COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Network:
The collection of interconnected computers is called a computer network.
Two computers are said to be Interconnected if they are capable of sharing and
exchanging information.
Need
Resource Sharing Reliability Cost Factor Communication Medium

Resource Sharing means to make all programs, data and peripherals available to anyone on the
network irrespective of the physical location of the resources and the user.
Reliability means to keep the copy of a file on two or more different machines, so if one of
them is unavailable (due to some hardware crash or any other) them its other copy can be
used.
Cost factor means it greatly reduces the cost since the resources can be shared
Communication Medium means one can send messages and whatever the changes at one end are
done can be immediately noticed at another.

Evolution of Networking
ARPANET –
The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the world's first operational packet
switching network. It was created by the United States Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) in
1969.
Internet –
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol
suite (often called TCP/IP, although not all applications use TCP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is
a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks,
of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking
technologies.
Interspace –
It is client server software that allows multiple users to communicate online with real time audio and video.

SWITCHING TECHNIQUES (DIFF. WAYS OF SENDING DATA ACROSS NETWORKS)

Circuit Switching –
Circuit switching is a methodology of implementing a telecommunications network in which two network nodes
establish a dedicated communications channel (circuit) through the network before the nodes may communicate.
The circuit guarantees the full bandwidth of the channel and remains connected for the duration of the
communication session. Example : Telephone System network.
Packet Switching –
In packet switching the data to be transmitted is divided into packets transmitted through the network
independently. In packet switching, instead of being dedicated to one communication session at a time, network
links are shared by packets from multiple competing communication sessions. Example : When you connect to
the internet using a dial – up modem.
Comparison between the Various Circuit Packet
Switching Techniques: Criteria Switching Switching
Path established in advance Yes No
Message follows multiple routes No Yes

DATA COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGIES

Channel –
A medium of data transmission on a computer network is called a channel. Channel may be wired (guided) or
wireless (unguided).
Bandwidth –
Bandwidth is also defined as the amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time. For digital
devices, the bandwidth is usually expressed in bits per second(bps) or bytes per second. For analog devices,
the bandwidth is expressed in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz).
Data Transfer Rate –
It is the amount of digital data that is moved from one place to another in a given time usually in seconds. In
general, the greater the bandwidth higher the transfer rate. Data transfer rates are often measured in megabits
(million bits) or megabytes (million bytes) per second. These are usually abbreviated as Mbps and MBps,
respectively. Bigger units of Data Transfer Rate are Gbps and Tbps.
TRANSMISSION MEDIA :
By this we mean the connecting cables or connecting media.
Twisted Pair Cable –
Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together for the
purposes of canceling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources.
Coaxial Cable –
Coaxial cable, or coax, has an inner conductor surrounded by a flexible, tubular insulating layer, surrounded by
a tubular conducting shield. The term coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the outer shield sharing the
same geometric axis.
Optical Fibre Cable –
An optical fiber cable is a cable containing one or more optical fibers. The optical fiber elements are typically
individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the
cable will be deployed. Optical fibers use the concept of total internal reflection of light for data transmission.

Comparison of wired media:

Paramater Cable Twisted Coaxial Fiber Optic

Pair Cable Cable Cable
10Mbps- More than100
Data Transfer Rate 100 Mbps
1Gbps Gbps
185m-
Data Transfer Range 100 m 2km – 10 km
500 m
Less
Interference than
More NIL
Susceptibility Ethernet
cable
More
Cost of Cable Least Cost than Expensive
Ethernet

Wireless Media –
Electromagnetic waves are used for wireless communication over computer networks. From the electromagnetic
spectrum only radio waves, microwaves, and infrared rays are used for wireless communication.
Infrared Waves:
Infrared waves have a frequency range of 300 GHz to 400 THz. These waves are used for short range
communication (approx. 5m) in a variety of wireless communications, monitoring, and control applications. The
transmission is line of sight transmission , therefore information passed to one device is not leaked to another
device.Home-entertainment remote-control devices, Cordless modems, and Intrusion detectors are some of the
devices that utilize infrared communication.

