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SSN College of Engineering

( An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University)
Academic Year -2022-23
Department of EEE
Class : II Year / IV Sem EEE-A
UEE2401 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
Course Instructor-Dr.R.Deepalaxmi, Asso.Prof/EEE, SSNCE
Unit-IV Single phase transformer
Introduction
• Electrical transformer is a static electrical machine which transforms electrical
power from one circuit to another circuit, without changing the frequency.
• Transformer can increase or decrease the voltage with corresponding decrease or
increase in current.
Single-Phase Transformers

• The primary winding is connected to the incoming power supply.

• The secondary winding is connected to the driven load.
• The secondary winding is physically and electrically isolated from the primary
winding.

• The two windings of an isolation transformer are linked together by the magnetic
field.
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Basic Construction Of Transformer

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• Basically a transformer consists of two inductive windings and a laminated steel

core.
• The coils are insulated from each other as well as from the steel core.
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• A transformer may also consist of a container for winding and core assembly
(called as tank), suitable bushings to take out the terminals, oil conservator to
provide oil in the transformer tank for cooling purposes etc.

• In all types of transformers, core is constructed by assembling (stacking) laminated

sheets of steel, with minimum air-gap between them (to achieve continuous
magnetic path).
• The steel used is having high silicon content and sometimes heat treated, to
provide high permeability and low hysteresis loss.
• Laminated sheets of steel are used to reduce eddy current loss.
• The sheets are cut in the shape as E,I and L.
• To avoid high reluctance at joints, laminations are stacked by alternating the sides
of joint.
• That is, if joints of first sheet assembly are at front face, the joints of following
assemble are kept at back face.
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• Each set of windings (primary and secondary) is formed from loops of wire
wrapped around the core.
• Each loop of wire is called a turn.
• The ratio of the primary and secondary voltages is determined by the ratio of the
number of turns in the primary and secondary windings.
• The volts-per-turn ratio is the same on both the primary and secondary windings.
Working Principle Of Transformer

The basic principle behind working of a transformer is the phenomenon of

mutual induction between two windings linked by common magnetic flux.
• Basically a transformer consists of two inductive coils; primary winding and
secondary winding.
• The coils are electrically separated but magnetically linked to each other.
• When, primary winding is connected to a source of alternating voltage,
alternating magnetic flux is produced around the winding.
• The core provides magnetic path for the flux, to get linked with the secondary
winding.
• Most of the flux gets linked with the secondary winding which is called as 'useful
flux' or main 'flux', and the flux which does not get linked with secondary
winding is called as 'leakage flux'.
• As the flux produced is alternating (the direction of it is continuously changing),
EMF gets induced in the secondary winding according to Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction.
• This emf is called 'mutually induced emf', and the frequency of mutually induced
emf is same as that of supplied emf.
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• If the secondary winding is closed circuit, then mutually induced current flows
through it, and hence the electrical energy is transferred from one circuit (primary)
to another circuit (secondary).

Transformer Symbols
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• NP = number of turns in the primary

• NS = number of turns in the secondary
• EP = voltage of the primary
• ES = voltage of the secondary
• IP = current in the primary
• IS = current in the secondary
Types Of Transformers
• Transformers can be classified on different basis, like types of construction, types
of cooling etc.

(A) On the basis of construction, transformers can be classified into two types as;
(i) Core type transformer and (ii) Shell type transformer
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(I) Core Type Transformer (windings surround the core)

