DATA TYPES AND EXPRESSIONS

CS10003 PROGRAMMING AND DATA STRUCTURES

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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR
Data Types in C
int :: integer quantity
Some of the basic data types can be
Typically occupies 4 bytes (32 bits) in memory. augmented by using certain data type
qualifiers:
• short
char :: single character • long
• signed
Typically occupies 1 byte (8 bits) in memory. • unsigned

Typical examples:
float :: floating-point number (a number with a decimal point)
• short int
Typically occupies 4 bytes (32 bits) in memory. • long int
• unsigned int
• unsigned char

double :: double-precision floating-point number

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Constants

Constants

Numeric Character
Constants Constants

integer floating-point single character string

We have studied integer, floating-point, and single character constants earlier

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Integer and Floating-point Constants
• Integer constants:
• Consists of a sequence of digits, with possibly a plus or a minus sign before it
• Embedded spaces, commas and non-digit characters are not permitted between digits
• Examples: 10, 39994, -765

• Floating point constants – Two different notations:

• Decimal notation:
• 25.0, 0.0034, .84, -2.234
• Exponential (scientific) notation:
• 3.45e23, 0.123e-12, 123e2

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Single Character and String Constants

STRING CONSTANTS
SINGLE CHARACTER CONSTANTS
Sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes.
Contains a single character enclosed within a pair of
single quote marks. • The characters may be letters, numbers, special
characters and blank spaces.
• Examples :: ‘2’, ‘+’, ‘Z’

Examples:
Some special backslash characters
“nice”, “Good Morning”, “3+6”, “3”, “C”
‘\n’ new line
‘\t’ horizontal tab
‘\’’ single quote Differences from character constants:
‘\”’ double quote • ‘C’ and “C” are not equivalent.
‘\\’ backslash • ‘C’ has an equivalent integer value while “C”
‘\0’ null does not.

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More about Character Constants and Variables
In C language, a character constant is actually a small integer (1 byte)
The character constant ‘A’ is internally an integer value 65
Character constants mapped to integers via ASCII codes (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
‘A’: 65 ‘B’: 66 … ‘Z’: 90
‘a’: 97 ‘b’: 98 … ‘z’: 122
‘0’: 48 ‘1’: 49 … ‘9’: 57

An example:
char cvar = ‘A’;
printf (“%c %d”, cvar, cvar); /* Print the same value twice, once as character, second time as integer */

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Variable Values and Variable Addresses

In C terminology, in an expression
speed (a variable name) refers to the contents of the memory location where the variable is stored.
&speed refers to the address of the memory location where the variable is stored.

Examples:
printf (“%f %f %f”, speed, time, distance); /* We need only the values of the vars to print them */
scanf (“%f %f”, &speed, &time); /* We need the address of the vars to store the values read */

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Assignment Statement

Used to assign values to variables, using the

assignment operator (=).
A value can be assigned to a variable at the time
the variable is declared.
General syntax:
int speed = 30;
variable_name = expression;
char flag = ‘y’;
Left of = is called l-value, must be a modifiable variable
Right of = is called r-value, can be any expression Several variables can be assigned the same value
using multiple assignment operators.
Examples: a = b = c = 5;
velocity = 20; flag1 = flag2 = ‘y’;
b = 15; temp = 12.5; speed = flow = 0.0;
A = A + 10;
v = u + f * t;
s = u * t + 0.5 * f * t * t;

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Types of l-value and r-value
• Usually should be the same
• If not, the type of the r-value will be internally converted to the type of the l-value, and then assigned to it
• Example:
double a;
a = 2*3;
• Type of r-value is int and the value is 6
• Type of l-value is double, so stores 6.0

int a;
a = 2*3.2;
• Type of r-value is float/double and the value is 6.4
• Type of l-value is int, so internally converted to 6
• So a stores 6, and not 6.4

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Operators in Expressions

Assignment
Operators Operators

Arithmetic Relational Logical

Operators Operators Operators

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Arithmetic Operators
Addition :: +
Subtraction :: –
Division :: /
Multiplication :: * EXAMPLE: Suppose x and y are two integer
Modulus :: % (remainder of division) variables, whose values are 13 and 5 respectively.

x+y 18
Examples:
x–y 8
distance = rate * time ;
x*y 65
netIncome = income - tax ;
speed = distance / time ; x/y 2
area = PI * radius * radius; x%y 3
y = a * x * x + b*x + c;
quotient = dividend / divisor;
remainder = dividend % divisor;

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Operator Precedence of Arithmetic Operators

In decreasing order of priority EXAMPLES:

1. Parentheses :: ( )
a+b*c–d/e a + (b * c) – (d / e)
2. Unary minus :: –5
3. Multiplication, Division, and Modulus
4. Addition and Subtraction a * – b + d % e – f a * (– b) + (d % e) – f

For operators of the same priority, evaluation is from

left to right as they appear. a–b+c+d (((a – b) + c) + d)

Parenthesis may be used to change the precedence of x*y*z ((x * y) * z)

operator evaluation.

a+b+c*d*e (a + b) + ((c * d) * e)

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Integer, Real, and Mixed-mode Arithmetic