Radio Waves -
Radio waves have a frequency range of 3 KHz to 3GHz. Radio waves are used for communication over distances
ranging from a few meters (in walkie-talkies) upto covering an entire city. These waves are easy to generate,
can travel long distances and can penetrate buildings easily. That’s why they are widely used for communication,
both indoors and outdoors. Cordless phones, AM and FM radio broadcast, Garage door openers etc. are examples
of radio wave transmission.
Micro Waves:
Micro waves have a frequency range of 300MHz (0.3 GHz) to 300 GHz. Microwaves travel in straight lines and
cannot penetrate any solid object. Therefore for long distance microwave communication, high towers are built
and microwave antennas are put on their tops. These waves are unidirectional and therefore the sending and
receiving antennas have to be aligned with each other.
An example of usage of microwaves for communication is as follows:
In the big cities where land is very costly and a lot of formalities have to be completed to get permission
to dig land for cabling, microwave antennas can be put on top of high rise buildings and communication
can be started in a short time.
Bluetooth -
Bluetooth technology uses radio waves in the frequency range of 2.402 GHz to 2.480 GHz. This technology is used
for short range communication (approx. 10m) in a variety of devices for wireless communication with a Slow data
transfer rate (upto 1Mbps).
Satellite Link -
Satellite links are used for long distance wireless communication which may range from intercity to intercontinental.
The satellite system is very expensive but its area coverage and fringe benefits compensate for the expenses.
Communication satellites are normally owned by governments or by government approved organizations of various
countries

NETWORK DEVICES

Modem –
A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that converts digital signal into analog and reverse. The technique by
which a digital signal is converted to analog form is known as MODULATION and conversion of analog to digital is
known as DE-MODULATION.
RJ45 Connector –
It is a standard type of connector for network cables. These connectors are commonly used for unshielded twisted
pair, shielded twisted pair, and multiconductor flat cable.
Ethernet –
Ethernet is a layered data technology that is used to create and maintain local area networks. An Ethernet LAN
typically uses coaxial cable or special grades of twisted pair wires.
Ethernet Card –
An Ethernet card is one kind of network adapter. These adapters support the Ethernet standard for high-speed
network connections via cables. Ethernet cards are sometimes known as network interface cards (NICs).
Repeater:
A Repeater is a device that connects two segments of network cable. A repeater amplifies the received signal and
re-transmits it to its destination.
Hub:
A Hub is an electronic device that connects several nodes to form a network and redirects the received information
to all the connected nodes in broadcast mode.
Switch:
A Switch is an intelligent hardware device that connects several nodes to form a network and redirects the received
information only to the intended node(s). A switch conserves network bandwidth and offers generally better
performance than a hub.
Gateway:
A Gateway is a device which is used to connect two different types of networks and perform the necessary translation
so that the connected networks can communicate properly.
Router :
A router is a network device that is used to separate different segments in a network to improve performance and
reliability. A router works like a bridge but can handle diff. protocols. A router works on logical addresses and bridge
operates on physical addresses.
WiFi card:
Wi-Fi cards are small, easily portable cards that allow your desktop or laptop computer the capability to connect to
the Internet through a wireless network. Many newer computers are equipped with wireless networking capability
and do not require a Wi-Fi card.

