Dr. Eman F.

Sawires
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communications
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University.
 E. Sawires
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Why Z Transform
➢In mathematics and signal processing, the Z-transform converts a time
domain signal, which is a sequence of real or complex numbers, into a
complex frequency domain representation.
➢It takes a signal from the time domain to a frequency domain called the z
domain.
➢It can be considered as a discrete-time equivalent of the Laplace transform.
➢A generalization of the Fourier Transform of a sampled signal.
➢The z transform is an important digital signal processing tool for describing
and analyzing digital systems.

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Why Z Transform
➢It also supports the techniques for digital filter design and frequency
analysis of digital signals.
➢The z-transform may exist for many signals for which the DTFT does not
exist, such as x[n]=u[n], and nu(n), and all power signals.
➢It is easier to test stability and causality using Z transform ( like Laplace
transform in Continuous time signals).
➢Convolution of two time domain signals is equivalent to multiplication
of their Z transforms.
➢Finding the output of a LTIS using Z transform.

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 Z Transform
➢The z-transform of a sequence x(n) is given by
∞

𝑋 𝑧 ≜ 𝑍[x(n)] = ෍ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞
▪ where z is a complex variable.
▪ The complex variable z is called the complex frequency given by
z = r𝑒 jω , where r=|z| is the magnitude and ω is the real frequency.

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 Z Transform
∞
−𝑛
𝑋 𝑧 ≜ 𝑍[x(n)] = ෍ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
𝑛=−∞
• The set of z values for which X(z) exists is called the region of
convergence (ROC).
The region of convergence (ROC) for X(z) is the set of all values of z for
which X(z) has a finite value.

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Example #1
Z-Transform of Impulse function:

x(n) = δ(n)
Ans: ∞ ∞

𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑍[δ(n)] = ෍ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛 = ෍ 𝛿 𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞

𝑋 𝑧 = 𝛿 0 𝑧0 = 1 ROC: ∀ Z

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Example #2
Determine the z-transform of the following signal.
x(n) = δ(n-1)
Ans: ∞ ∞

𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑍[δ(n−1)] = ෍ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛 = ෍ 𝛿 𝑛 − 1 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞

𝑋 𝑧 = 𝛿 0 𝑧 −1 = 𝑧 −1 ROC: ∀ Z except z = 0

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Example #3
Determine the z-transform of the following signal.
x(n) = δ(n+1)
Ans: ∞ ∞

𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑍[δ(n+1)] = ෍ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛 = ෍ 𝛿 𝑛 + 1 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞

𝑋 𝑧 = 𝛿 0 𝑧 +1 = 𝑧 ROC: ∀ Z except z = ∞

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Example #4
Z-Transform of the unit step function:
Ans:
x(n) = u(n)
∞ ∞

𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑍[u(n)] = ෍ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛 = ෍ 𝑢 𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛
∞ 𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞
𝑍[u(n)] = ෍ 1. 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=0

ROC: 1<|Z|<∞
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 Example #5
Z-Transform of x(n) = u(n-2)
Ans: ∞ ∞

𝑋 𝑧 = ෍ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛 = ෍ 𝑢 𝑛 − 2 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞
∞

𝑋(𝑍) = ෍ 1. 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=2

ROC: 1<|Z|<∞
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 Example #6
Z-Transform of x(n) = 𝒂𝒏 u(n):
Ans:

ROC: |a|<|Z|<∞
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Example #7
Z-Transform of x(n) = 𝒂𝒏−𝟓 u(n-5):
Ans: ∞

𝑋 𝑍 = 𝑎−5 ෍ (𝑎/𝑍)𝑛
𝑛=5

𝑋 𝑍 = ෍ 𝑎𝑛−5 . 𝑧 −𝑛
∞
𝑛=5
∞ 𝑋 𝑍 = 𝑎−5 ෍ (𝑎/𝑍)𝑚+5
𝑋 𝑍 = 𝑎−5 ෍ 𝑎𝑛 . 𝑧 −𝑛 𝑚=0
∞
𝑛=5
𝑋 𝑍 = 𝑎−5 (𝑎/𝑍)5 ෍ (𝑎/𝑍)𝑚
15 𝑚=0
Example #7
Z-Transform of x(n) = 𝒂𝒏−𝟓 u(n-5):
Ans: ∞

𝑋 𝑍 = 𝑎−5 (𝑎/𝑍)5 ෍ (𝑎/𝑍)𝑚

𝑋 𝑍 = 𝑍 −5 ෍ (𝑎/𝑍)𝑚
𝑚=0
∞

𝑋 𝑍 = 𝑍 −5 ෍ (𝑎/𝑍)𝑚 =
𝑚=0

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 Example #8
Z-Transform of x(n) = u(n) + 𝒂𝒏 u (n) :
Ans:

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 Example #9
Determine the z-transform of the following signals.

Ans:
x[n] = δ[n] + 2δ[n-1] + 5δ[n-2] + 7δ[n-3] + δ[n-5]

ROC: ∀ Z except z = 0

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 Example #10
Determine the z-transform of the following signals.

Ans:
y[n] = δ[n+2] + 2δ[n+1] + 5δ[n] + 7δ[n-1] + δ[n-3]

ROC: ∀ Z except z = 0 and ∞

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 Example #11
Determine the z-transform of the following signals.

x[n] = (-0.5)nu[n]
Ans:

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 Example #12
Find the z transform of the signal x[n] depicted in the figure.

Ans.: The signal x[n] is described as:

𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑥 0 + 𝑥 1 𝑧 −1 + 𝑥[2]𝑧 −2

𝑋 𝑧 = 2 + 𝑧 −1 + 0.5𝑧 −2 ROC: ∀ Z except z = 0

Ans.: Applying the linearity of the z-transform, we have

ROC={ |Z| > 1} ∩ { |Z| > 0.5}=|Z| > 1

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Example #14
Find the z-transform of the sequence defined by

Ans.:

Applying the linearity of the z-transform, we have

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 Example #15
Find the z-transform of the sequence defined by

Ans.:

Applying the time shifting property of the z-transform, we have

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Example #16
Consider the two sequences

• Find the Z transform of convolution

• Determine the convolution sum using the z-transform.

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Example #16
Ans.:

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Some common z-transform pairs

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➢Compute the convolution of the following signals using z transform

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 Thank You
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