STEEL STRUCTURES

CE-409
Week 5-6-7
Tension Members

Contents
1. Failure Modes of Tension Members
2. Limit States in Tension Members
3. Shear Lag, Block Shear Failure concepts
4. Analysis of Tension Members
5. Design of Tension Members
6. Examples

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Examples of Tension Members

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Failure Modes of Tension Members (Cont.)

The Real Limit State (For Excessive Deformation)

• Although yielding will first occur on the net cross section, the deformation within the length
of the connection will generally be smaller than the deformation in the remainder of the
tension member.
• The reason is that the net section exists over a relatively small length of the member, and
the total elongation is a product of the length and the strain (a function of the stress).
• Most of the member will have an unreduced cross section, so attainment of the yield
stress on the gross area will result in larger total elongation. It is this larger deformation,
not the first yield, that is the limit state.

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Failure Modes of Tension Members (Cont.)

The Real Limit State (For Fracture)

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Behavior of Tension Members with Bolted and Welded
Connection

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LRFD Design Strength

In load and resistance factor design(LRFD), the factored tensile load is compared to the
design strength. The design strength is the resistance factor times the nominal strength.

• Nominal strength in yielding

𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈
• Nominal strength in fracture
𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆
• Resistance factor
yielding, ∅𝒕 = 0.90
fracture, ∅𝒕 = 0.75
Now Equation,
𝑹𝑼 = ∅𝒕 𝑹𝒏
The above equation can be written for tension members as

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LRFD Design Strength (Cont.)

𝑷𝑼 ≤ ∅𝒕 𝑷𝒏

Where
Pu is the governing combination of factored loads.
Because there are two limit states, both of the following conditions must be satisfied.
𝑷𝑼 ≤ 0.90𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈
𝑷𝑼 ≤ 0.75𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆
Where,
𝐴𝑒 = effective net area

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LRFD Design Strength (Cont.)

ASD Design

𝑷𝒏
𝑷𝒂 ≤
𝜴𝒕

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LRFD Design Strength (Cont.)

𝑭𝒚 And 𝑭𝒖 In The Manual

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LRFD Design Strength (Cont.)

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Examples

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Examples (Cont.)

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Examples (Cont.)

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Examples (Cont.)

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Examples (Cont.)

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Examples (Cont.)

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Examples (Cont.)

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Examples (Cont.)

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Home Assignment
Example 3.3 from steel design book (5th edition)

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Shear Lag

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Shear Lag (Cont.)

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Example

Example 3.4
Determine the effective net area for the tension member shown in figure 3.12

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Example (Cont.)

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Example (Cont.)

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Example (Cont.)

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Example (Cont.)

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Staggered Fasteners

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Staggered Fasteners (Cont.)

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Staggered Fasteners (Cont.)

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Staggered Fasteners (Cont.)

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Example

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Block Shear Failure

Block Shear
• For certain connection configurations, a segment or “block” of material at the end of the
member can tear out.
• For example, the connection of the single – angle tension member shown in figure 3.21 is
susceptible to this phenomenon, called block shear.

• The shaded block would tend to fail by shear along the longitudinal section ab and by
tension on the transvers section bc .

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Block Shear Failure (Cont.)

• Procedure is based on the assumption that rupture (fracture) occurs at two failure
surfaces.
• The shear rupture stress is assumed to be 60% of the tensile ultimate strength.

Gusset Plates and Angles:

• For certain arrangements of bolts, block shear can also occur in gusset plate.

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Block Shear Failure (Cont.)

• The model used in the AISC specification assumes that failure occurs by rupture (fracture)
on the shear area and rupture on the tension area.
• Both surfaces contribute to the total strength , and the resistance to block shear will be
the sum of the strengths of the two surfaces.
• The nominal strength in shear is 0.6𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣 and the nominal strength in tension is 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡 .
• This give a nominal strength of

𝑹𝒏 = 0.6𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒏𝒗 + 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒏𝒕

Where
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = net area along the shear surface
𝐴𝑛𝑡 = net area along the tension surface

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Block Shear Failure (Cont.)

Coped Beams:

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Example

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Example (Cont.)

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Design of Tension Members

There are two methods for the design of tension members

1. LRFD method
2. ASD method

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Design of Tension Members

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Design of Tension Members (Cont.)
Example (Design using Equations)

CE-409: Steel Structures 80

Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar.
Design of Tension Members (Cont.)

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Design of Tension Members (Cont.)

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Design of Tension Members (Cont.)
Example (using Tables)

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Thank You

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