mux

1) In communication transmission systems, mux (pronounce muks, sometimes spelled "MUX") is an abbreviation for multiplexing, a device that sends multiple signals on a carrier channel at the same time in the form of a single, complex signal to another device that recovers the separate signals at the receiving end. The receiver is sometimes called a demux (or "DEMUX"). 2) On the Internet, a MUX is a multi-user text game played over the Internet, using the TinyMUX server. This kind of game started with the MUD (multi-user dungeon) movement.

DXX Technology Digital Cross Connect or DXX is a system that covert the signals from one communication medium to another. Typically DXX was used to convert the high level TDM signals in telephone systems for example DSI bit streams into another DSI streams. DXX devices are available for both T carrier and E- Carrier based circuits. DXX are also used to connect two different data streams like Frame Relay and Serial Communication. DXX circuits can be used switch traffic from one circuit to another in case of a network failure among the network.
For example if a frame relay network gets deactivated for any reason, DXX can convert the traffic to another network like ATM.

In this case DXX switches can manipulate the traffic circuits between different networks and network types. It is also used to provide interoperability between network devices and network speeds. With DXX, higher levels of flexibility can be provided which in any other case can cause greater costs to the network operations. This flexibility comes with DXX at lower costs. With DXX, synchronization becomes possible with higher network seeds and lower network speeds. One important thing to be noted is that DXX are not packet network switches. DXX switch between circuits and are a special means for circuit switched networks. This arrangement is also inevitable in longer networks like the ones that expand over weeks or months. This type of arrangement cant be made in packet networks that operate over short period of time. DXX are different from packet switches in a way that packet switches provide the transportation to different network destinations while in the case of DXX, it has a specific set of destinations to which it switches traffic in circuits. Digital Cross connects can connect extremely high speed networks with lower speed networks to achieve a mutually synchronized speed for common data transformation in the network.

DXX are also capable of interconnect fiber optic equipment and D1/ T1/ E1 etc. It can even provide compatibility between rather new SDH, PDH and SONET. If the speed of SDH is 40 mbps and the speed id T1 is 2 Mbps then with the help of two DXXs, Two T1as and one SDH, you can divert two different streams of T1 to SDH and vice versa making a communication of 4 Mbps possible through the network. It is also possible to connect more T1s with single SDH for maximum medium utilization through multiple DXXs. You can avoid higher costs through DXX by using DSX cross connect patch panels.

Introduction To Wi-Max Wi-Max is a broadband wireless network technology and it is a direct competitor of Digital Subscribers Lines (DSL). Wi-Max stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. It has different standards such as 802.16a, 802.16e and 802.16d. A group known as Wi Max forum formed in 2001 to observe and promote the Wimax standards. Among the board of directors of WiMax forum are Intel, Sprint, Samsung, BT, Motorola, FujiTsu and ZTE. Wi-Max is the next step of Wi-Fi and it provides the maximum speed up to 70Mb/sec. Wi-Max services are of two types wired and wireless. In the wireless services come Wifi Wi-Max 802.16 and WPAN. Further under Wi-Fi comes WLAN that covers less distance as compared to Wi-MAX. The main difference between the Wi-Fi and Wi-Max is that Wi-Fi is a base band and Wi-Max is a broadband. Wi-Max provides quad services such as phone, video, voice, data and cable TV. Wi-Max provides more quality and speed and the data transfer rate can be up to 70 Mbps. The 802.16d standard supports directional antenna base equipment i.e. user has to have a static connection and it does not support the roaming users. The 802.16e standard supports the small chips embedded in the motherboard. It is comparatively a cheap solution because no extra equipment would be required to make a Wi-Max connection. The manufacturers that want to design the motherboard with the built-in Wi-Max card must have to obtain Wi-Max certification, which is given for the conformance and interoperability. The range of the Wi-Max is about 30 miles from the base stations. Wi-Max communication system depends on the cells that can travel up to 48 KM. The main standards of the Wi-Max include 802.16a that has limited access, 802.16d that provides high speed and 802.16e is portable and provides the best broadband quality. Wi-Max supports fixed, nomadic, portability, simple mobility and full mobility connections. The devices

