DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF GARBAGE COMPACTOR MACHINE

TITLE PAGE

A Research Proposal

Presented to the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Department

College of Engineering

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Alangilan Campus

Alangilan, Batangas City

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Course of

ENGG 416 - Research Methods

by

Faderagao, Jimboy M.

Santok, Evanna A.

Villamater, Bien Aaron A.

December 2022
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The following individuals contributed their time, effort, and support to

complete this study, and the proponents would like to extend their sincere

gratitude to them:

To Engr. Ailyn Vel Rayos, for her counsel and assistance, which serves

to remind the researchers to maintain their attention at all times, and for all of

her inspiration;

To their family, for being their sources of inspiration and motivation

throughout life and for their unwavering love, support, and patience;

To their friends and classmates for consistently being there and willing

to lend a hand when necessary;

And most importantly, praise be to our All-Powerful God, who is our

constant supply of knowledge, will, and strength—the three things most needed

for finishing this study.

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 ABSTRACT

Waste Disposal is a direct cause of environmental damage and locating

waste disposal sites, determining what waste materials were disposed of over

time and where, determining ownership and determining whether the disposal

methods were proper or improper are all critical issues in environmental

litigation. The machine will significantly benefit the public and lessen each

individual’s ignorance of waste disposal. The machine will compact the garbage

into a cube and there will be a bag that will hold the cube for better storage.

With this, garbage disposal will be organized and arranged clearly.

The objective of the research proposal focuses mainly on developing a

garbage compactor machine that will provide an easier and more convenient

system for waste disposal management. The researchers provide a CDIO

model in order to have a clear conceptualization of the whole process of the

design and output of the machine.

This study will use developmental research to attain the thrusts,

including engineering design, planning, and analysis. The whole process will

go through design stage, fabrication stage, preliminary testing and modification

stage and final performance stage. In order to have a better working machine,

the researchers will perform testing protocols. The researchers will create

preliminary parameters in order to have a boundary in the preliminary stages of

the trial. And there will be a final parameters for the improvement of the machine

so that it will perform better compared to the first trials.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................. ii

ABSTRACT..................................................................................................... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. iv

CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................... 1

Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1

Background of the Study ................................................................................. 2

Objectives of the study .................................................................................... 3

Significance of the Study ................................................................................. 4

Scope, Limitation and Delimitation of the Study .............................................. 5

Conceptual Framework ................................................................................... 6

Definition of Terms .......................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER II .................................................................................................... 9

Conceptual Literature ...................................................................................... 9

Research Literature ....................................................................................... 34

Synthesis ....................................................................................................... 38

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CHAPTER III ................................................................................................. 42

Research Design ........................................................................................... 42

Development Stages ..................................................................................... 42

Preparation of Raw Materials ........................................................................ 44

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................... 47

APPENDICES ............................................................................................... 53

CURRICULUM VITAE .................................................................................. 60

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 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Waste disposal is one of the direct causes of environmental damage

worldwide. Locating waste disposal sites is a common problem that every

community faces worldwide, as determining what people should dispose of

waste materials over time and where they should be disposed of. Rapid

urbanization is happening in many countries, especially in low-income countries

that don't have enough resources that may help fasten the disposal of waste.

Globally, in 1985, 41% of the world's population lived in urban areas, and by

2015, the proportion had risen to almost 60%, which caused the rapid growth

of waste produced yearly.

Everyone must balance environmental cleanliness with waste disposal

from our environment. If garbage is allowed to accumulate for an extended

period, it can become a source of disease. And not only that, but waste left to

get too long will also result in flooding. Garbage accumulation has occurred in

several urban areas all around the world. Even the pile of garbage will

occasionally exceed the load that every country can hold. The transport of

waste is an essential garbage disposal process because all trash should be

organized and arranged according to the type of garbage so that some will be

recycled and garbage will pulverize.

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 The development of the garbage compactor machine will significantly

benefit all individuals needing more knowledge and understanding about proper

garbage disposal. The device has a simple function, and it will squeeze enough

garbage into a 12” x 12” cube and be clasped tightly. Because the garbage is

almost sealed because of the pressure of the machine, users will use a

specialized environmental bag to store the squeezed garbage. With the help of

the device, organizing and arranging the garbage will be easier than the current

methods available in our industry

Background of the Study

Waste disposal is one of the main problems all around the world.

Humans produce waste daily, including both domestic and industrial waste.

Garbage will become an environmental issue since it can harm people's health,

create unpleasant odors, and even pollute the air. Environmental issues

brought on by poor waste management are destructive and unhealthy. Without

a proper waste disposal system or a machine that helps the people and the

environment, many people will suffer caused of improper waste disposal.

This study is conducted to lessen the problem of waste disposal by

providing a machine that can compact and transform garbage into 12" x 12"

cubes that can be easily stacked and organized. This machine's possible

manufacture and development can lessen the waste disposal problem. The

primary purpose of the typical garbage compactor machine, which is discrete

considerably, horizontally two types, is to compress the waste and there will be

a specialized bag for the storage of the squeezed garbage so that when it will

2
be brought into the garbage facility in local communities the garbage will be

easily organize and arrange for destruction and incineration.

Objectives of the study

The study focuses mainly on developing a garbage compactor machine

that will provide an easier and more convenient system for waste disposal

management. Specifically, the study aims to:

1. Design and develop a garbage compactor machine for improved solid

waste management considering the following:

1.1 system build and operation

1.2 machine specifications

2. Construct a garbage compactor machine for improved solid waste

management about design and technical requirements.

3. Perform various examinations on the constructed machine to signify the

following:

3.1 operating capacity

3.2 machine efficiency

4. Assess the effectiveness of the garbage compactor machine for

improved solid waste management in terms of:

4.1 compacting rate

4.2 compacting efficiency

5. Unveil the significant difference between standard waste disposal

practices and utilization of garbage compactor machines in terms of solid

waste management.