Network topologies and its types

Node –
A Node is a device which is directly connected to a computer network. It can be a computer or any other device
like printer, scanner etc.
Topology –
A Topology is an arrangement of physical connections among nodes in a network.
Bus Topology –
In bus topology all the nodes are connected to a main cable called backbone.
Characteristics of Bus topology:
• It is easy to install.
• It requires less cable length and hence it is cost effective.
• Failure of a node does not affect the network.
• In case of cable (backbone) or terminator fault, the entire network breaks down.
• Fault diagnosis is difficult.
• At a time only one node can transmit data.
Star Topology –
 In star topology each node is directly connected to a hub/switch. If any node has to send some information to
any other node, it sends the signal to the hub/switch. This signal is then broadcast (in case of a hub) to all the
nodes but is accepted by the intended node(s). In the case of a switch the signal is sent only to the intended
node(s).
Characteristics of Star topology:
• It is easy to install
• It is easy to diagnose the fault in Star topology.
• It is easy to expand depending on the specifications of central hub/switch
• Failure of hub/switch leads to failure of entire network
• It requires more cable length as compared to bus topology.
Tree Topology –
Tree topology is a combination of bus and star topologies. It is used to combine multiple star topology networks.
All the stars are connected together like a bus. This bus-star hybrid approach supports future expandability of
the network.
Characteristics of Tree topology:
• It offers easy way of network expansion
• Even if one network (star) fails, the other networks remain connected and working.
PAN –
A PAN is a network of computing/Communicating devices (Computer, Phone, MP3/MP4 Player, Camera etc.) in
the proximity of an individual. It can cover an area of a few meters radius.

LAN –
A LAN is a network of computing/Communicating devices in a room, building, or campus. It can cover an area of
a few meters to a few kilometers radius. A networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single
LAN, though sometimes one building can contain a few small LANs (Like some schools have independent LANs in
each computer lab.). Occasionally a LAN can span a group of nearby buildings.

MAN –
A MAN is a network of computing/Communicating devices within a city. It can cover an area of a few kilometers
to a few hundred kilometers radius. Network of schools, or banks, or Government offices etc., within a city, are
examples of MANs.
WAN –
A WAN is a network of computing/Communicating devices crossing the limits of a city, country, or continent. It
can cover an area of over hundreds of kilometer radius. A network of ATMs, BANKs, National Government Offices,
International Organizations’ Offices etc., spread over a country, continent, or covering many continents are
examples of WANs.

Network protocols
TCP/IP –
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol): It is the main protocol for communication between two
computers on internet.
FTP –
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) enables file sharing between hosts. It is often used to upload web pages and other
documents from a private machine to a public web server and download the data from a public web server to a
private machine.
PPP –
PPP (Point to Point Protocol): It is a protocol for direct communication between two computers, typically a personal
computer connected by phone line to a server. Most Internet service providers (ISPs) use PPP for customer dial-up
access to the Internet.
SMTP –
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet standard for electronic mail (e-mail) transmission
across Internet Protocol (IP) networks. Most e-mail systems that send mail over the Internet use SMTP to send
messages from one server to another; the messages can then be retrieved with an e-mail client using
either POP or IMAP. In addition, SMTP is generally used to send messages from a mail client to a mail server.
POP3 (Post Office Protocol)–
POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) is the most recent version of a standard protocol for receiving e-mail. POP3 is
a client/server protocol in which e-mail is received and held for the recipient by an Internet server.
An alternative protocol is Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP). IMAP provides the user more capabilities for
retaining e-mail on the server and for organizing it in folders on the server. IMAP can be thought of as a remote file
server.

Remote Login (Telnet) –

Telnet is a protocol used for remote computing on the internet. It allows a computer to act as a remote terminal on
another machine anywhere on the internet.
Internet wireless/Mobile Communication protocol
GSM –
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Spécial Mobile) is a standard set to describe
technologies for second generation (2G) digital cellular networks. It uses TDMA I Time Division Multiple Access).
CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) –
CDMA is a digital cellular technology that uses spread-spectrum techniques. In CDMA every communicator is allocated
the entire spectrum all of the time. CDMA uses codes to identify connections and it became the foundation for the
newest cell phone technology, 3G wireless.
GPRS (General packet radio service) –
GPRS is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication system's global system for
mobile communications (GSM). GPRS usage is typically charged based on volume of data. This contrasts with circuit
switching data, which is typically billed per minute of connection time, regardless of whether or not the user transfers
data during that period.
WLL –
WLL (Wireless in Local Loop) is a network technology based on CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) principle. This
technology is useful for providing cost effective mobile services and wireless telephone connection in areas where
provision of landline telephone connection is not feasible or where demand for mobile phones is very high.
Mobile Tele communication technologies

