Heat and its Effects
Expansion &
Measuring temperature
Part 2
Definitions of Temperature
Temperature is…
• a measure of how hot or cold an object is.
• is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the
particles in an object.
• the property of a system that determines whether or
not it will be in thermal equilibrium with another object.
It is measured in…
• °C = degrees Celcius (degrees centigrade)
• K = Kelvin (standard unit, absolute scale)
• °F = degrees Fahrenheit
Thermometers
Liquid-bulb thermometer & Constant volume gas thermometer
bimetallic strip
Based on expansion of liquids/ Based on the change in pressure
solids Standard temperature scale
(Agree only at some temperatures) Defines temperatures accurately
Units & Scales for Temperature
Boiling point of water
(at 1 atm)
100 equal 180 equal
divisions divisions
Linear scales
Freezing point of water
(at 1 atm)
𝟓𝟓
𝐓𝐓 ℃ = . 𝐓𝐓 ℉ − 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝟗𝟗
Units & Scales for Temperature
The relationship between
the volume of a gas and its
temperature at constant
pressure
𝐕𝐕 ∝ 𝐓𝐓 𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢 𝐊𝐊𝐊𝐊𝐊𝐊𝐊𝐊𝐊𝐊𝐊𝐊
𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝐏𝐏
Gay-Lussac’s Law
𝐓𝐓 𝐊𝐊 = 𝐓𝐓 ℃ + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
273.51 K
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ≡ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏°
Thermal Expansion
∆𝐋𝐋 = 𝛂𝛂. 𝐋𝐋𝟎𝟎 . ∆𝐓𝐓
𝐋𝐋 = 𝑳𝑳𝟎𝟎 + ∆𝑳𝑳 = 𝐋𝐋𝟎𝟎. (𝟏𝟏 + 𝛂𝛂. ∆𝐓𝐓)
∆𝐕𝐕 = 𝛽𝛽. 𝐕𝐕𝟎𝟎 . ∆𝐓𝐓
𝐕𝐕 = 𝑽𝑽𝟎𝟎 + ∆𝑽𝑽 = 𝐕𝐕𝟎𝟎. (𝟏𝟏 + 𝛽𝛽. ∆𝐓𝐓)
L0 (V0) = initial length (volume) at initial temperature T0
L (V) = length at final temperature T
∆T = change in temperature, T – T0
𝛼𝛼 = coefficient of linear expansion
𝛽𝛽 = coefficient of volume expansion
Solids: 𝛽𝛽 ≈ 3.𝛼𝛼
The coefficients of expansion vary slightly with temperature
x3
Solids have the lowest
≈x3 coefficients ⇒ least
expansion.
Due to strong
intermolecular or
atomic forces.
Liquids have higher
coefficients ⇒ more
expansion.
Due to weaker
Liquids and gases intermolecular or
have no fixed shape, atomic forces.
so no coefficient of
linear expansion. Gases: Very high
coefficient ⇒ large
expansion
Do NOT heat ‘empty’
aerosol cans!
Example:
The steel bed of a suspension bridge is 200 m long at 20°C. If
the temperature extremes that it might be exposed to are -30°C
to +40°C, how much will the bridge expand and contract?
𝛼𝛼 (steel) = 12 x 10-6 (C°)-1
Solution: Preventing a
structure
𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅 𝐓𝐓 = −𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑, such as a
∆𝐓𝐓 = −𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = −𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝐂𝐂𝐂 bridge from
∆𝐋𝐋 = 𝛂𝛂. 𝐋𝐋𝟎𝟎 . ∆𝐓𝐓 expanding/
contracting
= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐱𝐱 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟔𝟔 . 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 . −𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 causes
= −𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐱𝐱 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦 thermal
stresses that
𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅 𝐓𝐓 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒, ∆𝐓𝐓 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐂𝐂𝐂 can cause it
∆𝐋𝐋 = 𝛂𝛂. 𝐋𝐋𝟎𝟎 . ∆𝐓𝐓 to fracture
/break.
= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐱𝐱 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟔𝟔 . 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 . +𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
= 𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 𝐱𝐱 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦
Image from…https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_joint
Anomalous behavior of water
For T > 4° C
…expected behavior
…V⇧ when T⇧
Ice is less
For 0° < T < 4° C dense
…anomalous behavior than water
…V⇩ when T⇧
When water cools below 4°C, it starts to expand, becoming less dense
than the slightly warmer water ⇒ ice forms on the surface and not
further down, allowing aquatic life to survive during icy winters.