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 Significance of the Study

The primary purpose of this study is to design and fabricate a machine

that squeezes the waste/garbage to have a clean environment and avoid the

harmful effects of accumulated waste in every household. The researchers also

aim to give every individual a more accessible and efficient way of disposing of

garbage in their homes and communities.

Population

The results will provide the population with a convenient machine to help

them sort, organize, and arrange garbage. It will provide a smooth garbage

collection of trucks through particular places. I will also give a boost to the

knowledge of the population about garbage disposal.

Community

The machine will provide communities with a much easier and more

convenient way of taking garbage from their communities. With the device's

help, the community's environment will be cleaner. A safer place will give

people satisfaction and less pollution.

Environment

The research will provide a safer environment for all the people living in

the communities. The machine will protect from diseases humans could get

from unorganized garbage in their homes. The device will also prevent pests

from going near human dwellings, and there will be no accumulated bacteria

and germs caused by stocked waste.

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Future Researchers

The research will provide future researchers with information about

waste disposal. With the study, the researchers will be able to improve or

innovate the machine to have a better way to collect and organize garbage in

the community.

Scope, Limitation and Delimitation of the Study

This study was conducted in Batangas City in the first semester of the

school year 2022-2023. This study's general intent was to develop a Garbage

Compactor Machine for Improving Solid Waste Management. This study

involves designing and analysis of the desired machine. The researchers

determine which tools will be utilized to achieve an efficient product. A design

engineer validated the proposed design of the ` machine.

This study will be limited in terms of prior knowledge about machinery

assembly. The researchers will rely only on basic and traditional processes.

This study will also be limited to technologically advanced machine design.

Some tools needed are currently not available in the area of study, and thus,

the researchers opted to utilize standard tools and equipment. This study will

be conducted with limited financial resources and time frameworks.

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 Conceptual Framework

This study focused on designing and developing a garbage-compactor

machine that will utilize waste to reduce the problem of waste disposal. The

conceptual framework used in the study is the CDIO (Conceive-Design-

Implement-Operate) model, which involves conceptualizing and designing the

machine. The designing process includes the system's input, process, and

output, explaining the procedures and how each component is made.

CDIO MODEL

CONCEIVE DESIGN IMPLEMENT OPERATE

Knowledge Design Hardware Requirements:  Design and

Requirements: Requirements: Development
 Materials of the
of Garbage
 Existing compactor machine
Compactor
Compacting  Equipment for
 Solidworks Machine
Machine Construction
 Design  Wastewater
System
Layout Fabrication: Management
 Proper Waste
 Materials and
Disposal of  Collecting specific
Resulting  Development Conservation
raw materials for the of Energy
Garbages and
design and
 Different factors Components
development of the
to consider on of the
machine
System
choosing the
materials Preliminary Testing:
 Different  Operating Capacity
Machine  Operating
Concepts/Elem
ents Hardware Requirements:
 System Efficiency in
Compacting
Garbages
 Utilizing Wastes to
Produce Proper
Disposal of
Garbages

Figure 1. Research paradigm of the study

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The principles of the operation are included in the figure above (Figure 1), which

shows the paradigm of the study. The Conceive stage will consider the

knowledge requirements for a basic understanding of building the machine. The

Designed stage requires computer applications like Solidworks to build the

prototype. The Implement stage includes the fabrication of the prototype using

local materials. The prototype will undergo numerous trials and testing to

produce a better machine. The Operate stage will provide manuals to the users

so that they can use the device quickly and their life will become more

comfortable and convenient.

Definition of Terms

This study governs applicable terms in developing factual knowledge

about the garbage compactor machine. For further understanding of this study,

the following terms are conceptually and operationally defined:

Waste/Garbage. It is the unwanted, unusable, or defective materials produced

by humans. The waste in the research will be used as the material to be

squeezed by the machine.

Waste Disposal/Management. Waste Disposal or Management means

removing, discarding, recycling, or destroying unwanted materials. In the

research, waste management will serve as the result or benefit because of the

use of the machine.

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Rapid Urbanization. It is the rapid increase of population as a proportion of the

total population. The rapid growth of people in the world will also increase

human waste.

Pollution. It is the introduction of harmful substances into the environment. The

improper waste management of waste materials will result in corruption and will

cause damaging effects on the environment and humans.

Garbage Compactor Machine. Machines are an apparatus using or applying

mechanical power and having several parts and each having its function. The

machine in the research, the Garbage compactor machine, will provide an

easier and more efficient way of disposing of waste materials.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents the literature and theoretical considerations used

to advance and support the development of a garbage-compactor machine. It

focuses on the convenience of every individual in solid waste/garbage disposal.

Conceptual Literature

This contains the literary section from different sources and unfinished

works, giving necessary information about the study.

I. Solid Waste Management

A. Description

Solid waste management is the collection, treatment, and disposal of

solid waste. Improper municipal solid waste disposal can lead to unsanitary

conditions, which can lead to pollution of the environment and outbreaks of

vector-borne disease like diseases spread by rodents and insects.

The impact of Asia's rapid urbanization and economic development is

most visible in society's "detritus," or solid waste. Today, Asian cities generate

about 760,000 tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) per day, or about 2.7

million cubic meters. By 2025, this figure will have risen to 1.8 million tonnes of

waste per day, or 5.2 million m3 per day. Actual values are likely to be more

than twice as high as these estimates.

Local governments in Asia currently spend approximately $25 billion per

year on urban solid waste management. In high-income countries, this amount

is used to collect more than 90% of waste, 50% to 80% in middle-income

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countries, and only 30-60% in low-income countries. By 2025, Asian

governments should plan to spend at least twice as much (in 1998 US dollars)

on solid waste management activities.