that operates in the simply mobility are PDAs and smart phone and the devices that operates in the full mobility are the laptop, PCMCIA, PDA and smart phone. The devices that make the Wi-Max network are CPE, OSM, Access points and microwave backhaul. CPE talks to the Access point by using the Wi-max standard. Base station offloads the traffic on the city POP by using the microwave backhaul. Wi-Max is the best solution for the banks, business, multinational organizations and the corporate sectors. By creating the VPNs many corporate organization can enjoy the high speed wireless networking. The deployment of the Wi-Max is similar to the Wi-fi. The Wi-Max access point sends signals to the Wi-Max receivers, which is placed at the top of the room at the subscribers end. Quality of service (QOS) is some issue with the Wi-Max because when more users gain access to the access points to towers. Wi-Max is an ideal wireless network communication system where is distance is not favorable for the wired networks. Wi-Max supports a wide range of the frequencies up to 66 GHz. Wi-Max was initially designed to provide a high speed network access to the MAN (Metropolitan area network). Wi-Max wireless technology is also compatible with the cellular networks and it can access any cellular tower easily. Wi-Max has a great potential to eliminate the use of wired networking system.

ATM NETWORK TECHNOLOGY This tutorial provides the basic introduction to atm network technology, packet switching, cell base, telecommmunication technology, high speed bandwidth usage in this technology. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is a high speed network technology that has become the standardized solution for the telecommunication industry, teleconferencing, videoconferencing, telemedicine, HDTV, distance learning and where high speed data transfer is required. ATM technology integrates voice, data and video at the same time. ATM uses fixed size packets called cells of 55 bytes in length. ATM network is a high speed circuit switched network that is capable of transferring one million signals using ATM protocol. ATM is a connection oriented technology in which logical connections are established for the data communication. ATM is implemented in the WAN and telecommunication sectors. Small data cells are used for communication and ATM is designed for high speed and high traffic networks. ATM cells allow voice, data and video transfer at the same time. ATM operates on the data link layer of the OSI model and it uses UTP/STP, fiber optic or air as a communication medium.

ATM CELL BASE

It is a small unit of 55 bytes fixed length and it contains the users and signaling information in it. It has a header with very limited functionality to reduce the internal buffer and to provide the high speed transfer. ATM cell identify the cells that belongs to the same virtual channels and perform easy routing. ATM SWITCHING Various switching technologies have been developed in the past to provide the high speed data transfer and secure communication. ATM switching technology provides high speed data transfer due to the connection oriented technology. ATM switching technology uses the predefined routing table so guarantees the fast data communication. ATM DEVICES ATM basically uses two types of devices such as ATM switch and end systems. The function of the switch is to handle the transmission of the cells throughout the network. Switches accept the incoming cells from the ATM end station or another ATM switch. On the other hand, ATM end systems contain the ATM adaptors. ATM CONNECTIONS ATM supports two types of connections point to point and point to multi point connections. In the point to point connections, two end systems are connected bi directionally or uni directionally. The point to multi point system connects one source to the number of destinations in uni directional. The source sends the information and switch replicates it to the destinations. Unidirectional network connects two switches. A typical ATM network consists of a set of the switches interconnected by point to point links. Switch support two types of interfaces user network and network node interface. Asynchronous transfer mode technology is designed for the reliability, performance, utilization and QOS and it creates fixed channels and routes when data travels between two points. There are four types of the choice when purchasing a connection. Constant Bit Rate: It specifies fixed size rate and data is transferred in a steady form. Variable bit rate. Variable Bit Rate: It provides specified throughput and it is best for videoconferencing. Available bit rate. It provides guaranteed minimum capacity but high rate is also possible when the network is free. Unspecified bit rate. It does not provide any fixed throughput level and it is best for the file transfer where delay can occurred. ATM ADVANTAGES It provides fixed bandwidth and simple routing is possible due to the connection oriented technology. High bandwidth utilization can be possible so it is the best solution for the telecommunication sector, videoconferencing and QOS. There are some of the disadvantages of this technology such as high cost, cell loss due to the high congestion in the network.