INTEGER ARITHMETIC REAL ARITHMETIC MIXED-MODE ARITHMETIC

• When the operands in an • Arithmetic operations involving only • When one of the operands is
arithmetic expression are real or floating-point operands. integer and the other is real, the
integers, the expression is • Since floating-point values are expression is called a mixed-
called integer expression, mode arithmetic expression.
rounded to the number of significant
and the operation is called • If either operand is of the real
digits permissible, the final value is
integer arithmetic.
an approximation of the final result. type, then only real arithmetic is
• Integer arithmetic always performed, and the result is a
1.0 / 3.0 * 3.0 will have the value
yields integer values. real number.
0.99999 and not 1.0
For example: • The modulus operator cannot be 25 / 10 evaluates to 2
25 / 10 evaluates to 2 used with real operands. 25 / 10.0 evaluates to 2.5

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Similar code – different results !!

int a=10, b=4, c;

float x;
c = a / b;
x = a / b;

The value of c will be 2

The value of x will be 2.0
But we want 2.5 to be stored in x

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Solution: Typecasting

• Changing the type of a variable during its use

int a=10, b=4, c; • General form

float x; (type_name) variable_name

• Example:
c = a / b;
x = ((float) a) / b;
x = ((float) a) / b;
• Now x will store 2.5 (type of a is considered to be
float for this operation only, now it is a mixed-
mode expression, so real values are generated)

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Restrictions on Typecasting

• Not everything can be typecast to anything

• float/double should not be typecast to int (as an int cannot store everything a float/double can store)
• int should not be typecast to char (same reason)

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Example: Finding Average of 2 Integers

int a, b;
float avg;
scanf(“%d%d”, &a, &b);
avg = ((float) (a + b))/2;
Wrong program !! Why? printf(“%f\n”, avg);
int a, b;
float avg;
scanf(“%d%d”, &a, &b);
Correct programs
avg = (a + b)/2;
int a, b;
printf(“%f\n”, avg);
float avg;
scanf(“%d%d”, &a, &b);
avg = (a + b) / 2.0;
printf(“%f\n”, avg);

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More Assignment Operators

+=, -=, *=, /=, %= x += y Stores 15 in x

Evaluates to 15
Operators for special type of assignments
a += b is the same as a = a + b x –= y Stores -5 in x
Evaluates to -5
Same for -=, *=, /=, and %=
Exact same rules apply for multiple assignment operators x *= y Stores 50 in x
Evaluates to 50
Suppose x and y are two integer variables, whose values
are 5 and 10 respectively. x /= y Stores 0 in x
Evaluates to 0

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Increment (++) and Decrement (--) Operators

• Both of these are unary operators; they operate on a single operand.

• The increment operator causes its operand to be increased by 1.
• Example: a++, ++count

• The decrement operator causes its operand to be decreased by 1.

• Example: i--, --distance

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Pre-increment versus Post-increment

Operator written before the operand (++i, --i)) EXAMPLES:

• Called pre-increment operator. Initial values :: a = 10; b = 20;
• Operator will be altered in value before it is x = 50 + ++a; a = 11, x = 61
utilized for its intended purpose in the
statement. x = 50 + a++; x = 60, a = 11
x = a++ + --b; b = 19, x = 29, a = 11
Operator written after the operand (i++, i--)
• Called post-increment operator. x = a++ – ++a; ??
• Operator will be altered in value after it is
utilized for its intended purpose in the Called side effects:: while calculating some values,
statement. something else get changed.
Best to avoid such complicated statements

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Relational Operators
10 > 20 is false, so value is 0
Used to compare two quantities. 25 < 35.5 is true, so value is non-zero
12 > (7 + 5) is false, so value is 0
< is less than 32 != 21 is true, so value is non-zero
> is greater than
<= is less than or equal to • Note: The value corresponding to TRUE can be any non-
zero value, not necessarily 1; FALSE is 0
>= is greater than or equal to
== is equal to
• When arithmetic expressions are used on either side of a
!= is not equal to relational operator, the arithmetic expressions will be
evaluated first and then the results compared
a + b > c – d is the same as (a + b) > (c – d)

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Logical Operators

There are three logical operators in C (also Unary negation operator (!)
called logical connectives). • Single operand
! : Unary negation (NOT) • Value is 0 if operand is non-zero
&& : Logical AND • Value is 1 if operand is 0
| | : Logical OR
Example: ! (grade == ‘A’)
What do these operators do?
• They act upon operands that are
themselves logical expressions.
• The individual logical expressions get
combined into more complex conditions
that are true or false.

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Logical Operators

There are three logical operators in C (also • Logical AND

called logical connectives). • Result is true if both the
operands are true.
! : Unary negation (NOT)
• Logical OR
&& : Logical AND • Result is true if at least one of
| | : Logical OR the operands are true.

What do these operators do? X Y X && Y X || Y

• They act upon operands that are FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
themselves logical expressions.
• The individual logical expressions get FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE
combined into more complex conditions TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE
that are true or false.
TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE

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Examples of Logical Expressions
(count <= 100)

((math+phys+chem)/3 >= 60)

((sex == ‘M’) && (age >= 21))

((marks >= 80) && (marks < 90))

((balance > 5000) | | (no_of_trans > 25))

(! (grade == ‘A’))

Suppose we wish to express that a should not have the value of 2 or 3. Does the following expression capture this
requirement?

