Engineering Thermodynamics

Unit-1
1. Define the following from a thermodynamics point of view
a) System b) boundary c) surroundings d) universe e) control volume
2. Describe the macroscopic and microscopic point of view of thermodynamics with
examples
3. State the difference between extensive and intensive properties of a thermodynamic
system with suitable examples.
4. Define the thermodynamic system and describe the open system, closed system, and
isolated system
5. Define thermodynamic equilibrium and state the conditions to attain thermodynamic
equilibrium.
6. State the reasons whether the following systems are open or closed or isolated.
(i) Ice cream freezer (ii) universe (iii) radio switched on.
(iv) Car battery (v) water pump
7. Define the following
a) Path b) process c) cycle d) state e) irreversibility
8. Describe the concept of continuum and state the conditions where it is invalid.
9. List out different types of work and describe any three kinds.
10. Define state function and path function and show that work is a path function
11. Define and explain shaft work, spring work and electric work
12. Define and explain surface tension work, shaft work and magnetic work
13. Outline the salient features of adiabatic and isolated systems with examples
14. Define and write the expressions for shaft work, spring work, surface tension work
and electric work
15. Define thermal, mechanical and chemical equilibriums with suitable examples
16. Define energy and Show that energy is a property of the system
17. State different forms of heat and list out the differences between heat and work
transfer
18. List out different scales used for measurement of temperature. State the methodology
of development temperature scale.
19. With help of suitable sketch write the working principle of constant volume
thermometer.
20. Define cyclic and non-cyclic process. Write the expressions of First law for cyclic and
non-cyclic process.
Unit-2
1. Define pure substance explain the formation of steam from ice with neat sketch
2. Draw the phase equilibrium diagram for a pure substance on P-T coordinates. Why
does the fusion line for water have negative slope?
3. Draw the phase equilibrium diagram for a pure substance on T-S coordinates with
relevant constant property lines.
4. Draw the phase equilibrium diagram for a pure substance on h-S plot with relevant
constant property lines.
5. Consider a gas mixture that consists of 3 kg of O 2, 5 kg of N2 and 12 kg of CH4.
Determine the mass fractions of each component, mole fractions, average molar mass
and gas constant of the mixture.
6. A gas mixture contains 1 kg of O 2 and 3.5 kgs of N2. The pressure and temperature of
mixture are 1 bar and 270C. Determine mass and mole fractions of constituents,
average molar weight of mixture, partial pressure of constituents, specific gas
constant and mixture volume.
7. What is compressibility factor and explain the generalized compressibility chart?
8. Ten kg of water at 45°C is heated at a constant pressure of 10 bar until it becomes
superheated vapor at 300°C. Find the change in volume, enthalpy, internal energy and
entropy.
9. Explain the working of the throttling calorimeter with neat sketch.
10. Explain the working of separating calorimeter with neat sketch
11. Steam at 10 bar and 0.85 dry occupies 0.15 m 3. Determine heat supplied to raise the
temperature of the steam to 3000C at constant pressure and percentage of heat which
appears as external work. Take Cp of steam as 2.2 kJ/kgK.
12. Define dryness fraction. Find the dryness fraction, specific volume and internal
energy of steam at 7 bar and enthalpy 2550 kJ/kg.
13. Calculate the internal energy per kg of superheated steam at a pressure of 10 bar and a
temperature of 300°C. Also find the change of internal energy if this steam is
expanded to 1.4 bar and dryness fraction 0.8.
14. Steam enters an engine at a pressure 12 bar absolute and 67°C of superheat. It is
exhausted at 0.15 bar. The steam at exhaust is 0.95 dry. Find Drop in enthalpy and
Change in entropy.
15. Find the internal energy of 1 kg of superheated steam at a pressure of 10 bar and
2800C. If this steam is expanded to a pressure of 1.6 bar and 0.8 dry determine the
change in internal energy. Cp of steam is 2.1 kJ/kg K.
16. Steam initially at 1.5Mpa, 3000C expands reversibly and adiabatically in a steam
turbine to 400C. determine the ideal work output of the turbine per kg of steam.
17. Steam flows in a pipeline at 1.5Mpa. after expanding to 0.1Mpa in a throttling
calorimeter, the temperature is found to be 1200C. find the quality of steam in the
pipeline. What is the maximum moisture at 1.5Mpa that can be determined with this
set-up if at least 50C of superheat is required after throttling for accurate readings?
18. A fluid at 200 kpa and 3000C has a volume of 0.8 m3 in a frictionless process at
constant volume the pressure changes to 100 kpa. Find the final temperature and the
heat transferred (a) if fluid air (b) if fluid is steam.
19. A vessel of 6 m3 capacity contains two gases A and B in proportion of 45 per cent and
55 per cent respectively at 30°C. If the value of R for the gases is 0.288 kJ/kg K and
0.295 kJ/kg K and if the total weight of the mixture is 2 kg, calculate: a) The partial
pressure; (b) The total pressure (c) The mean value of R for the mixture.