IP Addressing Here you will learn about ip address network introduction and general overview of routing, subnet mask, subnetting, data communication. IP address is an identifier for a computer or device on a TCP/IP network and Internet. Networks that use the TCP/IP protocols route traffic based on the IP address of the destination computer or network device. The format of the IP address is 32 bits 4 octets 4 bytes such as 100.100.10.1, 210.100.22.30, 1.10.1.2 these are the examples of the IP address. The format is a 32-bit numeric value written as four numbers and separated by periods. Each number in the IP address can be between 0 and 255. In your private network, you can assign unique IP address randomly. However, when you want to connect your private network to the Public network such as Internet then you must need a registered IP address to communicate on the internet and to avoid duplicate address. The four numbers in an IP address are used in different ways to identify a particular network. The general internet registries such as APNIC, RIP, NCC and LACNIC assigns internet or IP addresses from the following 3 classes.

1. Class A- IP address from 0-126. It supports 16 million hosts and 126 networks. 2. Class B- IP address from 128-191. It supports 65,000 hosts and 16,000 networks. 3. Class C-IP address from 192-223. It supports 254 hosts and 2 million networks. The number of unassigned IP address is running out and a new classless scheme called CIDR is replacing the classes based system of the IP address. In this system the A, B and C class is tied to adoption of IPV6. Every device connected to the Internet must need a unique identifier, which is called an IP address. An IP address is a numeric value separated by periods into four octets. These numbers are usually assigned to the ISPs (internet service providers) within region-based blocks. An IP address can be used to identify a region or a country. An internet users geographical location can be determined with the help of an IP address. The number system is generally difficult to remember so the IP address may also assign to a Host name. The host names are usually easy to remember. In simple words, every website on the internet must bound or mapped with an IP address. At one time ISPs usually issue one IP address to each user. Within each ISP a DHCP (Dynamic host configuration protocol) server is configured, which dynamically assigns IP addresses from a given pool to each user who connects to the ISP. Dynamic IP addresses also limit the ability of a user to host websites, mail servers, ftp server, mail server and web portals. Understanding IP Addresses Scheme An IP address is an address that is used to uniquely identify a device or computer on an IP-based network. An IP address is an address used to uniquely identify a device on an IP network. An IP address can be divided into two parts network portion and a host portion. Each IP address is

associated with a subnet mask. The 32 bit address is broken into 4 octets and 1 octet=8 bits. Each octet is converted to a decimal and is separated by periods. For example 0000000000.11111111.00000000.11111111 this is a binary representation of an IP address. Each octets decimal value ranges between 0 and 255. The binary octets convert into decimal value. Here you can see that how a binary octet converts into decimal value. The right most bit or least significant bit of an octet will hold a value of 20. The bit left to that bit will hold a value of 21. This process continues until the left most bit or the most significant bit holds the value of 27. If all the binary bits are one the decimal representation will be like this. 11111111 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255) Now here is a sample conversion of the octet if not all the bits are set of 1. 00100001 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 1 (0+64+0+0+0+0+0+1=33) In the following example you can see the IP address representation both in binary and decimal values. 64. 2. 135. 19 (decimal)64+2+135+19=220 01001010.00000010.1000111.00010011 (binary) The octets are broken down to provide a large number of the addressing scheme that can accommodate small and very large networks. There are five different classes of the IP networks. Class A, B, C, D and E. The classes from A to C and mainly in use, D and E are experimental and reserved so they are not commonly in use. Due to the classless inter domain routing (CIDR) these addresses are not practically in use. Network/Subnet Masks A network mask helps you which portion of the address identifies the network portion and the host portion of an IP address. The three different classes of the IP addresses have their own default masks as shown below. Class Subnet Mask Class A: 255.0.0.0 Class B: 255.255.0.0 Class C: 255.255.255.0 An IP address on a class A network that has not been subnetted would have an address and subnet mask pair such as 10.111.20.1 255.0.0.0. If you want to know in more detail that how a mask help you identify the network and host part of the address simply convert the IP address and subnet mask into the binary numbers.

