Apglication layer chedks whether _SufFicient nehook | Sewices Provided by _A.L* > File tronsfen . Cccees & Memnoqeremt > Addnessrrey, Cinowyn Le) => Mail senvices 7 = Vrectyny Sewices COalobal_infemstion hss — Hl Pimcples of Nehook Applications : @Nelwork ApelicerHion Apchitechne |® Po cess Coremumicasing T1@ Tenspont sevare eweilable to appliedion . Tres pont Semice. Provided by _intemnet@) Nekooik cpplicertion cmdiitecune ? ——— _— ie Sonuen pean to peen ! - Sowven ZS J [ if N a i ‘ | peas widely use in _cweh Ddinect cormmmicution |) Exe. Games >used in _bittomnemt | . —. . @) Process Cormmunicuting : (Inlenface behoeen _pmocess 4 1 & reteoon ke) 4 Eo [Host A it I Socket TcP with bulfeoy Iniene+ i Gabaue. | ——__G) Trenspont Service _auuilable to cipplicertion * : Reli Corte H @ _Thnowghout f GQ) psc J @ Secwnidy ar@icP___(commection onmi @ UP Ccommectiowess? Application leyen pnotocol* OTupe of wesseig ® Syntax Of message Q@ _Sewembes Of nessage (teeming) @ Rules fon _delommiving shen amd had 4 Peocess semas cmd sesponds tp 4 1 Web & HTTP: H Web? Wonld wide Web (txo@) > 15 an infommaton whene Cacarments cmd | cihen web mesoun(es one _dandiFied by UAL > On cemend cwailadle = Nevigte thnovah coeh site. \ | “Cttection OF GIES pages J corsets of 68 —t BIML ING eter > Fad objects ts addnasable by a URL CUniFose Resounce locaten ) http 2 /] wasw. apple - com [home lighsne « ba 4 shee|_ HTTP : HupenTect Tremsfen Poatocol - Application layer Porcloed | + implemented iq tw pnochurms. @ Cheat _prcynam —> Request @ Sawer Pogmem, _-> Senés Objects tn Response * Exchernaing HTTP message Caich others » 2 TCP Comechon Hough post GO s"steteless onctocol ” Il kez “no past 12 types |. io ion persistent. QPensistennt | r HITP eTTP ’ | aL | FTP? File tremsen pnetoco! i > commonly used _pdoco] fen exchanging Files oven _- : nehoonk 3 | ___E : Filezille | 7 1 sPUse Top | IP pmotocol Fem seliable duty tnensfan ~ = 2 use cliemt-senven corbitectune i ee ae 4 - foced File Q 4 ——— Sasien File Syste, > FIP senven -pomt 2\ using Tep, ii ae mvis Te ion te tn f File, mol__Comection * i \_inf 1@) Daty commection : to sena_a File, Pert “pont rat Qo | SFTP maintain “State” abort usen Covent dinectony &_ meiious aut af | SYP? Simple mail transfor _pnctocal. > Tis a pnognum used fon _Semding the messages sto __othen _usen hase @_ One -weii) _adinesses Sven the _miemet. i> Ur \s__used to setup comrauni cation pules hehneen _senven => The mail client cuits the ¢ Je eral } + to the SMIP_semen by using TCP pant 05. —\ Invense domain Gemenic domei-y | JL > Defi rs iY A Mere _debeuioun. 22 chem label > Ex. im, uscd > use distribuled database, > DNS neselven? resolves seanch j = =i 7 >Like Datalink layen equine Mac Addsess > celivsie 4S bits, frome Nehwonklayen equine TP Adeness Tromspoxt lagen mequine Port Nurebe 16 bit (@)End-to- End cormecttion “beboeem host t | > ich it voinly uses TCP ane UDP. a a ee aN mt & I S_Comnection Onienled > stelelecs & unpeliable T | > Setne used in multicasting protals. > meliable darts trans > best eFfont delivery . — 3 Multiglesting, & Smee | Lis when Cera aacquined |b>nemine mecenen ss From numben OF pnocess. wnessage is cma_menged mto one. ited iffenent packet cilong cath headers | ly Dine To many x | cmd sent os a single packet. i {Many to oneCongestion Cormel * =>is_situertion im hich eo vey Somes Oven a nelwk Citfemept to Send dats _crnA outer _baFFens shat | ouenFlowing -—> due to this packet loss _occuns, 4cp Uses clogea loop Opem loop > PET CP pnovice AIND & leaky bucket tedinique fon congestion \. Additive imenese fultiplicutive Decrease, _ WY) Deite infegnity & Exnon