20. 4 kg of carbon dioxide at 40°C and 1.4 bar are mixed with 8 kg of nitrogen at 160°C
and 1.0 bar to form a mixture at a final pressure of 0.7 bar. The process occurs
adiabatically in a steady flow apparatus. Calculate: The final temperature of the
mixture; (ii) The change in entropy. Take value of Cp : for CO 2 = 0.85 kJ/kg K and N2
= 1.04 kJ/kg K.
 Unit-3
1. What is a cyclic heat engine? Explain a heat engine cycle performed by a closed
system
2. Define heat engine? Explain a heat engine cycle performed by a steady flow system
3. Define refrigerator. Explain the operation of a cyclic refrigerator plant with a block
diagram.
4. What is Carnot cycle? What are the four process which constitute the cycle? Explain
5. Explain the Carnot heat engine cycle executed by a steady flow system.
6. What do you understand by internal irreversibility and external irreversibility?
Explain Mechanical. Thermal and chemical irreversibility’s.
7. Show that efficiency of a reversible engine operating between two given constant
temperatures is the maximum
8. Show that efficiency of all reversible heat engines operating between the same
temperature levels is the same.
9. Show that efficiency of a reversible engine is independent of the nature or amount of
the working substance going through the cycle.
10. What is the absolute thermodynamic temperature scale? Explain
11. (a) A heat engine receives heat at the rate of 1500 kJ/min and gives 8.2 kW work.
Determine the Thermal efficiency and heat rejected.
(b) A cyclic heat engine operating between 1000 0C and 400C. Find the least rate of
heat rejection per kilowatt net output of the engine.
12. (a) A cyclic heat engine operates between a source temperature of 800 0C and a sink
temperature of 300C. what is the least rate of heat rejection per kW net output of the
engine?
(b)A Carnot engine absorbs 200J of heat from a reservoir at the temperature of the
normal boiling point of water and rejects heat to a reservoir at the temperature of the
triple point of water. Find the heat rejected. The work done by the engine and the
thermal efficiency.
13. An inventor comes to an industrialist and claims to have developed a device that
operating in a thermodynamic cycle receives 800kJ of heat from a source at 450K and
produces 280kJ of network while rejecting the waste heat to the atmosphere at 300K.
what would you advise to the industrialist. He should invest or not?
14. (a)In a thermal power plant, steam is continuously extracted from the turbine and in a
heat exchanger there is a condensation of the extracted steam. The energy released
during condensation of steam is used to operate a heat engine. A heat engine receives
thermal energy at the arte of 1250kJ/min from condensing steam and rejects waste
heat to a lake at 200C at a rate of 800kJ/min. determine the lowest possible
condensing steam temperature.
(b) It is proposed that solar energy be used to warm a large collector plate. This
energy would in turn, be transferred as heat to a fluid with in a heat engine. And the
engine would reject energy as heat to the atmosphere. Experiments indicate that about
1880 kJ/m2h of energy can be collected when the plate is operating at 90 0C. estimate
the minimum collector area that would be required for a plant producing 1kW of
useful shaft power. The atmospheric temperature may be assumed to be 200C.
 15. (a) A domestic food freezer maintains a temperature of -15 0C. the ambient air
temperature is 300C. if heat leaks into the freezer at the continuous rate of 1.75kg/s
what is the least power necessary to pump this heat out continuously.
(b) A student was asked to do an experiment on a refrigerator test kit during an
undergraduate laboratory class in an engineering college. He conducted the
experiment for a period of 30minute and measured that the refrigerated space is
maintained at -50C, while the temperature of the laboratory is 20 0C. according to his
experiment. It has found that during the experiment the refrigerator draws 1 kWh of
electrical energy and 40000 kJ of heat is removed from the refrigerated space. Do you
think there is an error in his experiment?
16. An inventor claims to have developed an engine that takes in 105MJ at a temperature
of 400K, rejects 42MJ at a temperature of 200K, and delivers 15kWh of mechanical
work. Would you advise investing money to put this engine in the market.
17. A reversible power cycle operates between a reservoir at a temperature T and a lower
temperature reservoir at 200K. At steady state, the cycle develops 40kW of power
while rejecting 1000kJ/min of energy by heat transfer to the cold reservoir.
18. At steady state, a refrigerator whose COP is 2.5 removes energy by heat transfer from
a freezer cabinet at 00C at the rate of 8000 kJ/h and discharges energy by heat transfer
to the surroundings, which are at 20 0C. determine the power input to the refrigerator
and compare with power input required by reversible refrigerator cycle operating
between reservoirs at these two reservoirs.
19. An engine manufacturer claims that he has developed an engine which will produce
210kW of power, while taking in 0.5kg/min of fuel of calorific value of 42000 kJ/kg.
further he states that the engine receives heat at 527 0C and rejects heat at a
temperature of 770C. find if the claim of manufacturer is true or false.