B. Waste Generation Rate

The rate of waste generation is influenced by socioeconomic

development, level of industrialization, and climate. In general, the amount of

solid waste produced increases with economic prosperity and the proportion of

the population living in cities.

1. Sources and Types of Solid Waste

Information on the sources of MSW was provided by a number of

EMB Regional Offices in addition to data from submitted SWM plans.

The available information from 2008 to 2013 was synthesized and

summarized in Figure below.

MSW is generated in residential, commercial, institutional, and

industrial settings. The majority of MSW (56.7%) is residential waste,

which includes kitchen scraps, yard waste, paper and cardboards, glass

bottles, and so on. Plastic containers and sando bags, foils, soiled

tissues and diapers, and other special wastes such as household

cleaning agent containers, batteries, and waste electrical and electronic

equipment (WEEE).

Commercial sources, which include commercial establishments

and public or private markets, account for 27.1% of commercial waste in

some regions, accounting for nearly two-thirds of commercial waste.

Government offices, educational institutions, and medical facilities

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account for approximately 12.1% of total waste, with the remaining 4.1%

coming from the industrial or manufacturing sector.

Figure 2. Percentage contribution of various sources of Municipal

Solid Waste

2. Municipal Solid Waste Generation

Low-income countries have the lowest proportion of urban

residents and waste generation rates, which range from 0.4 to 0.9 kg per

capita per day. Every country with a per capita GDP of less than $400

USD produces less than 0.7 kg per capita per day. Per capita waste

generation rates rise as GNP approaches the middle income range,

ranging from 0.5 to 1.1 kg per day. High-income countries, as expected,

have the highest generation rates, ranging from 1.1 to 5.07 kg per capita

per day.

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 Figure 3. Current Urban MSW Generation

3. Waste Quantities

The urban per capita waste generation rate for most of the low-

income countries will increase by approximately 0.2 kg per day because

these countries have relatively high annual GNP growth rates and urban

population growth rates. By contrast, the middle income countries should

anticipate a per capita increase of about 0.3 kg per day since their

economies are predicted to grow at the highest rates and will experience

significant population growth in the urban sector. The per capita

municipal solid waste generation rate in high income countries is

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 expected to remain stable or even decrease slightly due to the

strengthening of waste minimization program.

Figure 4. Waste Quantities Generated by, low, middle and high income

countries

C. Integrated Waste Management

Integrated waste management (IWM) can be defined as the

selection and application of suitable techniques, technologies, and

management programs to achieve specific waste management

objectives and goals. Because numerous state and federal laws have

been adopted, IWM is also evolving in response to the regulations

developed to implement the various laws. The U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) has identified four basic management options

(strategies) for IWM: (1) source reduction, (2) recycling and composting,

(3) combustion (waste-to-energy facilities), and (4) landfills.

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 Figure 5. Integrated Waste Management

1. Source Reduction

The goal of source reduction is to reduce the volume

and/or toxicity of waste generated. The most well-known example

of source reduction is the use of reusable products and

packaging, such as returnable bottles.

2. Recycling and composting

Recycling is possibly the most positively perceived and

achievable waste management practice. By separating reusable

products from the rest of the municipal waste stream, recycling

will return raw materials to the market. Recycling conserves

precious finite resources, reduces the need for virgin material

mining, lowering the environmental impact of mining and

processing, and reduces energy consumption. By removing

noncombustible materials such as metals and glass, recycling

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 can improve the efficiency and ash quality of incinerators and

composting facilities.

3. Combustion

Combustion facilities can also recover useful energy,

either \ in the form of steam or in the form of electricity. Depending on

the economics of energy in the region, this can be anywhere from

profitable to unjustified. Volume reduction alone can make the high

capital cost of incinerators attractive when landfill space is at a premium,

or when the landfill is distant from the point of generation.

4. Landfills

Landfills are the one form of waste management that

nobody wants but everybody needs. There are simply no combinations

of waste management techniques that do not require landfilling to make

them work. Of the four basic management options, landfilling is the only

management

technique that is both necessary and sufficient. Some wastes are simply

not recyclable, because they eventually reach a point at which their

intrinsic value is dissipated completely, so they no longer can be

recovered, and recycling itself produces residuals.

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II. Compactor

A. Description

A compactor is a machine or mechanism used to reduce the size

of material such as waste material or biomass through compaction. A

trash compactor is often used by a home or business to reduce the

volume of trash it produces. An equipment called a trash compactor uses

hydraulic, mechanical, or pneumatic force to compress, reduce, and

compact a range of materials. The gathering of the material to be

compacted is one of the first steps in the process. This is done in a

variety of ways, including by manually loading, using loaders, conveyors,

or other dumping techniques. When the material reaches a specific

point, the compactor is activated to compress it by expelling air, liquids,

and moisture. Compacting minimizes the amount of garbage and its

footprint, enabling a more practical and practical way to remove it.

Compactors are a safe and clean way to remove waste that complies

with environmental regulations. Waste takes up less room in a landfill

due to its decreased volume and mass.

B. Roles

1. Commercial Use

Compactors are used by a lot of retail and service establishments,

including fast food joints, dining establishments, and hotels, to cut down

on the amount of non-recyclable garbage as well as odors and rodent

problems. The hotel sector has an especially low tolerance for such

annoyances. These compactors normally operate hydraulically and

electrically and have a variety of loading options. Due to two factors—

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durability under stress and exposure to the environment, as compactors

are typically positioned outdoors or occasionally beneath a covered

loading dock—these compactors are nearly entirely made of welded

steel construction.

Figure 6. Landfill Compactor (CMC 2018)

2. Agricultural Use

Forage is wrapped in protective film and sealed off from oxygen

using baler-wrapper compactors to preserve and retain it. Forage is kept

17
fresher for extended periods of time without access to air.