connection * 4 Boon detection using checksums, by Uses ACK 4 NACK to _imfomm gerden ® Floco _contnol ¢ Sending Wirdew back to the Wem neceive. Uses dliding Go lndouw Protocol Jo proent >when dataloss due to fact senden “ Slow serciven + s Semen infomming the Size ofeery tconmecti > helps to establish low-latency Metcoom k >> enable gnocess to Pmotess _Commntmicertion UDP used int Computen gaening 1 Voice oF Video cnn live confenences igh penfommeance Treded >No Smon checking , packet dnogs 1pen‘mits . > Also saves handeiditth > e€Ficient im terms of bemAssidthh & _lertency _# ODP _Headen > ___ > % butes Raed & crnple heeicen . I Urlike TCP, checks _caleulaon is not _enntas AS > in U9. No exon coninsl on Flow coninel [Apoliastiong? used_in neal me _cgplicaionsTPsinci F__Relicible Data __Trensfen Protocol’ | } 3h tocol cme central Piece oF ’ — f leyen Onovides logical cormrmuni ccrbionn. __>> Tnemspan —" | ‘between application onacesSes > Tnemspont Jeon | ———>_ network leyen data tnemsfen Secime & heliable Chore | aetiact ast Reliable, | 6 Covent Thents m C0 rE Need OF SDN! r i if © jmaifEie | Elastic Inelastic i pot delay Sensitive Orbeleanenrisitive sani | I > Ex. SMTP, HTTP HTTPS, Ex. wnubtimedicn ty I SNMP Gene we need QoS \ ie chock tading aides | covfenencing i aa @Bigdata @) Cloud Computing | G) Mobility GRequimements : QoS Qoé 71 > Quality of Sewice > Quality of exp ening! End to _end_penferrmemce fe | a Delay _ppionity Pui lebih H | | GRaaing “pnacess of selecting, perth For _tneffic in 1 1 Network on between on across : | ekwo ks @onges tion _Corinol : | Bs © The tnansrnigs ion ~cleloy Pack. cone _discanded46 SON [Software Defined Nelwonking] ee Tonimel pt 10) JOE S paen D> Data lene | a ec Ge | | a eo a Ctrent + | 3 & i >> SON is netrponking _Ondnitectune thet _Sapmates ~ she _cominol__pleme _Fnom Ye __dlectey_ lenge __ em? __cennalizes the meounkk _conknolley. + _ Serine obi le She o I inmtatt u ‘Mernugement “< fnovisioning _srnplen. wmified Views oF nekeoomk cmd nike corfiqunestiog— | > SOW meplaces specialized _heodenane casita Meiwornks. | > Trenese We ef Ficiency oF network mesounce 4 SDN __Aydhitectune 8 Srpfle _packes fSremmding " hemdsoore iy Anciciitonel shering & opp ove Tol sence _leve| acetementts aah APL} san connatlen ae: [Ltoeat_Parpe fe Conte ES Ss (es) Tre) [=] Forweneing Welonk Nelwak _ Nehwory leyen, b device device eeuice paolo'b i I > consists oF applications & _senvices shat tetas | i cotth We network _conmollen _-anoue eT i, >Bppications uged Fon tmafFic ongineen' + a I = velwomkk moni ae | | |. {| @) Grincl Jeuyen_* [ 0 | > rniddle _\uyen [ iL =>corsisis © feminized retwonk _contycllen thy iL I is mecponsible fon netwonk wide Gntnol & E l memogemerny, [ IL | => The _conincl_leyen provides 4 Vehoork-cide vie | i I OF __nekowk topolay cme uses this formed 1 to mmeke Fanesardines decisions Ane apply Polkia, } I @ Det Raxontng) leyen: L I => bottorn leayen i | >comuins network devices cuch as guitches i. i mouwtlens that penformn Packet fovew andines J | according to 'mstnuchons fovy the. 1 | cornollen. 4 1 | is ee | [ope Sepangtion oF coninel & data planes iy SDN allows || Fon 4 none Flexible Send _q. Gognareme ie nels | >tonere Telok _admmichna toms cen See ee | Co sepbmelty >This com led to etn network palsies \ ‘menese — sceilery Li Pn priecncioer Me mone _@F cient metus _es \ \ | j \ ——/ ¥ Unnilertions of TCP|IP potocal * —— fin Diirwines Scelability | TO emt Soncenns | @ Reliability @ Limited Qualify of = Senvice @ Network _Congeshon || “Th is the Scone loyen This leyen ives song” rove phy sical \ewjen —& -pnaices Services Network —layen ea “ 1 | Position = I Powvides Senvices | Data like kyo] 2 T receives Senvices 4 | Prusicel Tsien, 2 Yt 1 : Functions OF data links layon? t @psrovide _cemuices to _Nekporle foyer @) fname gundmonization @ Flow _Contno! | [ G) men _Contnol | © _Adenessmg a Tl sy 4 @ Link _Memagernemt - |> Esmom detection & Coyection* > Noise Grn _Ininoduce the ero in _bireo bile I Tk_moeems _'O' yooy _chnge ty “2 on vay change to *O".