• In core type transformer, windings are cylindrical former wound, mounted
on the core limbs
• The cylindrical coils have different layers and each layer is insulated from each
other. Materials like paper, cloth or mica can be used for insulation.
• Low voltage windings are placed nearer to the core, as they are easier to insulate.
(ii) Shell Type Transformer (Core surround the windings)
• The coils are former wound and mounted in layers stacked with insulation
between them.
A shell type transformer may have simple rectangular form or it may have a
distributed form.
B) On the basis of their purpose
• Step up transformer: (E2>E1 & V2>V1& N2 > N1)
Voltage increases (with subsequent decrease in current) at secondary.
• Step down transformer: (E2<E1 & V2<V1 & N2<N1)
Voltage decreases (with subsequent increase in current) at secondary.
C) On the basis of type of supply
• Single phase transformer
• Three phase transformer
D) On the basis of their use
• Power transformer: Used in transmission network, high rating
• Distribution transformer: Used in distribution network, comparatively lower
rating than that of power transformers.
• Instrument transformer: Used in relay and protection purpose in different
instruments in industries
– Current transformer (CT)
– Potential transformer (PT)
E) On the basis of cooling employed
• Oil-filled self cooled type
• Oil-filled water cooled type
• Air blast type (air cooled)
Emf Equation of Transformer
Actually in electrical power transformer, one alternating electrical source is applied
to the primary winding and due to this, magnetizing current flowing through the
primary winding which produces alternating flux in the core of transformer. This
flux links with both primary and secondary windings.
As this flux is alternating in nature, there must be a rate of change of flux.
According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction if any coil or conductor
links with any changing flux, there must be an induced emf in it.
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• As the current source to primary is sinusoidal, the flux induced by it will be also
sinusoidal.
• Hence, the function of flux may be considered as a sine function.
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If N2 < N1, K < 1, then the transformer is step down transformer.

• Voltage Ratio of Transformer
This above stated ratio is also known as voltage ratio of transformer if it is
expressed as ratio of the primary and secondary voltages of transformer.
• Turns Ratio of Transformer
As the voltage in primary and secondary of transformer is directly proportional to
the number of turns in the respective winding, the transformation ratio of
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transformer is sometime expressed in ratio of turns and referred as turns ratio of

transformer .
Theory of operation of transformer on no load and load
• In an ideal transformer; there are no core losses in transformer i.e. loss free
core of transformer.
• But in practical transformer, there are hysteresis and eddy current losses in
transformer core.
Theory of Transformer on No-Load
• Electrical transformer with only core losses, which means, it has only core losses
but no copper loss and no leakage reactance of transformer. When an alternating
source is applied in the primary, the source will supply the current for magnetizing
the core of transformer.
• But this current is not the actual magnetizing current, it is little bit greater than
actual magnetizing current.
• Actually, total current supplied from the source has two components, one is
magnetizing current which is merely utilized for magnetizing the core and
other component of the source current is consumed for compensating the core
losses in transformer.
• Because of this core loss component, the source current in transformer on no-
load condition supplied from the source as source current is not exactly at 90° lags
of supply voltage, but it lags behind an angle θ is less than 90°.
• If total current supplied from source is Io, it will have one component in phase with
supply voltage V1 and this component of the current Iw is core loss component.
• This component is taken in phase with source voltage, because it is associated
with active or working losses in transformer.
• Other component of the source current is denoted as Iμ.
• This component produces the alternating magnetic flux in the core, so it is watt-
less; means it is reactive part of the transformer source current.
• Hence Iμ will be in quadrature with V1 and in phase with alternating flux Φ.
Hence, total primary current in transformer on no-load condition can be
represented as
I0=Iμ+IW
/IW/=/ I0 / Cos θ
/ Iμ/=/ I0 / Sin θ
/I0/=√/I μ / ²+ /IW/²
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Operation of Transformer on Load

