Nguyễn Công Phương

Engineering Electromagnetics

Dielectrics & Capacitance

 Contents
I. Introduction
II. Vector Analysis
III. Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity
IV. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’ Law & Divergence
V. Energy & Potential
VI. Current & Conductors
VII. Dielectrics & Capacitance
VIII. Poisson’s & Laplace’s Equations
IX. The Steady Magnetic Field
X. Magnetic Forces & Inductance
XI. Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations
XII. Transmission Lines
XIII. The Uniform Plane Wave
XIV. Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion
XV. Guided Waves & Radiation

Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 2

 Dielectrics & Capacitance
1. Dielectric Materials
2. Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric Materials
3. Capacitance
4. Using Field Sketches to Estimate Capacitance
5. Current Density & Flux Density

Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 3

 Dielectric Materials (1)

+
– Q
d
– +
E E

• Dipole moment: p = Qd
• Q: the positive one of the 2 bound charges
• d: the vector from the negative to the positive charge
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 4
 Dielectric Materials (2)
• Dipole moment: p = Qd
• If there are n dipoles per unit volume, then the total
dipole moment in Δv:
n∆v
ptotal =  pi
i =1
• The polarization:
1 n∆v
P = lim 
∆v→0 ∆v i =1
pi

• Unit: C/m2
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 5
 Dielectric Materials (3)ΔS +
+
Density: n molecules/m3 E +
+ +
1
∆v = d cos θ∆S ΔS – + – + 2
d cos θ
– +
1
∆Qb = nQ∆v – + – + θ
2
d cos θ

–
→ ∆Qb = nQd cos θ∆S – – d
= nQd.∆S – –
→ ∆Qb = P.∆S
p = Qd → P = nQd
→ Qb = −  P.dS
S
Gauss’s law: QT = S ε 0E.dS →Q=  S (ε 0E + P ) .dS
QT = Qb + Q → Q = QT – Qb (Q: the total free charge)
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 6
 Dielectric Materials (4)

Q=  S ( ε 0E + P ) .dS → D = ε 0E + P
Gauss’s law: Q =  S D.dS

Divergence theorem:  D.dS =  ∇.Ddv

→ ∇.D = ρv
S v

Q =  ρ v dv
V

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 Dielectric Materials (5)
• D = ε0E + P
• In an isotropic material, E & P are always parallel,
regardless of the orientation of the field
• P = χeε0E
• χe : the electric susceptibility
• → D = ε0E + P = ε0E + χeε0E = (χe + 1)ε0E
• εr = χe + 1: the relative permitivity
• → D = ε0εrE = εE
• ε = ε0εr : the permitivity
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 Dielectric Materials (6)

N. Ida. Engineering Electromagnetics. Springer, 2015, pp. 175

Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 9

 Dielectrics & Capacitance
1. Dielectric Materials
2. Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric
Materials
3. Capacitance
4. Using Field Sketches to Estimate Capacitance
5. Current Density & Flux Density

Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 10

 Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric Materials (1)
Δw
 E.dL = 0 DN1 Δh Etan1
ΔS

→ Etan1∆w − Etan 2 ∆w = 0 Region 1, ε1 Etan2

→ Etan1 = Etan 2 DN2

Region 2, ε2

Dtan1 Dtan 2 Dtan1 ε 1

→ = Etan1 = Etan 2 = → =
ε1 ε2 Dtan 2 ε 2
∆Q = ρ S ∆S
→ DN 1 − DN 2 = ρ S
∆Q = DN1∆S − DN 2 ∆S → DN 1 = DN 2
No free charge on the interface → ρS = 0
EN1 ε 2
→ ε1 E N 1 = ε 2 E N 2 → =
EN 2 ε 1
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 11
 Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric Materials (2)
Δw
DN1 Δh Etan1
ΔS

Region 1, ε1 Etan2

DN2
Region 2, ε2
Etan1 = Etan 2
Dtan1 ε 1
=
Dtan 2 ε 2 If we know the field on one side (e.g E1 or D1)
of a boundary, we cand find quickly the field
DN 1 = DN 2 on the other side (E2 & D2)
EN 1 ε 2
=
E N 2 ε1
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 12
 Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric Materials (3)
D1
D
DN 1 = DN 2 N1
θ1
DN 1 = D cos θ
1 1 Region 1, ε 1
Dtan1

DN 2 = D2 cos θ 2 ε1 > ε2
D
→ D1 cos θ1 = D2 cos θ2 D2 θ2 N2
Region 2, ε2
Dtan2
Dtan1 ε 1
=
Dtan 2 ε 2 tan θ1 ε1
→ = → θ2
Dtan1 = D1 sin θ1 tan θ2 ε 2 → D2
Dtan 2 = D2 sin θ 2 D1 cos θ1 = D2 cos θ 2
→ ε 2 D1 sin θ1 = ε1 D2 sin θ 2
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 13
 Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric Materials (4)
D1
DN1
 ε2  θ1 Dtan1
θ2 = atan  tan θ1  Region 1, ε 1