[ [Single Bit | item) |i Im this only L-bit im *he >In this wot hag chen: i 2 on mone bits 1011Q0G)o) 10110 gees 9 1 ome | Ww | | | — ST + 10110)00M | oo erection Methods + Whi sain i > In shis an etna _bit ( Papithy bit) is added to exich yon 2__be fon 4nerna rotting. LyEven Parity : Wo. of 1's given aon inducing gemity shold be euem bu Ode Purity No. OF 1S im dhe quien ciond ‘eluding parity Seva uhewoue l Day = 10010121 fe ldata_| TE | + tiote1t LySnen Lb 00001011 ann 3p omen¥ fa ieitecticss poet tb 2s i. TERE nite fam detection of wailtnle ones Cet if @Gn_ not even) —“the_ lara ian _of emacs bit - a 3k _cemnst __ Connect _ tye SO f. Gi) Two- Dimensional Pinity checke? fs i. > Im jhig he data armed is _ongemices i. (rows & cohnme)- en 1 >[Neie: TB cheks em? deles up te ire Devas] 7 2>Thy checkanm 1 cach ae added to _# __praioug Word cme total sum [check sumo] is ; qaleilgied Then The) declan 6 -renswite) J Hl slong, seth darters _f J den of checksum ? Ga u a to gene =| s= if 6i50~.C.S 2, GNo enor checksne = 3 6 “ae? FAWHODFO +644 1.0:01 60. ©) 6 = 45 ae eee 10 Li-0-4. Las Bares (6) —— 19 ee peo wee 1.4) a4a7 | Seals [HOOKS 4,120.6 l ei a (is) Garlic Redumndomey cher (CRC) : Ia Lease ON he concept of _Ginemy Division Cappene Shing oF n O's “to the chit unit Gi) Dirite snecoly genenaled chia wait fn G2 by ane divisos Gi Remeinden afin (i) ie n bit CRC W) The CRE wil) peplace 9 Org to gee BdewRA Wy be tmerng nite.L (Re Gemple? Oatgek = 100! . Thien = toy (a i cae Duigon = jou [n+ bits] a 118 toi |zo0et000 4 mloll i 001000 i 101] _ es i aollo i p00 \ CAI ODT Remain don i. | t Sac . | Receiven side: \Oo lO . r 10 i 101) LoONlLo i. lol) iL Oo1oan ~ i. lo.) — i 00000 - L. 000 © a . 00 6 Rows 1 [ oe J Serif Se E *“Raid Accrsa Puotocels : oi el aa TE RD DLL wih UE. MAC | a ~~ | Logical link Conta! ~_Meslia sicee'ss_ contd) Ae + | Fleder Precess—forstret Th Huttiole cuccess — pnatoest He : — eee Random Access Gontrailed Access Chemme | izerti i 7 Protocols Psratocel S Ree i: Lv ws aD i J Alche Resenvstion Fone CsmA Poltinn TonaA Csnp leo Token passing COMA - csna_\cr| Qnd Slee ty! no TCP] TP. ode! uth fayen in OSE. wncctel -to- bi 4 r en 7 Ce + cenvices __veliably. Ls weit oF dorks errrespsulertion is called Seq tein ie elon _leyen oft Si | atl | | Treepant layed | ‘Stal i | Applicariow leryen a coceul cise” meceived. = Brow _Applicution lexyen | Sa OL Segrentestion | | @ Lede crmce& distiverbions pont | a { trtothe hesden oF seqrent jyemcfir Umegsage to neki byes Ho metekyy'su cide Tum enéh Se 7 are 1@ - breassemnbles! ste “segment — | @ + seat ihe headers | G)__J identifies the pont mumbs— al G) + Qpeame _ajne message 1° — AppHOpNICNE peat bn pes lesen. a. a Doneces- te = Prac: ! Ss_deliveny AND) Eodnt0 ond _Comertion behreen bi \ ¢ Multiplexing “& Derou) ¥ipleaing, -© Congadion Gormal i ©) Flows contnal : 7s _Grgestion Coninsl_in_C ee spietitich A shite Occuniing ‘Wy Dekoonk leyen __calheny i Ane —respuge eerie jg to Weauy een due to this velsok mesponse hme slows douwnn ls ion 23 Wn yn l Cecresise Ss ae neni. $S% cceuns , rouleing sthyerfion once, tt | Senvices oF TCP: © Phocess—to =Praces: Cormmbaticn + Prot numbens ame 16 bits long that helps “ta re jdemtiFy “edhich