Figure 7. Agricultural baler-wrapper compactor (CMC 2018)

3. Residential Use

There are indeed trash compactors made for home usage, either

hydraulic or manual. They also lessen the amount of trash. For instance,

certain compactors compress polystyrene to a volume of 1/30.

Figure 8. Broan 15XESS Programmable 15W Trash Compactor

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 4. Municipal Use

There are solar-powered trash compactors that can hold the

average of 200 gallons of rubbish before they need to be emptied in

addition to the use of waste vehicles and landfills. The US Civil Rights

Movement was influenced by the massive compactors used on garbage

trucks, which can be hazardous to workers.

Figure 9. A solar trash compactor on a residential corner (CMC 2018)

5. Construction Industry

The plate, the rammer, and the road roller are the three primary

types of compactors used in construction. Crushed rock is compacted

using roller-type compactors as the sub-base for slabs or foundations

made of concrete or stone. The rammer compactor has a smaller foot

and is better suited for leveling uneven ground than the plate compactor,

vibrating plate, or tamper, which has a larger vibrating baseplate. The

rammer, also known as a trench rammer, is primarily used to compact

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 the backfill in small trenches for pipes, such as those for gas or water

delivery. Vibrating rollers may also be found on road rollers.

Figure 10. a) A small plate compactor, b) A rammer compactor, c) A

trench roller operated by remote control for operator safety, d) Large

roller "sheepsfoot" compactor for use on soil.

6. Healthcare Industry

There is a whole new kind of waste material that could be

damaging and dangerous in the healthcare and medical sectors. To

avoid exposing waste management staff to needles, swabs, and other

used instruments, it is important to dispose of medical equipment with

care and forethought. The waste is carefully controlled, monitored, and

equipped with warnings that warn of potentially hazardous or dangerous

circumstances inside the compactor. To keep trash from being exposed

to the public, a medical waste compactor's design mandates the use of

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 containment, storage, and transportation. These specifications are

typically accepted by local health departments and healthcare experts.

Figure 11. Medical Sanitary Trash Compactors

C. Types

An industrial trash compactor is a need in today's industry in order

to comply with the ever-changing rules surrounding pollution and

effective waste disposal. Every sector creates a special kind of garbage

that needs to be treated in a particular way. The kind of compactor used

will depend on the sort of waste.

The bottom line is that there is a compactor to manage any type

of waste product, from those built to handle metals to those made for

fluids and liquid waste. Choosing the type of compactor needed for trash

management is a key component of an organization's planning.

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1. Auger Trash Compactor

In the feeder or trash collector of an auger compactor is a

revolving auger. The auger or screw compresses the waste when it

enters the collection chamber and transports it to a different container.

Similar to a pre-crusher compactor, auger compactors have the

durability, strength, and power to smash very large things.

Auger compactors are the perfect answer for a number of

commercial and industrial needs since they can crush both wet and dry

garbage. Before being placed in the receiver container, the waste

material's size and shape are drastically altered.

Figure 12. Auger Trash Compactor

2. Bag Compactor

Bags are intended to be compressed into a detachable bin using

a bag compactor. They are made to control the dust that is produced

when plastic and paper bags are compacted. The bag compactor

receives the laden bags and draws in any pollutants or dust. After that,

the bags are compressed into a portable container that can be easily

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transferred to trash by being lined with a plastic bag. Bag compactors

are available in capacities between 50 and 150 gallons.

Figure. 13 Bag Compactor

3. Chute Fed Compactors

Chute fed compactors have a two- or three-yard front or back load

container and are utilized in multistory buildings, hospitals, and resorts.

The garbage is transported to the compacting chamber using a chute

hopper. The compaction phase of the ram is started when a sensor

determines the amount of waste material. An alarm light signals to the

operator to empty the compactor when it is full.

Figure 14. Chute Fed Compactor

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4. Portable Trash Compactor

Portable trash compactors are smaller than fixed, upright, or self-

contained compactors and are found inside buildings. They can

transport 1000 gallons of waste and can be placed in various locations.

For the secure disposal of the compressed garbage, they include an

integrated cart.

In the cart located in the compactor's lower section, the material

that has been compacted is molded into a block. It compacts the garbage

into the cart and loads it through a front door that latches.

Figure 15. Portable Trash Compactor

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5. Pre-crusher Compactor

Unlike other types of compactors, pre-crushers compact

materials before they may be compacted. They are designed to crush

waste before it is compacted, hence lowering the trash's volume.

Furniture, drums, and pallets are among the bulky, huge materials that

are typically fed into a pre-crusher.

Large objects that are not reduced before being put in a

compactor may leave gaps and empty space in the bin. To guarantee

that garbage is tightly packed, a pre-crusher collapses bulky objects.

They are intended for usage in demanding work situations like those

seen in construction and manufacturing industries. Pre-crushers have

the purpose of destroying goods, materials, and things that might be

utilized for resale. Any quality that the material may have been destroyed

during the crushing process.

Figure 16. Pre-Crusher Compactor

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6. Stationary Compactors

Stationary compactors are made for high output activities that

generate tons of dry, brittle garbage. Since stationary compactors are

mounted towards the ground and have a sizable footprint, the term

stationary serves as a complete definition of one. Waste from

manufacturing, warehouses, department stores, hospitals, and

restaurants is stored in a receiver box that can be loaded manually, on

a conveyor, or with another loading mechanism.

Dry garbage can be crushed thanks to stationary compactors'

unique design. Given that the compactor just isn't self-contained, they

shouldn't be utilized for wet garbage. A stationary compactor may

compact cardboard, mixed paper, plastic, and textiles, among other

materials.

Figure 17. Stationary Compactor

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7. Vertical Compactors

Front load compactors are vertical compactors. They are perfect

for usage in cramped, compact locations because of their modest

footprint. Plastics, cardboard, paper, and some moist garbage can be

placed into the compactor through the front entrance. A switch activates

the compactor's ram when the chamber is full, leading the ram to

descend and compress the garbage.