(( a != 2) || ( a != 3))

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Example: AND and OR

Output
#include <stdio.h>
int main () 30
3 AND 0 = 0, 3 OR 0 = 1
{
int i, j;
scanf(“%d%d”, &i, &j);
printf ( “%d AND %d = %d, %d OR %d=%d\n”, i, j, i&&j, i, j, i||j ) ;
return 0;

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Precedence among different
operators (there are many other
operators in C, some of which we will Operator Class Operators Associativity
see later)
Unary postfix ++, -- Left to Right
prefix ++, --
Unary Right to Left
─ ! &
Binary * / % Left to Right
Binary + ─ Left to Right

Binary < <= > >= Left to Right

Binary == != Left to Right

Binary && Left to Right
Binary || Left to Right
= += ─ =
Assignment Right to Left
*= /= %=

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Expression Evaluation
An assignment expression evaluates to a value
Value of an assignment expression is the value assigned to the l-value
Example: value of
• a = 3 is 3
• b = 2*4 – 6 is 2
• n = 2*u + 3*v – w is whatever the arithmetic expression 2*u + 3*v – w evaluates to given the current values
stored in variables u, v, w

Consider a = b = c = 5
• Three assignment operators
• Rightmost assignment expression is c=5, evaluates to value 5
• Now you have a = b = 5
• Rightmost assignment expression is b=5, evaluates to value 5
• Now you have a = 5
• Evaluates to value 5
• So all three variables store 5, the final value the assignment expression evaluates to is 5

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A more non-trivial example:
a = 3 && (b = 4)
• b = 4 is an assignment expression, evaluates to 4
• && has higher precedence than =
• 3 && (b = 4) evaluates to true as both operands of && are non-0, so final value of
the logical expression is true
• a = 3 && (b = 4) is an assignment expression, evaluates to 1 (true)

Note that changing to b = 0 would have made the final value 0

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Statements and Blocks

An expression followed by a semicolon becomes a statement.

x = 5;
i++;
printf (“The sum is %d\n”, sum”) ;

Braces { and } are used to group declarations and statements together into a compound statement, or block.
{
sum = sum + count;
count++;
printf (“sum = %d\n”, sum) ;
}

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Doing More Complex Mathematical Operations

• C provides some mathematical functions to use in the math library

• Can be used to perform common mathematical calculations
• Two steps needed:
(1) Must include a special header file
#include <math.h>
(2) Must tell the compiler to link the math library: gcc <program name> –lm

• Example
printf ("%f", sqrt(900.0));
• Calls function sqrt, which returns the square root of its argument

• Return values of math functions are of type double

• Arguments may be constants, variables, or expressions

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Math Library Functions

double acos(double x) – Compute arc cosine of x.

double asin(double x) – Compute arc sine of x.
double atan(double x) – Compute arc tangent of x.
double atan2(double y, double x) – Compute arc tangent of y/x.
double cos(double x) – Compute cosine of angle in radians.
double cosh(double x) – Compute the hyperbolic cosine of x.
double sin(double x) – Compute sine of angle in radians.
double sinh(double x) – Compute the hyperbolic sine of x.
double tan(double x) – Compute tangent of angle in radians.
double tanh(double x) – Compute the hyperbolic tangent of x.

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Math Library Functions

double ceil(double x) – Get smallest integral value that exceeds x.

double floor(double x) – Get largest integral value less than x.
double exp(double x) – Compute exponential of x.
double fabs (double x) – Compute absolute value of x.
double log(double x) – Compute log to the base e of x.
double log10 (double x) – Compute log to the base 10 of x.
double pow (double x, double y) – Compute x raised to the power y.
double sqrt(double x) – Compute the square root of x.

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Computing distance between two points
Output
#include <stdio.h>
Enter coordinates of first point: 3 4
#include <math.h> Enter coordinates of second point: 2 7
int main() Distance = 3.162278
{
int x1, y1, x2, y2;
double dist;
printf(“Enter coordinates of first point: “);
scanf(“%d%d”, &x1, &y1);
printf(“Enter coordinates of second point: “);
scanf(“%d%d”, &x2, &y2);
dist = sqrt(pow(x1 – x2, 2) + pow(y1 – y2, 2));
printf(“Distance = %lf\n”, dist);
return 0;
}

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Practice Problems

1. Read in three integers and print their average

2. Read in four integers a, b, c, d. Compute and print the value of the expression
a+b/c/d*10*5-b+20*d/c
• Explain to yourself the value printed based on precedence of operators taught
• Repeat by putting parentheses around different parts (you choose) and first do by hand what should be printed, and
then run the program to verify if you got it right
• Repeat similar thing for the expression a&&b||c&&d>a||c<=b
3. Read in the coordinates (real numbers) of three points in 2-d plane, and print the area of the triangle formed by them
4. Read in the principal amount P, interest rate I, and number of years N, and print the compound interest (compounded
annually) earned by P after N years

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