pnocess Q is sending om peceitirg , c duty O17 hott. > Using pont numbers tcp Pnovites pnoces to prures Lorrrnite tion Pinger Opieoted © DDesly Sent 4 neceive’ as sinew of bules Unlike——_{@Bull- dupheor— potest —_ | > Comnection @na take place fot i ab Wwe serme time . teton 8) G jon = Onienle : a > TCR is connection Onientes > defines 3 phases + © conrection @ Reliability: TCP is weliable as if uses cherksuea fn eynod cat both > Tce en My lHiplesing E deroy Uiplest 4 sides. Se TCD Sesproent A\ckroce! isa Nurba 32 bits aTee of 6 . ~» headen of ICP segroent comm axe From Qo-Go bytes. i 4 316 bi addness oF Meat iy sending “Woe deck y _DSeque-rre nbn 1 32 pit Feld nut holds the Semmare murigs. it used to senssawhle the wessere @ Alenowledgenant Numben? 32 pid Rela tne bolds byte myglo tat the mneceiven expects to meceye next, Tr alnowledgo thet ahah oor pmevioas bytes _heing saesoived access Fully ®ylerden _lematy (HLEN)? the value always _behocen 5 ond IG. | @ Gvinel Flags: 2 URGt Useert _pomlen ic _vetlicl | * Rok: Alncwledge numhen i6 valid si ¢ sth t Reiwess fon push * RST? Reset the connection__® Checkered tomy in 1¢P. tla we Gi enon _Caninels ee @Ungemt Poinlors The Bele used fo Pinkie da Anak ig wugerdly pequmed thet Yee Ay peach the seeceluirg —fractis ap the eunilies | pene > tt Se \ SAUEOCe noel Se —~ | pelea of Fst ogee bie. ft | TCP_Congestion _Coninol ® — | Congestion foliey sn ICP | | @ jou _skemt Phase t shots sly increment is f exponential to +yreshold LO congestion Pucdemee Plage t AEter seeing, Stsecbald | iowa. 5 by Dee | Dihongestion _Detechon phase + Seng __qoe buck 4p Woad “ohumt huss OF fig ort 3 Ade Cy) __Congpstinn Prodan so— ! Sonne. sila plese ¢ RIT: Runt Trip Lime | eprnn: (paditivesstnedee plete iN Tiulticticerive Decueose —_ 1 est timeout So Soe Saher messed Ao Yale nC cient patnices sire Cond=1, thon Stunt ewity slo shmt phase. Cage 2? due to 3 Ackvpuw lodgement Duplicerdess Steps 'Sstwreshn pesuces fo bwl€ of casment evn) side *croma = sslmesh * Skim} aikn congeskion oWoidunco phuse | + | 1c ~ oven ‘ ! *TcP ~Trememigsion _Contnol Phatocal 2 it does contncl We tnernsmission OF the dada ing 218 Vewble way. 2 ACK fon ib Meceives Su, Ard it also coynts tn Gonrec + Fivel__Aekmocledgc that both have esteablishJ atep ie conection onitnka pasted ——_____> ________ s.eveny —commerfion —Gpiented — Pua ocd neess ty “Commection in _Onden “To _Szesenve eSources at both 4, Coruricating res ¢ Senden skints_coith fal 2) Sequence purben 2 _szanes equente Humbe Jenenale at Senden side. (Sen * = 621) ® Sen Flag (Sen=2)? mequest eceinmen to Synchnonize it's sequence urbe ith the. above Panvided —_seswense. nimdo- () Meri pagment size 2 Senden fells its nasi seqmed L (ings = 14608) jee 150. yah —neceinen Sores 1 cxconcingly - { Qbindao size (ainston:thoa8)? gender tells about his baffer Capacihy. ' @ Recenzn's Sle * i mat bi _Dgequene number (Seq=2o008) > yerntom genauile at | neceien's Side } @ Spy Flag (Sen= 7)? mecciven tm} to Mesuest S 4o “syncmonize its 0 _‘purmben provided “cibove, i Segment size t weceivens te! is (M55 = S008) feqrent size np tetls its uP fen Couprsics ire. i pec ___ fwindaws =\oon08) Ohio Nineben_ (Ade no =522) + i cess SELES rene 621 & nesesr Far F= - q 9 @ ek ay Acts =f) t tells that elenoualergeniens rb “Fiela contuins the Nest syquence expected . i , . Senden ‘weikes Fine: meoly % NST SSnence @Sequence Wursren (Seq: 699) ¢ ak ves Ss unben is $22 ] | ® Bdmow\edgewon? unten (Ackne =200!)"" text | cqueme pumben Expected 1s 900) Gpek Flag (Ack =i) + tells at the. filme leq exont Murmben field contains ext . avemce expecled by “the comic?