A block or bale made by the usage of a vertical compactor can be

recycled. You can set up a vertical compactor for front or back load

pickup. To cut down on pickups, full storage tanks can be stored on site.

Figure 18. Vertical Compactor

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D. Design

The purpose of trash compactors, which come in a variety of

configurations, is to compress rubbish into a manageable size for

disposal or recycling. Manufacturers have created a multitude of

procedures and techniques from this fundamental idea that are tailored

to the requirements of particular materials and applications.

The bulk of the time, a ram driven by a pneumatic or hydraulic

engine begins the compression process. The size of the chamber and

the sorts of components to be processed determine the system's size,

force, and power.

1. Hydraulic Power Unit

The HPU, which includes an electric motor, pump, hydraulic

directional valve, pressure control valve, and reservoir, powers the

compactor. The drivetrain is not linked to that in the compaction

container in order to reduce the risk of electrical hazards.

Figure. 19 Hydraulic Power Unit

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2. Ram Design

Since it is the component of the compactor that crushes and

compresses the contents, the ram is its operating mechanism. It is a

massive, rectangular chunk of metal that protrudes forward violently and

is composed of sturdy metals. Because it can be moved either vertically

or horizontally, the design of the ram determines how it targets the waste

material.

Figure 20. Vertical Ram

3. Compactor Bin

The area of the compactor where waste and rubbish are collected

is referred to by a number of names. These spaces are referred to by

words like chamber, hopper, bin, and others. The bin, which is where the

ram shifts across to compact the contents, is the biggest component of

a compactor. Larger trash items should go in the center of the bin, and

smaller ones should go along the sides, according to some

manufacturers' recommendations. There are limitations on what can be

disposed of in the bin, such as what contains explosives, hazardous

29
chemicals, certain foods, or anything with a strong odor.

Figure 21. Compactor Bin

4. Hydraulic Pump

The hydraulic pump that pushes the ram towards the trash

generates the compactor's force and power. A piston that drives the ram

is propelled by hydraulic fluid in the pump. The piston retracts, bringing

the ram back so that more trash can be put into the bin when enough

pressure accumulates along the area of the ram as the trash is crushed.

Figure 22. Concentric Hydraulic Pump

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 5. Control Panel

A compactor's control panel has a number of switches and

buttons that are intended to make using the machine simple and secure.

Since the control panel has more than just an on/off switch, its main

feature is safe operation. For access to the controls, the majority of

industrial compactors include a key. The operator can activate and

deactivate the compactor after access has been given. The compactor's

state is shown via three indicator lights.

Figure 23. Compactor Control Panel

E. Benefits

Waste management is an essential part of every organization, no

matter how big or little. This particular business component has become

more important in today's society as a result of the pillar of sustainability

and the necessity to be environmentally friendly. Waste management

that is inappropriate, careless, and improper can endanger a company's

existence and force it to close.

The trash compactor, which is available in a variety of sizes,

shapes, and combinations to suit the requirements of every organization,

31
is the most extensively used and accessible technique of waste

management. Multiple advantages can come from a minor compactor

investment for business operations.

1. Operational Cost

Reduced operating costs might result from appropriate waste

management and control. Waste, garbage, and refuse should be

compacted to lessen the need for collection and bins and containers to

store it until pickup. Trash bags and other such procedures are not

necessary when a trash compactor is used.

Rubbish compression and consolidation reduce a company's

waste footprint as well as the amount of time needed to load and dump

trash at the landfill. By doing this, labor expenditures and waste pickup

expenses are reduced.

2. Compactor Efficiency

In the current corporate climate, every effort is made to reduce

the amount of time spent on a particular task or project. One big problem

may be resolved simply and effectively by removing the worries about

waste management. Installing a compactor system can make this easier

by reducing costs, eliminating wasteful time, and offering a simple and

affordable alternative.

3. Increased Space

The size of a company's footprint is a recurring issue because a

larger footprint increases costs. Trash compactors can lessen the

environmental impact of a business by getting rid of large and space-

consuming rubbish. Large chunks of waste material can be reduced to

32
a smaller, more manageable block or cube, which simplifies the process

to manage and occupies less space.

4. Easy to Use

A compactor's setup and use are simple, practical, and effective.

Once in place, the robust mechanism that crushes, flattens, and

compresses a sizable amount of waste or recyclable materials is simply

activated by pressing a button. If given the right instructions, every

employee of a corporation can operate a compactor.

5. Compactor Safety

The buildup of waste is caused by a number of factors, the most

significant of which is that it is toxic and hazardous. Waste that is left to

accumulate and remain untreated rots and emits scents that may be

hazardous. A trash compactor makes it simple to dispose of waste and

rubbish while also containing the smell and compressing the waste thus

making it less likely to release large amounts of hazardous substances.

6. Environmental Impact

The most important of the many advantages of implementing a

compactor program is environmental awareness. Going Green is the

catchphrase of the century, and it has been prioritized by all concerned

firms. Compactors can help separate recyclables from landfill waste and

limit the amount of waste that needs to be transferred to a landfill. It is

the best environmental control system for removing contaminants and

properly confining and managing them.

33
 Research Literature

This contains the research section from different sources and finished or

unfinished works which give necessary information related to the study.

TRANSFER OF WASTE MATERIALS

Beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, the export of hazardous wastes and

garbage from wealthier nations to less developed regions increased

dramatically. According to Clapp and Hilz (1992), the globalization and the

liberalization of international trade policies, combined with tighter environmental

regulations and the rising cost of legal waste disposal in developed countries,

resulted in a North-South trade in hazardous wastes. Much of this trade is

illegal; up to 500 million tons of hazardous waste are produced yearly, with

approximately 35-40 million tons crossing international borders.

