POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER

FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.
POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION. THE POLE-ZERO MAP.

• Define Transfer Function

• Define Poles and Zeros of a Transfer Function
• Difference of Poles and Zeros
• Define Pole-Zero Map
POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.

What is a Transfer Function?

The transfer function is a convenient representation of a linear time invariant

dynamical system. Mathematically the transfer function is a function of complex
variables. For finite dimensional systems the transfer function is simply a rational function
of a complex variable. The transfer function can be obtained by inspection or by simple
algebraic manipulations of the differential equations that describe the systems. Transfer
functions can describe systems of very high order, even infinite dimensional systems
governed by partial differential equations. The transfer function of a system can be
determined from experiments on a system.
POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.

What is a Transfer Function?

Transfer Function is the Laplace transform of output, to the Laplace transform of input by
keeping all initial conditions equal to zero.

Example:
Find the Transfer function of the system.
POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.

Example:
Find the Transfer function of the system.

Where:
x(t) is the input
y(t) is the output
POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.

SOLUTION:

Finding the Laplace Transform of the equation via

Time Differentiation.
 POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.

Eliminate the initial values:

Laplace Transform of the equation:

POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.

Get all common and we get:

Transpose both sides:

POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.

Factorized the denominator:

The Transfer Function of the system is

POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.

What is Poles and Zeros of a Transfer Function?

Poles of a Transfer Function are the values of the Laplace transform variable, s, that cause the
transfer function to become infinite or any roots of the denominator of the transfer function
that are common to roots of the numerator.

For example, the roots of the characteristic polynomial in the denominator are values
of s that make the transfer function infinite, so they are thus poles. However, if a factor of the
denominator can be canceled by the same factor in the numerator, the root of this factor no
longer causes the transfer function to become infinite. In control systems, we often refer to the
root of the canceled factor in the denominator as a pole even though the transfer function will
not be infinite at this value.
POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.

What is Poles and Zeros of a Transfer Function?

Zeros of a Transfer Function are the values of the Laplace transform variable, s, that cause the
transfer function to become zero, or any roots of the numerator of the transfer function that are
common to roots of the denominator

For example, the roots of the numerator are values of s that make the transfer function
zero and are thus zeros. However, if a factor of the numerator can be canceled by the same
factor in the denominator, the root of this factor no longer causes the transfer function to
become zero. In control systems, we often refer to the root of the canceled factor in the
numerator as a zero even though the transfer function will not be zero at this value.
POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.

Difference between Poles and Zeros of a Transfer Function:

Poles of a Transfer Function are the frequencies, value s, for which the denominator of
the transfer function becomes zero.

Zeros of a Transfer Function are the frequencies, value s, for which the numerator of the
transfer function becomes zero.

The values of the poles and the zeros of a system determine whether the system is
stable, and how well the system performs.
POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.

Difference between Poles and Zeros of a Transfer Function?

Poles are determined by equating D(s) with 0 and solving for s. The number of poles is
always greater or equal to the Zeros.

Zeros are determined by equating N(s) with 0 and solving for s. The number of zeros are
lesser or equal to Poles.
POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.

Difference between Poles and Zeros of a Transfer Function?

D = denominator
(s + 3) equate to 0 s+3=0 s = -3
N = numerator
(s + 2) equate to 0 s+2=0 s = -2
POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.

Transfer Function of the system is

Zero |s = -2

Poles |s = -3, s = -4

We equate the numerator and denominator into 0. Then, will have the Poles and Zeros
of the transfer function.
POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.

The Pole-Zero Map

A system is characterized by its Poles and Zeros in the sense that they allow reconstruction
of the input and output differential equation. In general, the poles and zeros of a transfer function
maybe complex, and the system dynamics maybe represented graphically by plotting their
locations on the complex s-plane.

Pole–Zero plot is a graphical representation of a rational transfer function in the complex

plane which helps to convey certain properties.
Zero location is mark by a circle (O).
Poles location is mart by a cross (x).
POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.

X X

Plot on s-plane represents the location of Zero |s = -2 & Poles |s = -3, s = -4

POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.

General form of the Transform Function

Zeros: s = Z1, Z2, Z3 . . . Zn

Poles: s = P1, P2, P3 . . . Pn

POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.
POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.
POLES AND ZEROS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION.
THE POLE-ZERO MAP.
THAT’S ALL. THANK YOU.