20. An inventor claims to have invented a refrigeration machine operating between -23 0C
and 270C. it consumes 1kW electrical power and gives 21600 kJ of refrigeration effect
in one hour. Comment on his claim

Unit-4
1. State and prove Clausius theorem
2. Define entropy. Show that entropy is a property of a system
dq
3. Establish the inequality of Clausius and Show that ∫ < 0
T
4. 300kW of heat is supplied at a constant temperature of 290 0C to a heat engine. The
engine rejects heat at 8.50C. the following results were recorded. A)215kW is rejected
b)150kW is rejected c)75kW is rejected. Classify which of the results reports a
reversible, irreversible or impossible cycle.
5. Show that the adiabatic mixing of Two fluids is irreversible.
6. Derive the expression for change in entropy in terms of p-v, v-T, p-T.
7. Derive the expression for change in entropy in polytrophic process.
8. (a)Explain the Clausius inequality
(b) Prove that entropy is the property of the system
9. State and derive Tds equations.
 10. An iron cube at 4000C is dropped into an insulated bath having 10 kg water at 250C.
Final temperature of water is 500C. Assume the process as reversible and find the
change in entropy of iron and water. Take Cpw=4.186 kJ/kgK.
11. In an air turbine the air expands from 7 bar and 4600C to 1.02 bar and 1600C. The
heat loss from the turbine is negligible. Show that the process is irreversible and
calculate the change in entropy per kg of air.
12. A heat engine is supplied with 278 kJ/s of heat at constant temperature of 2830C.
Heat is rejected at 50C. Find which of the following processes reversible or
irreversible or impossible. (i) 208 kJ/s of heat is rejected, (ii) 13.9 kJ/s rejected, (iii)
70 kJ/s rejected.
13. In order to obtain the desired mechanical properties, heat treatment is done during
manufacturing of metal products. For that purpose, 1 kg of molten steel, initially at
12000C is quenched in a tank containing 80kg of water, initially at 20 0C. the specific
heat of steel and water are 0.5kJ/kgK and 4.18kJ/kgK respectively. If there is
negligible heat transfer between the tank and the ambient. Determine the entropy
generated within the tank due to quenching.
14. A quantity of air undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of three process.
Process1-2: constant volume heating from P1=0.1Mpa, T1=150C. V1=0.02m3 to
P2=0.42Mpa. process 2-3: Constant pressure cooling process: 3-1 isothermal heating
to the initial state. Employing the ideal gas model with Cp=1kJ/kgK evaluate the
change of entropy for each process. Sketch the cycle on P-V and T-s coordinates.
15. Air initially occupying 1m3 at 1.5bar and 200C undergoes an internally reversible
compression for which PVn=C to a final state where the pressure is 6 bar and the
temperature is 1200C. determine a) the value of n b)the work and heat transfer c) the
change in entropy take Cv=0.718kJ/kgK
16. Two kg of water at 800C is mixed adiabatically with 3 kg of water at 30 0C in a
constant pressure process of 1 atmosphere. Find the increase in the entropy of the total
mass of water due to the mixing process.
17. Derive an expression for change in entropy of a system during a) constant pressure
process b) constant volume process
18. Derive an expression for change in entropy of a system during a) Isothermal process
b) polytrophic process
19. 1.5 kg of air at 1 bar,300K is contained in a rigid insulated tank. During the process,
18kJ of work is done on the gas through a paddle –wheel mechanism. Determine the
final temperature, final pressure of air in the tank and change in entropy.
20. A 50-kg block of iron casting at 500K is thrown into a large lake which is at a
temperature of 285K. after the iron block reaches thermal equilibrium with the lake
water, determine a) entropy change of the iron block
b) entropy change of the lake water c) total entropy change during this process
Unit-5
1. What do you understand by high grade energy and low grade energy? Why is the
second law called the law of degradation of energy
2. What do you understand by exergy and energy? Why is exergy of a fluid at a higher
temperature more than that at a lower temperature.
3. State and explain the Guy-stodala theorem
4. Derive the expression for irreversibility or exergy loss in a process executed by a) a
closed system b) steady flow system, in a given environment
5. Derive the second law efficiency for a) a solar water heater and b) a heat pump
6. A) What is the deficiency of the first law efficiency? How does the second law
efficiency make up this deficiency?
b) how can you improve the first law efficiency and the second law efficiency?
7. A) Define availability and unavailability
b) what are the effects of irreversibility on work output of a system?
8. Air at 1 bar and 270C is heated in a non-flow system at constant pressure to 177 0C.
heat is supplied from a constant temperature reservoir at 527 0C. the atmospheric
temperature is 200C. what percentage of heat added per kg of air is the available
energy?
9. 1000kJ of heat is supplied by hot gases at 1400 0C from a fire box. This heat is used to
generate the steam at 2500C. the atmospheric temperature is 20 0C. calculate the
energy as available and unavailable portion a) as it leaves the hot gases b) as it enters
the system
10. Air enters a compressor in steady flow manner at 140kPa. 17 0C and 70m/s and leaves
it at 350kPa 1270C and 110m/s. the environment is at 100kpa and 7 0C. calculate per
kg of air a) actual amount of work required b) the minimum work required c) the
irreversibility of the process.