The Pacific Ocean "garbage patch," a swirling vortex of plastic waste, is

just one of many examples that highlight the magnitude of the problem. Large

pieces of trash degrade into billions of microscopic plastic particles consumed

by marine life and pass up the food chain. Furthermore, according to Massari

and Monzini, the environmental and social harms caused by illegal waste

disposal are frequently overlooked because the activity benefits both developed

and developing countries; the former reduces disposal costs, while the latter

welcomes the revenue generated by waste imports. An example of the North-

South price differential exemplifies the engine that drives the trade: in the

1980s, toxic waste disposal in America cost around $250 per ton but only $40

in Africa. Between 1986 and 1988, fifteen African countries were targeted by

34
Western entities seeking to purchase land for toxic waste dumps, and 100,000

tons of unauthorized waste entered India in 1998 and 1999.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES CAUSED BY GARBAGE AND SOLID WASTE

The garbage problem is an environmental issue that has evolved with

the times. Humans produce waste daily, including both domestic and industrial

waste. Garbage will become an environmental issue since it can harm people's

health, produce unpleasant odors, and even pollute the air. Environmental

issues brought on by poor waste management are destructive and unhealthy.

When opening and closing the trash can to dispose of rubbish, some people

are hesitant because they worry that they will obtain bacteria on their hands.

Waste management practices that group all forms of organic and inorganic

waste in one location and make recycling waste challenges can lead to the

problem of environmental waste. Another issue is that the cleaners occasionally

neglect to dump the entire trash can, which results in an unpleasant odor.

WASTE COMPACTOR ANALYSIS

Consequently, the garbage compactor is made to reduce waste volume

with minimal human intervention. The model is made and designed to compact

a manageable amount of garbage for general use in places like hospitals,

offices, shops, restaurants, and others. With the addition of a solar power

source as an alternative, the design has been made eco-friendly for more

effective use in nations with unstable power supplies. The trash compactor

holds more than multiple times the volume of the typical waste container,

necessitating the disposal of at least three out of every four assortment trips. It

is expected to reduce the frequent disposal requirements because it can be

35
operated manually or automatically. This helps the environment more by

reducing working costs, litter, and unsettling natural effects and emissions from

discarded vehicles.

Prevailing motorized waste compacting systems often use compressed

air or inert gas (pneumatic systems) controlled through manual or automatic

solenoid valves that can provide the necessary power in an economical, benign,

flexible, and consistent way which cannot be said for electric motors and

actuators. The key benefit of this system is the infinite availability of the working

fluid (air). Also, the utilization of compacted air is not restricted by separation,

as it tends to be effectively shipped through channels (small, long, or winding)

(Beer, Russel Johnson, DeWolf, & Mazurek, 2009). They are safer because the

working fluid can be discarded without further processing after usage. Its

restriction is that it necessitates the installation of air-creating apparatus.

Compacted air must conform to institutionalized requirements, such as being

dry, clean, and containing the fundamental grease for pneumatic gear. As a

result, the formation of pneumatic frameworks usually is pricey due to hardware

such as blowers, channels, lubrication cylinders, dryers, and controllers.

In contrast, the crank mechanism is linked to an electric motor. The linear

movement is formed by a turning wrench through a circular movement and can

be turned back to a circular movement and vice versa in crank systems.

Furthermore, calculations are puzzling compared to the essential productive

pressure-driven framework. Motors are tough to control and operate in both

clockwise and anticlockwise directions. The manual compaction mechanism is

more cost-effective and self-contained because it can operate on most flat

36
surfaces and is compatible with most trash containers. The lever control is used

to compress the garbage in the vessel. It is meant to be adjusted for various

scenarios, such as the amount of trash compressed or different waste

containers. The hydraulic mechanism, as opposed to the pneumatic system,

uses incompressible fluid (Sammons & Sammons, 2005), (Lacobucci, 2006),

which results in more efficient and steady power in compression. It also

includes a high-power ratio to weight, allowing compact designs. The high

torque-mass and force-inertia ratio allow the hydraulic motors' increased

acceleration and swift response.

CHALLENGES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

With urbanization, climate change (World Bank, 2020), and population

growth, MSW management faces multiple challenges, adding complexity and

dynamics to the issue. The concentration of urban waste necessitates the

provision of adequate disposal facilities, infrastructure, and transportation

(Ulgiati & Zuccaro, 2019). Financing, insufficient material separation at the

household level, a lack of safe landfills, illegal dumping, burning, and street litter

are other issues impeding Guatemala City's sustainability, as are limited public

awareness, inadequate education on proper waste management practices, and

weak formal institutions (Rodic-Wiersma & Bethancourt, 2012). Ulgiati and

Zucaro (2019) emphasize that the community aspect and resource metabolism

management are still understudied and call for a better understanding of

societies and their environments. The material flows that result from

consumption.

37
Inadequate scholarly attention has been paid to research on consumer disposal

behavior, which is viewed as a natural component of the consumption cycle

(Roster, 2001; Lastovicka & Fernandez, 2005; (Raab et al., 2021). Furthermore,

empirical research on individuals' consumption behavior and subsequent

disposal decisions in various forms, which are frequently guided by emotions,

is limited (Raab et al., 2021). Lastovicka and Fernandez (2005) define disposal

as a process with a critical stage of a detachment decision that leads to

permanently getting rid of a possession. (Roster, 2014, p. 323) defines

disposition as "the psychological and emotional process in which

owners/consumers relinquish self-ties to possessions."Notably, Türe (2014)

discussed the "value in disposal" process, which goes beyond reducing

disposal practices to a set of (technical) antecedents. In this vein, precipitating

events, emotions, and decisions associated with product disposal are essential

because of their impact on the disposal process (Raab et al., 2021).

Synthesis

In an industrial setting, mechanical design is a never-ending process that

includes initial concept, development, and field service. Field service data are

crucial to the iterative design process since they play a significant role in

product improvement. The main goals of preliminary design are the synthesis,

assessment, and comparison of suggested machine or system principles.