 ε1  ε1 > ε2
D
D2 θ2 N2
2
 ε2 
Region 2, ε2
D2 = D1 cos θ1 +   sin 2 θ1
2 Dtan2
 ε1 

2
 ε1 
E2 = E1 sin θ1 +   cos 2 θ1
2

 ε2 
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 14
 Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric Materials (6)
Ex.
Given the region z < 0 with εr1 = 3.2 & D1 = –30ax + 50ay + 70az nC/m2.
The region z > 0 possesses εr2 = 2. Find DN1, Dtan1, Dtan1, θ1, DN2, Dtan2, D2, θ2 ?

DN 1 = D1 z = 70 nC/m2

Dtan 1 = −30a x + 50a y nC/m 2

Dtan1 = D tan1 = ( −30) 2 + 502 = 58.3 nC/m 2

D1 = D1 = ( −30) 2 + 502 + 702 = 91.1 nC/m 2

Dtan1 58.3
θ1 = atan = atan = 39.8o
DN 1 70
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 15
 Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric Materials (7)
Ex.
Given the region z < 0 with εr1 = 3.2 & D1 = –30ax + 50ay + 70az nC/m2.
The region z > 0 possesses εr2 = 2. Find DN1, Dtan1, Dtan1, θ1, DN2, Dtan2, D2, θ2 ?

DN 2 = DN1 = 70 nC/m 2 → D N 2 = 70a z nC/m 2

Dtan1 ε1 D ε ε 2
= → tan1 = 1 → Dtan 2 = 2 Dtan1 = ( −30a x + 50a y )
Dtan2 ε 2 D tan 2 ε 2 ε1 3.2
= −18.75a x + 31.25a y nC/m 2

D 2 = D tan 2 + D N 2 = −18.75a x + 31.25a y + 70a z nC/m 2

 ε2   2 
θ 2 = atan  tan θ1  = atan  tan 39.8o  = 27.5o
 ε1   3.2 
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 16
 Dielectrics & Capacitance
1. Dielectric Materials
2. Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric Materials
3. Capacitance
4. Using Field Sketches to Estimate Capacitance
5. Current Density & Flux Density

Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 17

 Capacitance (1) +
++ + +
+
+Q +
Q dielectric, ε + Conductor 2 +
Capacitance: C = +
V0  ε E.dS – – – +
+ + + + +
+
– – – Q ––
→ C = S+ –
Q=  S ε E.dS −  E.dL
– Conductor 1 ––
– –
– ––
–
+ −
V0 = − E.dL
−

• V0 : work to carry a unit positive charge from the surface

1 to the surface 2
• C depends on the physical dimensions (of the system of
conductors) & on the permittivity
• Unit: F (farad), C/V, practically μF, nF, pF
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 18
 Capacitance (2)
ρS
E= az Conductor surface, –ρS z=d
ε
D = ρS az E
Conductor surface, +ρS z=0

bottom 0 ρS ρS
V0 = −  E.d L = −  dz = d
top d ε ε
Q = ρS S εS
C=
d
Q
C=
V0
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 19
 Capacitance (3)
1
WE =  ε E 2dv Conductor surface, –ρS z=d
2 V
ρS
E= E
ε
1 S d ερS2 Conductor surface, +ρS z=0
→ WE =   dzdS
2 0 0 ε 2

1 ρS2
1 ε S ρ 2 2
Sd
= Sd =
2 ε 2 d ε 2

εS 1 1 1 Q 2
C= → WE = CV02 = QV0 =
d 2 2 2 C
ρS
V0 = d
ε
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 20
 ρ=a
Capacitance (4) ρL ρ = b
ρL b
Vab = ln
2πε a
2πε L
Q = ρLL → C = L
b
Q ln
C= a
Vab

Q 1 1
Vab =  − 
4πε a b 4πε Q
→C = a
1 1
C=
Q −
Vab a b
b

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 Capacitance (5)
2πε h
Cimmerse =
ln(b / a)

2πε 0 ( d − h)
Cabove =
ln(b / a)

Ctotal = Cimmerse + Cabove

2πε h 2πε 0 ( d − h)
= +
ln(b / a) ln(b / a)

2πε 0
→ C ( h) = ( hε r + d − b ) N. Ida. Engineering Electromagnetics.
ln(b / a) Springer, 2015, pp. 195

Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 22

 Capacitance (6)
V0 = E1d1 + E2 d2 Area, S

DN 1 = DN 2 → ε1E1 = ε 2 E2
ε2 d2
V0 d
→ E1 = Conducting
ε1 plates ε1 d1
d1 + d 2
ε2
V0
→ ρS 1 = D1 = ε1E1 =
d1 d 2
+
ε1 ε 2 1 1
C= =
Q = ρ S S = ρ S 1S d1
+
d2 1
+
1
Q ε1S ε 2 S C1 C2
C=
V0
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 23
 Capacitance (7)
Area, S
Conducting
plates
1 1
C= = ε2 d2
d1 d2 1 1 d
+ +
ε1S ε 2 S C1 C2 ε1 d1

Conducting
plates
ε1S1 + ε 2 S 2 S1 S2
C= = C1 + C2 d
d
ε1 ε2
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 24
 Capacitance (8)
Q= S D( r ) .dS = D (r ).4π r 2
Q
→ D (r ) =
4π r 2 ε r1
εr 2
b c
V = E1.dL +  E 2.dL
r= a r =b
b Q c Q
= dr +  dr ε r2
a 4πε1r 2 b 4πε 2 r 2
c
ε r1
Q  1 1 1 1 
=  − + −  b
4πε 0  ε r1a ε r1b ε r 2b ε r 2 c  +Q a
Q 4πε 0 V
E1
→C = = E2
V 1 1 1 1 −Q
− + −
ε r1a ε r1b ε r 2b ε r 2 c
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 25
 Capacitance (9)
b
Q=  S D(r ).dS
=  D1 ( r ).dS +  D2 ( r ).dS ε r1 a ε r2
S S
+Q
1 2

=  ε r1ε 0E1 ( r ).dS +  ε r 2ε 0 E2 ( r ).dS V E1 E2

S 1 S 2
−Q
=  ε r1ε 0 E(r ).dS +  ε r 2ε 0 E(r ).dS
S 1 S 2

 4π r 2 4π r 2  Q
ε ε
= 0 E(r )  r1 ε
+ r2  → E ( r ) =
 2 2  2 ε ( ε
0 r1 + ε r2 )π r 2

b b Q Q 1 1
V =  E.dL =  dr =  − 
r= a a 2ε (ε + ε )π r 2
0 r1 r2 2ε 0 (ε r1 + ε r 2 )π  a b 
Q 2πε 0 (ε r1 + ε r 2 )ab
→C = =
V b− a
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 26
 Capacitance (10)

2πε L ε r1
C= b
ln( b / a)
a εr 2
πε r1ε 0 L πε r 2ε 0 L
= C1 + C2 = C = +
ln(b / a ) ln( b / a ) L

2πε r,tbε 0 L ε r1 + ε r 2
= , ε r ,tb =
ln(b / a ) 2

Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 27

 y P(x, y, 0)
Capacitance (11)
ρ L R01 R2
V1 = ln
2πε
R1
R1 (– a, 0, 0)
− ρ L R02
V2 = ln (a, 0, 0) x
2πε R2 – ρL
ρ L  R01 R02  z +ρL
→ V = V1 + V2 =  ln − ln 
2πε  R1 R2 
ρL R01R2
= ln
2πε R02 R1
R01 = R02 ρL ( x + a )2 + y 2
→V = ln
2πε ( x − a )2 + y 2
R1 = ( x − a) 2 + y 2
ρ L ( x + a )2 + y 2
R2 = ( x + a )2 + y 2 = ln
4πε ( x − a )2 + y 2
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 28
 y P(x, y, 0)
Capacitance (12) R2
ρ L ( x + a) 2 + y 2 R1
V = ln (– a, 0, 0)
4πε ( x − a )2 + y 2
(a, 0, 0) x
Choosing an equipotential surface V1, we define: – ρL
z +ρL

K1 = e4πεV1/ρL
( x + a) 2 + y 2 K1 + 1
→ K1 = → x − 2 ax 2
+ y 2
+ a 2
=0
(x − a) + y
2 2 K1 − 1
2 2
 K1 + 1   2 a K1 
→ x−a  + y = 
2

 K1 − 1  K − 1 
 1 
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 29
 y P(x, y, 0)
Capacitance (13) R2
4πεV1/ ρL
K1 = e R1
2 (– a, 0, 0)
2
 K1 + 1   2 a K1 
→x−a  + y = 
2 (a, 0, 0) x

 K1 − 1  K − 1  – ρL
 1  z +ρL
• The V = V1 surface is independent of z → it is a cylinder
• It intersects the xy plane in a circle of radius:
2a K1
b=
K1 − 1
K1 + 1
& this circle is centered at (x = h, y = 0) where h = a
K1 − 1
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 30
 y
Capacitance (14) V0 = 0 h V1
The V1 surface intersects the xy plane in
a circle of radius
b x
2a K1
b= z
K1 − 1
K1 + 1
& centered at (x = h, y = 0) where h = a
K1 − 1
 a = h 2 − b2

