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Brahmagupta

Brahmagupta was an influential 7th century Indian mathematician born in 598 CE in Bhinmal, India. He made important contributions to mathematics, including being the first to recognize zero as a number and perform arithmetic operations with it. He also established rules for computing with zero and developed the modern numeral system. Some of his key theorems and formulas include Brahmagupta's theorem on cyclic quadrilaterals, his formula for finding the area of any cyclic quadrilateral, and his identity and problem. He authored the book Brahmasphutasiddhanta which consisted of 24 chapters on mathematics covering topics like algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and algorithms.

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Divya Bhagewar
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1K views5 pages

Brahmagupta

Brahmagupta was an influential 7th century Indian mathematician born in 598 CE in Bhinmal, India. He made important contributions to mathematics, including being the first to recognize zero as a number and perform arithmetic operations with it. He also established rules for computing with zero and developed the modern numeral system. Some of his key theorems and formulas include Brahmagupta's theorem on cyclic quadrilaterals, his formula for finding the area of any cyclic quadrilateral, and his identity and problem. He authored the book Brahmasphutasiddhanta which consisted of 24 chapters on mathematics covering topics like algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and algorithms.

Uploaded by

Divya Bhagewar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATHS HORIZON 4 SESSION 2023-2024

BRAMAGUPTA CONTRIBUTION IN MATHEMATICS


Brahmagupta
Born c. 598 CE

INTRODUCTION Bhillamala, Gurjaradesa, Chavda kingdom


(modern day Bhinmal, Rajasthan, India)
Brahmagupta,according to his own
statement,was borm in 598CE. Born in Died c. 668 CE (aged c. 69–70)
bhillamala in gurjaradesa during the Ujjain, Chalukya Empire
reign of the chavda dynasty ruler (modern day Madhya Pradesh, India)
Vyagrahamukha,his ancestors were
probably from Sindh.He was the son of Known for Rules for computing with Zero
jishnugupta and was a hindu by Modern numeral system
religion,in particular, a Shaivite. He lived
Brahmagupta's theorem
and worked there for a good part of his
life. Brahmagupta's identity

The book consists of 24 chapters on Brahmagupta's problem


Mathematics,including Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity
algebra,geometry,trigonometry and
Brahmagupta's interpolation formula
algorithmics,which are belived to
contain new insight due to brahmagupta Brahmagupta's formula
himself.
Scientific career
Brahmagupta was first mathematician
To provide the formula for area of a Fields Astronomy, mathematics
cyclic
Quadrilateral. His contributions
to geometry are significant. He is the
first person to Discuss the method
of finding a cyclic Quadeilateral with
rational sides. His celebratedTheorems
on the ciecumdiameter of a triangle
and on Obtaining the diagonals of a
cyclic
quadritateralAre now well known.
Bhaskara is so much charmedOf
Brahmagupta’s intellect that he
respectfully refers to him as
“Mahamatiman” and even confers
the unique“Ganita Chakra Chudamani”
title on Brahmagupta.
MATHS HORIZON 4 SESSION 2023-2024

BRAHMAGUPTA THEOREM
STATEMENT:- If a cyclic quadrilateral is orthogonal, then the perpendicular to
a side from the point of intersection of the diagonals always bisects the
opposite side.

PROOF :- ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑩𝑴 ⊥ ̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑪 , ̅̅̅̅
𝑬𝑭 ⊥ ̅̅̅̅
𝑩𝑪
̅̅̅̅|=|𝑭𝑫
⇒ |𝑨𝑭 ̅̅̅̅|

More specifically, let A,B,C,D be four points on a


circle such that the lines AC and BD are
perpendicular.Denote the intersection of
AC and BD by M. Drop the perpendicular
From M to line BC, calling the intersection E.
Let F be the intersection of the line EM and the
Edge AD. Then the theorem states that F is the midpoint AD.
We need to prove that AF=FM. We will prove that both AF and
FD are in fact equal to FM.
To prove that AF=FM, First note that the angles FAM and CBM are
equal, because they are inscribed angles that intercept the same arc
of the circle. Furthermore, the angles CBM and CME are both
complementery to angle BCM, and are therefore equal.Finally, the
angles CME and FMA are the same.Hence, AFM is an isosceles
triangle, and thus the sides AF and FM are equal.
The proof that FD=FM goes similarly:the angles FDM,BCM,BME
and DMF are all equal, so DFM is an isosceles triangle, so FD=FM. It
follows that AF=FD, as the theorem claims.
MATHS HORIZON 4 SESSION 2023-2024