1G (First Generation of Mobile Technology) –

1G technology was used in the first mobile phones. 1G used analog radio signals. 1G was introduced in 1980s and continued until
1992 when 2G was introduced.
2G –
2G technology used a digital format and introduced text messaging. 2G also introduced data services for mobiles, starting with
SMS. 2G phones uses GSM.
3G –
3G technology has introduced more efficient ways of carrying data, making it possible to have faster web-services, live chat,
fast downloading, video conferencing etc. over mobile phones. Today we are living in the age of 3G.
4G-
4G is a mobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal
service network system (MAGIC).4G is all about faster internet speeds.
Electronic mail protocols
E-Mail is a method of exchanging digital messages from sender to one or more recipients. Some common e-mail protocols are:
IMAP(Internet message access protocol)- A protocol for receiving e-mail messages on the internet.
POP3(Post office protocol version 3)- A protocol used by e-mail clients to retrieve messages from remote servers.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)- A protocol used for sending e-mail messages on the internet.

Protocols of chat and video conferencing

IRC (Internet Relay Chat) : IRC is an application layer protocol that allow users to share text messages. It provides one-to-one
communication as well as group communication for chatting and file sharing such as Talk City.
VoIP: (Voice Over Internet Protocol):
VoIP is a technology that allows telephone calls to be made over computer networks like the Internet. VoIP converts analog
voice signals into digital data packets and supports real-time, two-way transmission of conversations using Internet Protocol (IP).
VoIP calls can be made on the Internet using a VoIP service provider and standard computer audio systems.
The various protocols used for VOIP are: H.323 and SIP

Wireless technologies:
Wi-Fi – Wireless-Fidelity is a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data wirelessly (using radio waves)
over a computer network, including high-speed Internet connections. The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area
network(WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electricall and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards".
Wi-Max (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access):
Wi-Max is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates, with the 2011 update
providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. It is a part of “fourth generation,” or 4G, of wireless-communication technology. WiMax
far surpasses the 30-metre wireless range of a conventional Wi-Fi local area network (LAN), offering a metropolitan area network
with a signal radius of about 50 km.

Network security concepts:

Malware –
Malware is the common name given to all malicious programs that can cause damage to computers. Malware includes
computer viruses, computer worms, Trojan horses, spyware, dishonest adware and other malicious or unwanted
software.
Virus –
A program or piece of code that is loaded onto your computer without your knowledge and runs against your
wishes. A computer virus can replicate itself and spread from one computer to another.
A computer virus attaches itself to a program or file enabling it to spread from one computer to another, leaving
infections as it travels. Like a human virus, a computer virus can range in severity: some may cause only mildly
annoying effects while others can damage your hardware, software or files.
Worms –
A worm is a self replicating virus that does not alter files but resides in active memory and duplicates itself. The
main difference between worm and virus is that a worm does not need a host document to replicate itself.
Trojan Horse –
The Trojan Horse is a software that appears to be useful but actually programmed to pass the user’s data or access
rights to someone else. Trojans are also known to create a backdoor on your computer that gives malicious users
access to your system, possibly allowing confidential or personal information to be compromised. Unlike viruses and
worms, Trojans do not reproduce by infecting other files nor do they self-replicate.
Blended threat –
Blended threats combine the characteristics of viruses, worms, Trojan Horses, and malicious code with server and
Internet vulnerabilities.
Antivirus program –
A utility that searches the computer (RAM and Storage devices) for malware and removes any that are found.
Spams –
Spam is flooding the internet with many copies of same message. It is an attempt to force the message on people
who would not otherwise choose to receive it.
Cookies –
A cookie, also known as an HTTP cookie, web cookie, or browser cookie, is usually a small piece of data sent from
a website and stored in a user's web browser while a user is browsing the website. When the user browses the same
website in the future, the data stored in the cookie can be retrieved by the website to notify the website of the
user's previous activity.
Firewall – A firewall is a device installed between the internal network of an organization and the rest of the
Internet. It is designed to protect the internal network from malware and data theft. It controls the incoming and
outgoing network traffic by analyzing the data packets and determining whether these should be allowed through or
not, based on a predetermined rule set.
Https - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is the secure version of HTTP, the protocol over which data is
sent between your browser and the website that you are connected to. The 'S' at the end of HTTPS stands for 'Secure'.
It means all communications between your browser and the website are encrypted.