Configuration, layout, shape, dimensional compliance, and completeness are

the main concerns of detail design. It may take several revisions to transform a

prototype from its initial model to a production item that has been accepted. In

many industries, including marketing, production, medical services, and

investment analysis, the utilization of evidence-based judgment has expanded

38
thanks to data-intensive machine learning approaches. New learning ideas and

techniques have recently been developed, including advanced machine

learning.

Waste management includes all necessary activities and steps from

garbage generation through waste disposal. High prices and inefficiency are

the two main problems with city trash collection. Recycling decreases the

amount of waste that needs to be disposed of, which can assist in finding a

solution to this issue. The main goals of waste management are to lessen the

number of waste materials and to avoid any hazards to human health or the

environment (Kumar et al., 2020). Trash is any undesired or pointless material

produced by human activity and can take many forms during trash management

(Karuppusamy et al., 2020). There are many different kinds of rubbish, including

chemical, organic, and bio-hazardous waste. Waste classification is a critical

first step in efficiently separating the waste into distinct models and types.

Efficiently accomplishing the waste classification can optimize the efficiency of

the entire process (Alqahtani et al., 2020). The final factor is divided into

sustainability and the significance of automatic trash recycling to improve the

effectiveness of solid waste management in communities. The area is now

covered with garbage due to ineffective waste collection techniques. Since the

solid waste collection has a substantial impact on both society and the

environment, it should be treated seriously. Machine development enhances

waste management, leading to more precise and higher-quality trash

separation.

39
 Machine learning refers to a wide range of techniques that let

researchers learn from data. These techniques might make it possible to create

applications that use big real-world databases to guide patient-provider

decision-making. Multiple machine learning techniques must be employed to

guarantee that decisions on patient care are made using the best quality

evidence. Both internal and external verification is necessary, and the model

selection approach needs to be explicitly specified. In the future, it should be

common practice to employ ensemble approaches that incorporate numerous

algorithms for machine learning.

Five million individuals every year pass away from illnesses brought on

by poor trash disposal. Various illnesses, such as dysentery, cholera, plague,

typhoid, infectious hepatitis, and others, are spread by rodents and their vector

insects. It is crucial to manage solid waste because it has a big impact on

people's health and well-being, the sustainability, and quality of urban

environments, as well as the efficiency and profitability of the urban economy.

The management of municipal solid waste is a crucial starting point for

assistance with urban management. The population of the world's cities will

keep expanding, placing an increased burden on public services.

For common use in locations like hospitals, workplaces, shops,

restaurants, and so forth, the model is produced and created to condense a

tolerable amount of trash. The design has been made more environmentally

friendly by including a solar power source as an alternative. Compressed air or

inert gas, for instance, in pneumatic systems, are frequently used in motorized

waste compacting devices. They deliver the required power in an efficient, safe,

40
adaptable, and consistent manner and are operated through manual or

automated hydraulic actuators. Because the working fluid may be dumped after

use without further processing, they are safer. Being able to function on most

flat surfaces, the manual compressing mechanism is more economical and self-

contained. Additionally, it has a good power-to-weight ratio, enabling compact

designs. Incompressible fluid is used in the hydraulic system (Sammons &

Sammons, 2005). (Lacobucci, 2006).

Consumer disposal behavior study has not received enough attention. It is

believed that disposal is a natural part of such a consumption process (Roster,

2001; Lastovicka & Fernandez, 2005; (Raab et al., 2021). Due to the effect they

have on the disposal process, emotions are significant. It's crucial to anticipate

the actions, feelings, and choices related to product disposal (Raab et al.,

2021).

41
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURE

This chapter covers the presentations and discussion of the research

development methods and procedures that are to be used in the garbage

compactor machine. This outlines steps to be implemented to achieve the

study's objectives.

Research Design

This study will use developmental research to attain the thrusts,

including engineering design, planning, and analysis.

Development Stages

The researchers will perform a series of tests to achieve the specific

objectives. The solid waste or the garbage will be collected and squeezed

inside the machine with an effect similar to a typical compactor device. Still, this

machine will press the solid waste into cubes for a better arrangement and

collection of garbage in the community.

1. Design Stage

In this stage, the design stage will cover the preparation of the schematic

diagram of the garbage compactor machine. In the whole process of designing,

the researchers will use Solidworks software.

This stage will include identifying system components, dimensions, and

fabrication materials. All the machine details will be designed based on the

different parameters present in the process.

42
 The first design the researchers proposed will be partial. The

researchers will consider the materials' availability, the cost, and the machine's

efficiency in the manufacturing process. The design will be revised as needed

to have a better machine output.

2. Fabrication Stage

In this stage, a physical functional prototype that considers the design

created during the design stage utilizing the Solidworks software is developed.

The working prototype should meet the requirements that the machine should

have. Researchers looked at similar ideas already in the fabrication stage to

create a working prototype. To create the necessary functioning prototype,

researchers will consider all the criteria and characteristics at this stage.

Proponents will make the prototype as simple as feasible to reduce costs while

maintaining maximum functionality and efficiency.

3. Preliminary Testing and Modification Stage

The prototype's technical functionality and effectiveness will be

assessed through a series of evaluations when the fabrication process is

complete. To guarantee that the machine will operate as intended, researchers

will execute a sequence of tests. After performing several tests, proponents will

determine significant variables, including operational time, working capacity,

machine efficiency, and product features. After acquiring all the essential data

and information, the proponents will determine whether to make any

modifications and adjustments to the design. As soon as it is determined to

43
make adjustments, researchers will make changes to achieve more sensible

and practical outcomes.

4. Final Performance Testing Stage

After the deliberate improvement and modification, the same parameters

will be evaluated and tested on the machine using the same testing methods.