• Operation of transformer on Load but having no winding resistance and Leakage
Reactance
• Transformer on load,that means load is connected to the secondary terminals.
• Consider, transformer having core loss but no copper loss and leakage
reactance.
• Whenever load is connected to the secondary winding, load current will start to
flow through the load as well as secondary winding.
• This load current solely depends upon the characteristics of the load and also
upon secondary voltage of the transformer.
• This current is called secondary current or load current, here it is denoted as I2.
• As I2 is flowing through the secondary, a self mmf in secondary winding will be
produced.
• Here it is N2I2, where, N2 is the number of turns of the secondary winding of
transformer.
• This mmf or magneto motive force in the secondary winding produces flux φ2.
• This φ2 will oppose the main magnetizing flux and momentarily weakens the main
flux and tries to reduce primary self induced emf E1.
• If E1 falls down below the primary source voltage V1, there will be an extra
current flowing from source to primary winding.
• This extra primary current I2′ produces extra flux φ′ in the core which will
neutralize the secondary counter flux φ2.
• Hence the main magnetizing flux of core, Φ remains unchanged irrespective of
load.
• So total current, this transformer draws from source can be divided into two
components,
• first one is utilized for magnetizing the core and compensating the core loss i.e.
Io → it is no-load component of the primary current.
• Second one is utilized for compensating the counter flux of the secondary
winding → It is known as load component of the primary current.
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• Hence total no load primary current I1 of a electrical power transformer having no

winding resistance and leakage reactance can be represented as follows
I1=I0+I2’
• Where, θ2 is the angle between Secondary Voltage and Secondary Current of
transformer. Now we will proceed one further step toward more practical aspect of
a transformer.

Operation of Transformer On Load, With Resistive Winding, But No Leakage

Reactance
• Consider the winding resistance of transformer but no leakage reactance.
• As the windings are resistive, there would be a voltage drop in the winding on load
is I1. The voltage drop in the primary winding with resistance, R1 is R1I1.
• Obviously, induced emf across primary winding E1, is not exactly equal to source
voltage V1.
• E1 is less than V1 by voltage drop I1R1.
V1=E1+I1R1
• Again in the case of secondary, the voltage induced across the secondary winding,
E2 does not totally appear across the load since it also drops by an amount I 2R2,
where R2 is the secondary winding resistance and I2 is secondary current or load
current.
• Similarly, voltage equation of the secondary side of the transformer will be
V2=E2-I2R2

Operation of Transformer On Load, With Resistance As Well As Leakage

Reactance in Transformer Windings
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• Let leakage reactances of primary and secondary windings of the transformer are
X1 and X2 respectively. Hence total impedance of primary and secondary winding
of transformer with resistance R1 and R2 respectively, can be represented as,
Z1=R1+jX1
Z2=R2+jX2
• But when we consider leakage reactances of transformer windings, voltage drop
occurs in the winding not only because of resistance, it is because of impedance of
transformer windings.
• Hence, actual voltage equation of a transformer can easily be determined by just
replacing resistances R1 & R2 in the previously established voltage equations by Z1
and Z2.
• Therefore, the voltage equations are,
• V1=E1+I1Z1
• V2=E2-I2Z2
V1=E1+I1 (R1+jX1)
V1=E1+I1 R1+JI1X1)
V2=E2-I2 (R2+jX2)
V2=E2-I2 R2-jI2X2)
Resistance drops are in the direction of current vector but, reactive drop will be
perpendicular to the current vector
Assessment questions:
1. Write about the principle of operation of single phase transformer.
2. Explain the construction of single phase transformer with neat diagram.
3. Classify transformers based on their construction and supply.
4. Classify transformers based on cooling.
5. Classify transformers based on their purpose and use.
6. Differentiate core type and shell type transformer.
7. Differentiate step up and step down transformer.
8. Differentiate power and distribution transformer.
9. Explain the operation of single phase transformer under no load condition with
neat phasor diagram.
10. Write about two components of no load current.
11.Explain the operation of transformer on load but having no winding resistance
and leakage reactance with neat phasor diagram.
12.Explain the operation of transformer on load, with resistive winding, but no
leakage reactance with neat phasor diagram.
13.Explain the operation of transformer on load, with resistance as Well as leakage
reactance in transformer windings with neat phasor diagram.
14.Derive the emf equation of single phase transformer.
15.Define: turns ratio 16.Define: voltage transformation ratio