1st QUARTER

WEEK 6
Recall rules of exponents for division

𝑥𝑚
𝑛 =𝑥 𝑚−𝑛 positive exponent if m > n
𝑥

𝑥𝑚 1
𝑛
= 𝑛−𝑚 negative exponent if m < n
𝑥 𝑥

𝑥𝑚
=1 zero exponent if m = n
𝑥 𝑛
Recall rules of exponents for division

𝑥5
= 𝑥 5−2
= 𝑥 3
𝑥2

2𝑥 3 3−5 −2
2
5
= 2𝑥 = 2𝑥 = 2
𝑥 𝑥

15𝑥 4 4−4 0
4
= 3𝑥 = 3𝑥 =3 1 =3
5𝑥
Definition of terms
Polynomial expression is an algebraic expression that
contains finite number of terms separated by plus or minus
sign in which there is no variable as a divisor and the
exponents of the variables are whole.

𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠

𝟐
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚
𝟐𝒙𝒚, 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟑, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓,
𝟐

𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠

𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 𝟏
2𝒙−𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓, , 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟒 ,
𝟒𝒎
 Degree of a polynomial is the highest degree of a term
in a polynomial
Find the degree of each polynomial.

A. 11x7 – 3x3 11x7: degree 7 –3x3: degree 3

The degree of the polynomial is the greatest degree, 7.

B.

:degree 3 :degree 4 –5: degree 0

The degree of the polynomial is the greatest degree, 4.

Standard form of a polynomial expression is given when
the terms of expression are ordered from the highest
degree to the lowest degree

Leading coefficient is the numerical coefficient of the

term with the highest power/exponent in a polynomial

𝟑𝒙 𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟕
𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟔 + 𝟏𝟎 − 𝒚 𝒚𝟔 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚 + 𝟏𝟎
standard form
leading coefficient is 1
Classifying
Polynomials
 Classification of polynomials accdg. to the
number of terms

𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟒𝒙𝒚𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟒

1 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 2 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
monomial binomial

−𝒂𝟑 + 𝟒𝒄𝒅𝟐 − 𝟒𝟓 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒄 − 𝟓
3 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 4 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒
trinomial polynomial
Classification of polynomials accdg. to the
degree

𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟒𝒙𝒚𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

cubic quartic 𝟎 − 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝟏 − 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓
𝟐 − 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄
𝟕𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒄 − 𝟓 𝟑 − 𝒄𝒖𝒃𝒊𝒄
linear 𝟒 − 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄
𝟓 − 𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒄
𝟔 − 𝒉𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒄
−𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎 𝟕 − 𝒉𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒄
quadratic
 Classify each polynomial according to its
degree and number of terms.

A. 5n3 + 4n

Degree 3 Terms 2 5n3 + 4n is a cubic binomial.

B. 4y6 – 5y3 + 2y – 9
4y6 – 5y3 + 2y – 9 is a
Degree 6 Terms 4
Hexic polynomial.
C. –2x
Degree 1 Term 1 –2x is a linear monomial.
Dividing
Polynomials
(long division)
 Steps for Long Division
Step 1. Set up the long division. Arrange the terms in
descending order and insert 0’s for missing term.

Step 2. Divide 1st term of dividend by first term of

divisor to get first term of the quotient.

Step 3. Take the term found in step 2 and multiply it

to the divisor and subtract the results from the first 2
terms and bring down the next term.

Step 4. Repeat and continue the process until such

time that the degree of the remainder is less than the
degree of the divisor.
Example 1
Rewrite in long division form... Divisor
2
◼ Divide (x – 5x + 4) ÷ (x – 1)
x −4 Quotient

( x − 1) x − 5 x + 4
2
Dividend
x − 1x
2 x−4
−4 x + 4
− 4x + 4
0
Example 2
3
◼ Divide (x – 28x – 48) ÷ (x + 4)

x − 4x −12
2

( x + 4) x + 0 x − 28 x − 48
3 2

x + 4x
3 2

−4 x 2 − 28 x
2

− 4 x − 16 x
−12 x − 48
x − 4 x − 12
2
−12 x − 48
0
Dividing
Polynomials
(synthetic division)
◼ Steps for Synthetic Division:

1. Identify the divisor and reverse the sign of

the constant term. Write the coefficients of
the polynomial in standard form.
2. Bring down the first coefficient
3. Multiply the first coefficient by the new
divisor, identify the result under the next
coefficient and add.
4. Repeat the steps of multiplying and adding
until the remainder is found
5. Go backwards from the remainder and assign
variables
Example 1
3
◼ Divide (x – 13x + 12) ÷ (x + 4)

( x + 4) x + 0 x − 13x + 12
3 2

−4 1 0 −13 12
−4 16 −12
1 (-4 ) = –4
1 −4 3 0
–4 ( –4 ) = 16
3 (-4 ) = –12
Example 2
3
◼ Divide (x – 13x + 12) ÷ (x + 4)

( x + 4) x + 0 x − 13x + 12
3 2

−4 1 0 −13 12
−4 16 −12
1 −4 3 0
= x − 4x + 3
2
Example 5
3
◼ Divide (6x – 28x 2 + 19x -2) ÷ (3x -2)
using synthetic division
2
3
6 -28 19 -2
4 -16 2
__________________________
6 -243 0
__________________
3
2 -8 1

2x2 -8x + 1
Try to solve!