4.16.15.1= 00000100. 00010000.00001111.00000001 255.0.0.0 = 11111111. 00000000.00000000.00000000 If you have the address and the subnet mask in the binary forms then identifying the network portion and the host portion is very easy. Any address value that has the corresponding subnet mask binary value set to 1 show the network ID. Any address bit that has corresponding subnet mask value to 0 represents the host ID. 4.16.15.1= 00000100.00010000.00001111.00000001 255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 Network id | host id If you know your IP address of a computer, you can access the services such as online games, FTP, Web and Mail servers, and remote access utilities such as Remotely Anywhere, PCToGo, PCAnywhere, Remote control etc. How do I change my IP address? There are a number of methods by which you can change the IP address of your computer. What is a Proxy Server? A proxy server is a computer that offers network and internet access services to the client computers in a network. A client computer connects to the proxy server, requests a connection, services, files and other resources on the other servers. In some cases, the proxy may alter the clients request and the servers response for various reasons. By using the proxy server you can hide, conceal and make your network id anonymous by hiding your IP address. To get the anonymous status on the network or Internet, strong intermediate methods are employed like cryptography etc. Examples are remailers, P2P systems etc. There is a large number of the software available that allows you to hide your IP address with the help of the proxy servers. The well known software for this purpose is Hide IP, Stealth surf, Netconceal, Anonymous surfing, Proxify and Ghost surf. An IP address is a unique identification number for communication between computer networks, network devices such as computers, fax machines, printers and servers. It is like the number of an apartment or a phone number. IP addresses are of two types Static and Dynamic. Internet service providers use dynamic IP addresses and servers usually use static IP address. The class A of the IP address constitutes almost 50% of all the IP addresses. This class is meant for large networks like the big multinational companies. Class B networks are medium sized like used in the colleges, Universities and other educational and training institutes. Class C IP addresses are usually used for the small companies. The Regional Internet Registry (RIP) provides the IP addresses based on the geographical distribution. RIP also offers protection against the hackers that try to access the confidential data. All the personal information recorded by the ISP is kept in confidentiality.

Introduction to T1, E1 & T3 T1 T1 is a special type of fiber optic telephone line and it was developed by AT&T Bell Labs. T1 is the most commonly used digital transmission service in the United States. T1 line is capable of transferring the broadband digital data at very high speed i.e. 1.54 Mbps. T1 is an expensive solution for data transmission as compared to the regular telephone lines. But the prices are tend to decrease as the demand grows. Currently T1 is not cost effective for the home users.

A large number of the businesses in USA, Canada and Japan use T1 lines to connect to the internet. There are different ways to provide T1 transmission such as twisted pair cables, coaxial cable modems, fiber optic systems, common careers and digital radios.

In large networks T1 signals can be boosted up to 100 miles by using the repeaters. In telecommunication terminology, T1 is also known as DS1 and T1/DS1 is a method of connecting the digital communication systems with the telecommunication industry and North America. E1 E1 is a digital data communication system for the European data transmission format. E1 carries the data signals at the speed of 2 Mbps (Full duplex). E1 and T1 lines can be interconnected with each other for international data transmission. E1/T1 are used for the leased lines transmission. E1 is ideal for the voice traffic and it can carry 32 voice conversions. An E1 line 32 64-Kbps channels and each channel may be used to send and receive data and voice. E1/PR1 (Primary rate interface) supports 30 B channels and one D channel. Primary Rate Interface (PRI) configurations are used to receive multiple analog calls from the dial-in traffic and analog-modems. T3 A T3 line is 30 times faster than the T1 line and it supports the data transfer rate 44 Mbps. A T3 line is equivalent to 28 T1 circuits or lines and a T3 is also called a DS3. T3 is a very high speed data transmission system and it is widely used on the internet. A T3 is capable of carrying 672 voice circuits. T3 connection is mostly used by the ISPs and corporate offices for permanent, high speed and uninterruptible internet access.