The device will undergo final performance, and the data obtained will be used

to consider improvements to the engine compared to the preliminary stages of

testing to know if the changes to the machine are necessary, unnecessary,

minimal, or visible.

5. Cost Benefit Analysis

A cost-benefit analysis was conducted to evaluate the machine's

economic feasibility and viability.

Preparation of Raw Materials

The selection of the materials will be thoroughly examined in order for a

better working machine, giving a description to their actual specifications to

know if it is suitable to the machine as a whole for maximizing its functionality.

Testing Protocols

The following methods were used to determine the following parameters:

1. Methods of Determining the Preliminary Testing Parameters

a. Methods of determining the operating capacity

44
 Operating capacity refers to the overall production of the

machine in a given amount of time which is to be considered on

a daily basis. A series of trials with various machine capacities will

be used to determine the operational capability. The maximum

output that the machine can produce under standard conditions

will be evaluated as the rate of production multiplied by the total

number of operation hours in a day.

b. Methods of determining the machine efficiency

Machine efficiency is the capability of the machine to

convert wastes to compacted products efficiently without

contingent losses. It will be determined at the state where the

machine is producing products with expected qualities. The

evaluation of the machine efficiency will be presented as the ratio

of total number of product produced throughout the process and

the total number of items to be compacted.

Since the ammeter and voltmeter could instantly calculate

the output power without taking energy losses into account, we

could ignore the test for losses. So that a sequence of trials can

be used to conduct this test. The formulas below have been

provided by the researchers:

Power Output = Voltage x Current

Power Input = KE = ½ mv^2

Efficiency = l Power Output / Power Input l x 100%

c. Methods of determining the compacting rate

45
 For the compacting rate of the machine, it is the rate at

which the machine squeezes the garbage or the solid waste it will

collect and turn it into a cube. Hence, the rate will be evaluated

based on the testing and trials that will be conducted to the

machine. The rate will be determined as the quantity of the

squeezed garbage over the time, the researchers will use a timer

to time the machine. This test will run under thirty minutes to fully

determine the squeeze rate of the machine.

d. Methods of determining the compacting efficiency

The ratio of power input to power output is called efficiency.

The kinetic energy of the motor is used as the project's power

input, while the total power produced by the squeeze table over

the course of a series of squeezes is used as the project's power

output. The researchers decided to use the power produced by

the generators as the power output because the solar power is

stored in the reservoir and used repeatedly as a constant energy

flow.

2. Methods of Determining the Final Testing Parameters

After conducting the preliminary stages of testing and several

trials, the researchers will seek to determine the factors that needed to

be improved in order to maximize the functionality of the garbage

compactor machine. After modifying and redesigning the machine, the

machine will undergo the same preliminary test and several trials for the

final prototype testing of the machine.

46
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52
 APPENDICES

DESIGN OF THE PROTOTYPE

Preview of the Waste Compactor Prototype

ISOMETRIC VIEW

TOP VIEW

53
FRONT VIEW

RIGHT SIDE VIEW

54
 Related Calculations and Cost Estimates

Materials/Parts Quantities Cost (Php)

Electric Motor 1 40,000

Oil Tank 1 1,000

Hydraulic Pump 1 12,000

Control Panel 1 10,000

Command Valve 1 8,000

Steel Sheet 2 5,000

Screws, Bolts,NUts, etc. 1 pack 2,000

Tubes 2 3,000

Piston 1 2,000

Cylinder 1 2,000

Labor Cost 15,000

Total 100,000

Engineering Standards Used (parts and equipment)

Screws, Bolts and Nuts

55
Tubes

Piston and Cylinder

Parts and Components of the Prototype

56
 ELECTRIC MOTOR

OIL TANK WITH COVER AND FILLER CAP

57
HYDRAULIC PUMP WITH SUCTION FILTER

COMMAND VALVE

58
 CONTROL PANEL

COMPACTOR COMPONENT WITH STEEL BODY COVER

59
 Curriculum Vitae

Name: JIMBOY M. FADERAGAO

Address: Malitam, Batangas City, Batangas

Mobile No.: 09278346444

Email Address: [email protected]

I. Personal Profile

Date of Birth: May 17, 2002

Place of Birth: Batangas City, Batangas

Citizenship: Filipino

Sex: Male

Age: 20

Civil Status: Single

Father’s Name: Jessie F. Faderagao

Mother’s Name: Ester M. Faderagao

II. Educational Attainment

Elementary Malitam Elementary School

(2008-2014)

Junior High School Batangas National High School

(2014-2018)

Senior High School Alangilan Senior High School

(2018-2020)

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Name: EVANNA A. SANTOK

Address: Hugom, San Juan, Batangas

Mobile No.: 09204884266

Email Address: [email protected]

I. Personal Profile

Date of Birth: September 14, 2001

Place of Birth: San Juan, Batangas

Citizenship: Filipino

Sex: Female

Age: 21

Civil Status: Single

Father’s Name: Ramon M. Santok

Mother’s Name: Rhodora A. Santok

II. Educational Attainment

Elementary Hugom Elementary School

(2008-2014)

Junior High School Laiya Integrated National High School

(2014-2018)

Senior High School Laiya Integrated National High School

(2018-2020)

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Name: VILLAMATER, BIEN AARON A.

Address: San Benito, Alaminos, Laguna

Mobile No.: 09458469225

Email Address: [email protected]

I. Personal Profile

Date of Birth: August 30, 2001

Place of Birth: San Pablo, Laguna

Citizenship: Filipino

Sex: Male

Age: 21

Civil Status: Single

Father’s Name: Roberto D. Villamater

Mother’s Name: Alona A. Villamater

II. Educational Attainment

Elementary San Pablo Central School

(2008-2014)

Junior High School San Pablo Integrated High School

(2014-2018)

Senior High School Liceo De San Pablo

(2018-2020)

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