major and the parabola opens downward or to minor axes to the point (h, k), we have the the left. standard equation of an ellipse:
ELLIPSE WITH CENTER AT (0,0)
Ellipse is the set of all points on the plane , the sum of whose distances from two fixed points is a constant. Foci - two points on the major axis of the ellipse, sum of the distance of any point on the ellipse from these two points is constant.
HYPERBOLAS WITH CENTER AT (0,0)
Hyperbolas is a set of all points, whose absolute value of the difference in distances from F1and from F2 is constant, where the two fixed points F1and F2are called foci.
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PRE-CALCULUS REVIEWER FIRST QUARTER EXAMINATION
PARTS OF HYPERBOLA: foci - two fixed points center - the midpoint of the line segment vertices - the two points of intersection of transverse axis - line that contains the foci conjugate axis – line that is perpendicular to the transverse axis asymptotes - two lines passing through the center Note of the following observations: ELLIPSE WITH CENTER AT (h,k) - if x2 comes first before y2 or when If the transverse axis is horizontally x2 is positive then, the transverse coinciding with the x-axis whose vertex is axis is horizontal and the opening of not on the origin or parallel to the x-axis, the curve is right side and left side. then the standard equation is - If y2 comes first before x2 or when y2 is positive then, the transverse axis is vertical and the opening of the curve is upward and downward. if the transverse axis is vertically coinciding with the y-axis whose vertex is not on the origin or parallel to the y-axis, the standard equation is
Note the following observations:
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PRE-CALCULUS REVIEWER FIRST QUARTER EXAMINATION
Equations and Characteristics of Conic Sections SIGMA NOTATION
The general form of quadratic equation in Sigma Notation - Sum of a sequence two variables x and y is
A,B,C,D, and E Are constants and at least
one of the constants in A And B should K - index of summation, referred to as a not be equal to zero. dummy variable. QUADRATIC EQUATION IN CONIC SECTION: Circle: A = B Parabola: when A=0 AND B ≠0 or vice Upper limit of the summation is n while the versa Lower limit of the summation is 1. Ellipse: A x B > 0 Hyperbola: A x B < 0 PROPERTIES OF SIGMA NOTATION
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES SUM OF ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE:
I.Make a Representation: after understanding the problem, assign variables to the unknown quantities taking note of their relationship with the known quantities. where n is the number of terms, a1 is the II.Formulate the Equations: Write and derive first term and an is the last term. the corresponding equations based on the given conditions. III. Determine the Solutions (values of the unknown quantities) : Solve the problem and determine the values of the unknown variables. IV. State your answer/s State the answer to the problem in complete sentence. Systems of Nonlinear Equations : Substitution Method Elimination Method
SEQUENCE AND SERIES
Sequence an enumerated collection of
objects in which repetitions are allowed and order matters
Sprinkling “PASADO” dust to everyone! Goodluck! - ke
PRE-CALCULUS REVIEWER FIRST QUARTER EXAMINATION
Sprinkling “PASADO” dust to everyone! Goodluck! - ke