Https Vs Http - Instead of HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), if the website uses HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure
(HTTPS). Using HTTPS, the computers agree on a "code"between them, and then they scramble the messages using
that "code" so that no one in between can read them. This keeps your information safe from hackers.

India IT Act –
“Information Technology Act” defines cyber crimes and suggests penalty for such crimes committed in India.
Cyber Law –
It refers to all the legal and regulatory aspects to curb cyber crimes.
Cyber Crimes –
In Simple way we can say that cyber crime is unlawful acts wherein the computer is either a tool or a target or both.
Cyber crimes can involve criminal activities such as theft, fraud, forgery, defamation and mischief, all of which are
subject to the Indian Penal Code.

IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) Issues –

IPR stands for Intellectual Property Rights, which can be defined as Rights acquired over a property created with the
intellectual effort of an individual. The property is intangible in nature. IPR was divided into 7 main branches under
the TRIPS agreement (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights).
These branches are:-
1) Patents 2) Copyrights 3) Trademarks 4) Geographical Indications 5) Integrated Circuits and Design Layouts 6)
Designs 7) Confidential Information(Trade secrets)
IPR Issues include software piracy, copyright infringement, trademarks violations, theft of computer source code,
patent violations. etc.

Cyber Squatting –
Domain names are also trademarks and protected by ICANN’s domain dispute resolution policy and also under
trademark laws.
Cyber Squatters registers domain name identical to popular service provider’s domain so as to attract their users and
get benefit from it.
Hacking –
It is the process of finding weaknesses in a computer or computer network and exploiting them through a process
called penetration or penetration testing (depending on the motive). Hackers (persons involved in hacking) may be
motivated by a multitude of reasons such as profit, protest, challenge.
Hacking may also be done to aid security by pointing out vulnerabilities.

Introduction to web services

WWW –
A multimedia Internet service that allows users to traverse the Internet by moving from one document to another via
links that connect them together.
HTML –
Hyper Text Markup Language. A computer language for specifying the contents and format of a web document. HTML
defines the format of a web page using tags that define fonts, layouts, embedded graphics, and hypertext links etc.

XML (Extensible Markup Language) –

XML allows designers to create their own customized tags, enabling the definition, transmission, validation, and
interpretation of data between applications and between organizations.
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)–
It is the protocol for transferring Hyper Text from web server to web browser.
Domain Names – A domain name is a sequence of labels separated by dots which identifies a particular server on
the internet.
URL –
A string of characters (address) that identifies a page on the World Wide Web.
Example : http://www.microsoft.com
Protocol Address (or IP Address)–
Every machine in a network has a unique identifying number, called its IP Address. An IP address is a group of four
bytes (or 32 bits) each of which can be a number from 0 to 255. A typical IP address looks like this: 59.177.134.72
Website –
It is a collection of interlinked web pages under a name called web-site name. It is stored in a web server.
Web Browser –
It is a software application used to locate, retrieve and also display contents on the World Wide Web, including Web
pages, images, video and other files. As a client/server model, the browser is the client run on a computer that
contacts the Web server and requests information. The Web server sends the information back to the Web browser
which displays the results on the computer or other Internet-enabled device that supports a browser.
Although browsers are primarily intended to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information
provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems. The major web browsers are Firefox, Google
Chrome, Internet Explorer, Opera, and Safari.
Web Server –
A computer that delivers (serves) content, such as web pages, using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), over
the World Wide Web.
Web Hosting –
It is the procedure to manage and administer a website on a web server.
Web Scripting –
Web scripting is programming the behavior of the client and server in a network.
Client Side Scripting (VBScript, JavaScript, PHP) –
Client-side scripting generally refers to the class of computer programs on the web that are executed on client-side,
by the user's web browser.
This type of computer programming is an important part of the Dynamic HTML (DHTML) concept, enabling web
pages to be scripted; that is, to have different and changing content depending on user input, environmental
conditions (such as the time of day), or other variables.
Server Side Scripting (ASP, JSP, PHP) –
Server-side scripting generally refers to the class of computer programs on the web that are executed on server-
side, by the web server.
Normally, when a browser requests an HTML file, the server returns the file. However, if the file contains a server-
side script, the script is executed on the server before the file is returned to the browser as plain HTML.