BRAHMAGUPTA’S FORMULA
In Euclidean geometry, Brahmagupta’s formula, named after the 7th
century Indian Mathematician, is used to find the area of any cyclic
quadrilaterial given the lengths of its sides.Heron’s formula can be
though as a special case of the brahmagupta’s formula for triangles.
Trignometric proof:-
Here the notations in the fig. to the right are used.
The area K of the cyclic quadrilateral equals
the sum of the areas of ∆ADB and ∆BDC.
𝟏 𝟏
K= pq sin A+ rs sin C.
𝟐 𝟐
But since Quadrilateral ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral,
∠DAB=180° − ∠DCB. Hence sin A= sin C.
Therefore,
𝟏 𝟏
K= pq sin A + rs sin A
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝑲𝟐 = (𝒑𝒒 + 𝒓𝒔)𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 A
𝟒
4𝑲𝟐 = (𝒑𝒒 + 𝒓𝒔)𝟐 (1-𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 A)=(𝒑𝒒 + 𝒓𝒔)𝟐 -((𝒑𝒒 + 𝒓𝒔) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 )𝟐
Solving the common side DB, in ∆ADB and ∆BDC,the law of cosines gives
𝒑𝟐 + 𝒒𝟐 -2pqcos A =𝒓𝟐 + 𝒔𝟐 – 2rs cos C.
Substitute cos C = -cos A and rearranging we have
𝟏
(pq+rs) cos A = 𝟐(𝒑𝟐 +𝒒𝟐 -𝒓𝟐 -𝒔𝟐 )
Substitute this in equation of area,
𝟏
4𝑲𝟐 = (𝒑𝒒 + 𝒓𝒔)𝟐 - 𝟒 (𝒑𝟐 + 𝒒𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐 − 𝒔𝟐 )𝟐
16𝒌𝟐 = 4(𝒑𝒒 + 𝒓𝒔)𝟐 - (𝒑𝟐 + 𝒒𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐 − 𝒔𝟐 )𝟐
The RHS side is of the form
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 = (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒃) and hence can be written as,
[2(pq+rs)-𝒑𝟐 − 𝒒𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒔𝟐 ][2(pq+rs)+𝒑𝟐 + 𝒒𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐 − 𝒔𝟐 ]
Which upon rearranging the terms in the square bracket,yields
16𝒌𝟐 =[(𝒓 + 𝒔)𝟐 − (𝒑 − 𝒒)𝟐 ][(𝒑 + 𝒒)𝟐 − (𝒓 − 𝒔)𝟐 ]
That can be factorised again into,
16𝒌𝟐 = (q+r+s-p)(p+r+s-q)(p+q+s-r)(p+q+r-s)
𝒑+𝒒+𝒓+𝒔
Introducing the semiperimeter S= yields
𝟐
16𝒌𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔(𝑺 − 𝒑)(𝑺 − 𝒒)(𝑺 − 𝒓)(𝑺 − 𝒔).
Taking square root,we get

K = √(𝑺 − 𝒑)(𝑺 − 𝒒)(𝑺 − 𝒓)(𝑺 − 𝒔).


Which is the required proof.
MATHS HORIZON 4 SESSION 2023-2024

REFERENCE

• Michael John Bradley (2006). The Birth of Mathematics: Ancient Times to 1300. Publisher
Infobase Publishing. ISBN 0816054231. Page 70, 85.
• ^ Coxeter, H. S. M.; Greitzer, S. L.: Geometry Revisited. Washington, DC: Math. Assoc. Amer.,
p. 59, 1967
• Pickover, Clifford (2008). Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds
Behind Them. Oxford University Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-19-979268-9.
• ^ Jump up to:a b Bose, Mainak Kumar (1988). Late classical India. A. Mukherjee &
Co.[page needed]
• ^ Jump up to:a b Sen, Amartya (2005). The Argumentative Indian. Allen Lane.
p. 29. ISBN 978-0-7139-9687-6.
• ^ Jump up to:a b Thurston, Hugh (1993). Early Astronomy. New York: Springer-
Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-94107-3.[page needed][failed verification]
• ^ Bradley, Michael. The Birth of Mathematics: Ancient Times to 1300, p. 86 (Infobase
Publishing 2006)
• ^ Mackenzie, Dana. The Universe in Zero Words: The Story of Mathematics as Told through
Equations, p. 61 (Princeton University Press, 2012).
• ^ Sachau, Edward C. (1910), Alberuni's India, Volume I, London: Kegan Paul, Trench and
Trubner, p. 153 – via archive.org, Brahma-siddhānta, so-called from Brahman, composed by
Brahmagupta, the son of Jishnu, from the town of Bhillamāla between Multān and
Anhilwāra, 16 yojana from the latter place (?)
• ^ Cai 2023, p. 114; Cooke 1997, p. 208
• ^ Ayyappappanikkar (1997). Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections. Sahitya
Akademi. p. 493. ISBN 978-81-260-0365-5.
• ^ Bhattacharyya 2011, p. 185: "Brahmagupta, one of the most celebrated mathematicians of
the East, indeed of the world, was born in the year 598 CE, in the town of Bhillamala during
the reign of King Vyaghramukh of the Chapa Dynasty."
• ^ Jump up to:a b c Gupta 2008, p. 162.
• ^ Bhattacharyya 2011, pp. 185–186.
• ^ Bose, Sen & Subbarayappa 1971.
• ^ Jump up to:a b c d Gupta 2008, p. 163.
• ^ Jump up to:a b c Pingree, David E. (1970–1994). Pingree's Census of the Exact Sciences in
Sanskrit. APS. pp. A4, 256 ff., A5, 239-240 et passim.
• ^ Bhattacharyya 2011, p. 185.
MATHS HORIZON 4 SESSION 2023-2024

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