→ 4πε V1 If h, b & V1 are given
+ − → ρL =
2 2
 K1 = h h b
 b ln K1 then a, ρL & K1 can be found

K1 = e 4πεV1 /ρ L
ρ L L 4πε L 2πε L 2πε L
→ C plane, cylinder = = = =
V1 ln K1 ln[( h + h 2 − b 2 )/b] cosh −1 (h/b)
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 31
Ex. Capacitance (15)
Given the system, find the location & the y The equivalent
magnitude of the equivalent line charge, & the V0 = 0 line charge
location of the 50V equipotential surface.

a= h 2 − b 2 = 132 − 5 2 = 12 m
x
h+ h −b 2 2
13 + 12 h = 13 m V1 = 100 V
K1 = = =5
b 5 b=5m
→ K1 = 25
4π × 8.854 × 10−12 × 100
4πε V1 → ρ L = = 3.46 nC /m
ρL = ln 25
ln K1
2πε 2π × 8.854 × 10−12
C plane, cylinder = −1
= −1
= 34.6 pF/m
cosh (h/b) cosh (13/ 5)
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 32
Ex. Capacitance (16)
Given the system, find the location & the y The equivalent
magnitude of the equivalent line charge, & the V0 = 0 line charge
location of the 50V equipotential surface.

K 2 = e 4πε V2 / ρ L
4 π ×8.854 ×10 −12 × 50 / 3.46 ×10 −9 x
=e = 5.00 h = 13 m V1 = 100 V
2a K 2 2 × 12 5 b=5m
→ b2 = = = 13.42 m
K2 − 1 5−1
K2 + 1 5 +1
h2 = a = 12 = 18 m
K2 −1 5 −1

V3 = 25 V → b3 = 29.06 m, h3 = 31.44 m

Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 33

 y
Capacitance (17) V0 = 0 h V1

2πε L
C plane, cylinder =
ln[( h + h 2 − b2 )/b ] b x
z
b≪h

2πε L
→ C plane, cylinder = C plane, wire = y
2h h
ln
b
πε L
→ Cwire, wire = x
2h
ln
b z

Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 34

 Dielectrics & Capacitance
1. Dielectric Materials
2. Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric Materials
3. Capacitance
4. Using Field Sketches to Estimate Capacitance
5. Current Density & Flux Density

Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 35

 Using Field Sketches to Estimate Capacitance (1)
• A conductor boundary is an equipotential surface
• The electric field intensity E & the electric flux D are
both perpendicular to the equipotential surfaces
• E & D are perpendicular to the conductor boundaries &
posses zero tangential values
• The lines of electric flux, or streamlines, begin &
terminate on charge & therefore, in a charge-free,
homogeneous dielectric, begin & terminate only on the
conductor boundaries

Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 36

 Using Field Sketches to Estimate Capacitance (2)
E & D are both ∆Ltan
=1
perpendicular to the ∆LN
equipotential surfaces

1 ∆ψ
E=
ε ∆Ltan 1 ∆ψ ∆V
→ =
∆V ε ∆Ltan ∆LN B
E=
∆LN ΔLtan A
B’
ΔLN
∆Ltan 1 ∆ψ A’
→ = const =
∆LN ε ∆V
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 37
 Using Field Sketches to Estimate Capacitance (3)
Q
C=
V0
Q = N Q ∆Q = N Q ∆ψ
V0 = NV ∆V
NQ ∆ψ
→C =
NV ∆V
∆Ltan 1 ∆ψ
= const = =1
∆LN ε ∆V
N Q ∆Ltan NQ
→C= ε =ε
NV ∆LN NV
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 38
Using Field Sketches to Estimate Capacitance (4)
0

15

30

46
62
100 V 80

Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 39

 Dielectrics & Capacitance
1. Dielectric Materials
2. Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric Materials
3. Capacitance
4. Using Field Sketches to Estimate Capacitance
5. Current Density & Flux Density

Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 40

 Current Density & Flux Density
J = σ Eσ D = ε Eε

Eσ = −∇Vσ Eε = −∇ Vε

J.dS = σ  Eσ .dS  −  Eσ .dL

I= S S R =
Vσ 0
=
Vσ 0 = −  Eσ .dL  I σ  Eσ .dS
 S
→
Q = ε  Eε .dS  Q ε  S Eε .dS
S C = =
Vε 0 = −  Eε .dL  Vε 0 −  Eε .dL

ε
→ RC =
σ
Dielectrics & Capacitance - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 41