Web 2.0 (for social networking)–

Web 2.0 refers to web application features that facilitate participatory information sharing, interoperability, user-
centered design, and collaboration on the World Wide Web. A Web 2.0 site allows users to interact and collaborate
with each other in a social media dialogue as creators of user-generated content in a virtual community, in contrast
to websites where users are limited to the passive viewing of content that was created for them. Examples of Web
2.0 include social networking sites, blogs, video sharing sites.

Ecommerce –
E-commerce is a transaction of buying or selling online. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile
commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction
processing, electronic data interchange(EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data
collection systems.
The advantage of E-commerce include its round the clock availability, speed of access, wide availability of goods and
services to the customer, easy accessibility and international reach.

Payment Transactions through E-Commerce –

E-Commerce sites use electronic payment where electronic payment refers to paperless monetary transactions.
Electronic payment has revolutionized the business processing by reducing paper work, transaction costs, labor cost.
Being user friendly and less time consuming than manual processing, helps business organization to expand its market
reach / expansion. Some of the modes of electronic payments are following.
Online Banking
Online banking also known as E-Banking or Virtual banking is an electronic payment system that enables customers
of a bank to conduct a range of financial transactions through the financial institution’s website by using internet
banking or credit/debit card usage.
Mobile Banking
Mobile banking is a service provided by a bank or other financial institution that allows its customers to conduct
financial transactions remotely using a mobile device such as a smart phone or tablet. Unlike the related internet
banking it uses software, usually called an app, provided by the financial institution for the purpose. Mobile banking
is usually available on a 24-hour basis. Some financial institutions have restrictions on which accounts may be accessed
through mobile banking, as well as a limit on the amount that can be transacted.
Payment Apps and Services
Payment Apps are also known as Mobile Wallets. payment app that lets you pay with your card or mobile device by
simply waving it over a secure reader instead of inserting or swiping your card. The payment process will be authorized,
processed and billed in a secure way.The following are some of the wallets which are frequently used in the market
BHIM (Bharat Interface for Money) App, Paytm , Modi quick, Pay U, Pay Pal, Frecharge etc.

4 Marks Application based Question Example

Trine tech corporation (TTc) is a professional consultancy company. The company is planning to set up their new
offices in India with its hub at Hyderabad. As a network advisor, you have to understand their requirement and
suggest them the best available solutions. Their queries ar e mentioned as (i) to (iv) below:
Physical locations of the block of TTC

HUMAN
RESOURCE BLOCK
CONFERENCE
BLOCK

FINANCE BLOCK

Distances between various blocks ( In Mtrs.)

Block (From) Block (To) Distance

Human Conference 110
Resource
Human Finance 40
Resource
Conference Finance 80
finance
 Number of Computers installed in each Block

Human Resource 25
Finance 120
Conference 90

(1) What will be the most appropriate block, where TTC should plan to install their server?
Ans: Finance
(2) Draw a block to block cable layout to connect all the buildings in the most appropriate manner for efficient
communication.
Ans:

Human Conference Block

Resource Block

Finance
Block

(3) What will be the best possible connectivity out of the following, you will suggest to connect the new setup of
offices in Bangalore with its London based office.
Satellite link or infrared or Ethernet cable
Ans:Satellite Link
(4) Which of the following device will be suggested by you to connect each computer in each of the buildings?
Ans: Switch