1. (3x3 - 2x2 + 2x - 20 ) ÷ ( x -2 )
Answer: 3x2 + 4x + 10

2. (x4 -2x3 + x2 + 55x +21 ) ÷ ( x +3 )

Answer: x3 - 5x2 + 16x + 7

3. (3x3 + 7x2 - x - 1 ) ÷ ( 3x + 1 )
Answer: x2 + 2x - 1
Remainder theorem
 Remainder Theorem

Remainder Theorem – If the polynomial P(x) is divided by

(x – r), the remainder R is a constant and is equal to P(r).
R = P(r)

P(X) = D(x) Q(x) + R(x)

Dividend Divisor Quotient Remainder

 Remainder Theorem
Example 1.
Find the remainder when P(x) = x3 + 5x2 + 3x – 7.
is divided by
a. x – 2 use direct substitution
Solution:
x–2=0
x=2
P(x) = x3 + 5x2 + 3x – 7 Substitute value of x

P(2) = 23 + 5(2)2 + 3(2) – 7

P(2) = 8 + 20 + 6 – 7
P(2) = 27 R = 27
 Remainder Theorem
Example 1.
Find the remainder when P(x) = x3 + 5x2 + 3x – 7.
is divided by
a. x – 2 use synthetic division
Solution:
x–2=0 2 1 5 3 -7
x=2
2 14 34
__________________________
1 7 17 27
P(2) = 27 R = 27
 Remainder Theorem
Example 2.
Let P(x) = 3x3 + 4x2 – 5x + 6. Use The remainder
theorem to evaluate P(-3).
Solution:
Using direct substitution
P(x) = 3x3 + 4x2 – 5x + 6
P(-3) = 3(-3)3 + 4(-3)2 – 5(-3) + 6
P(-3) = -81 + 36 + 15 + 6
P(-3) = -81 + 57
P(-3) = -24
 Remainder Theorem
Example 3.
If P(x) = x4 – 10x3 + 2x2 – 8x + 5, find P(10).

a. use direct substitution

Answer: P(10) = 125

b. use synthetic division

Answer: P(10) = 125
 Practice and Application ( 2 mins.)

3. What is the remainder if (5x3 - 6x2 – 4x - 65) is

Divided by ( x - 3 )

P( 3 ) = 4
Factor Theorem
 Factor Theorem
Consider the division algorithm when the divisor is of the form
x- r

P(X) = D(x) Q(x) + R(x)

Dividend Divisor Quotient Remainder

By the Remainder Theorem, the remainder R is P(r), so we can
substitute P(r) for R. Thus,
P(x) = (x-r) Q(x) + P(r).
Note that if the P(r)=0, then
P(x) = (x-r) Q(x) so that x-r is a factor of P(x).
 Factor Theorem
Example 1.
Determine whether x – 4 is a factor of
x3 – 2x2 – 11x + 12
Solution:
Using direct substitution
P(x) = x3 - 2x2 – 11x + 12
P(4) = (4)3 - 2(4)2 – 11(4) + 12
P(4) = 64 - 32 - 44 + 12
P(4) = 76 - 76 Therefore x – 4 is a factor of
P(4) = 0 x3 - 2x2 – 11x + 12
 Factor Theorem
Example 2.
Determine whether x – 4 is a factor of
2x3 + x2 – 2x - 15
Solution:
Using synthetic division

4 -15
2 1 -2
8 36 136
__________________________
2 9 34 121
Therefore x – 4 is NOT a factor of
2x3 + x2 – 2x - 15
 Factor Theorem
Example 3.
Find k so that x + 3 is a factor of 2x3 +kx2 – 8x + 3

Solution:
Using direct substitution
P(x) = 2x3 + kx2 – 8x + 3
0 = -54 + 9k + 27
By Factor Theorem, 0 = -27 + 9k
P(-3) = 0 27 = 9k
P(-3) = 2(-3)3 + k(-3)2 – 8(-3) + 3 27/9 = 9k/9
0 = 2(-3)3 + k(-3)2 – 8(-3) + 3 k=3
0 = -54 + 9k + 24 + 3