PHYS-303: Computer Fundamental

Chapter 6: Communications
Dr. Quazi Muhammad Rashed-Nizam
Associate Professor
Department of Physics
University of Chittagong
Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh

Date: Feb 28, 2021 1

Syllabus Outline

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 Syllabus Outline

 Internet
 Intranet
 Extranet
 World Wide Web
 Internet Browser
 E-mail
 IP-address
 Subnet Mask
 Default Gateway
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 Internet
 A computer network is the infrastructure that allows two or more
computers (called hosts) to communicate with each other.
 A network can be defined as a group of computers and other
devices connected in some ways so as to be able to exchange data.
-Each of the devices on the network can be thought of as a node;
each node has a unique address.
 The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer
networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (often called
TCP/IP, although not all applications use TCP) to serve billions of
users worldwide.
It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private,
public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to
global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic,
wireless and optical networking technologies.
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 Internet
 A computer network is the infrastructure that allows two or more
computers (called hosts) to communicate with each other.
 A network can be defined as a group of computers and other
devices connected in some ways so as to be able to exchange data.
-Each of the devices on the network can be thought of as a node;
each node has a unique address.
 The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer
networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (often called
TCP/IP, although not all applications use TCP) to serve billions of
users worldwide.
It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private,
public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to
global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic,
wireless and optical networking technologies.
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Networks are Old
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 2400 BC: courier networks in Egypt

 550 BC: postal service invented in Persia

Problems:
• Speed
• Reliability
• Security
Towards Electric Communication
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 1837: Telegraph invented by Samuel Morse

 Distance: 10 miles
 Speed: 10 words per minute Higher compression =
 In use until 1985! faster speeds
 Key challenge: how to encode information?
 Originally used unary encoding
A• B •• C ••• D •••• E •••••
 Next generation: binary encoding
A •– B –••• C –•–• D –•• E•
History of the Internet
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 1961: Kleinrock @ MIT: packet-switched network

 1962: Licklider’s vision of Galactic Network

 1965: Roberts connects computers over phone line

 1967: Roberts publishes vision of ARPANET

 1969: BBN installs first

InterfaceMsgProcessor at UCLA
 1970: Network Control Program (NCP)

 1972: Public demonstration of ARPANET

 1972: Kahn @ DARPA advocates

Open Architecture
 1972: Vint Cerf @ Stanford writes TCP
More Internet History
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 1974: Cerf and Kahn paper on TCP (IP kept separate)

 1980: TCP/IP adopted as defense standard
 1983: ARPANET and MILNET split
 1983: Global NCP to TCP/IP flag day
 198x: Internet melts down due to congestion
 1986: Van Jacobson saves the Internet (BSD TCP)
 1987: NSFNET merges with other networks
 1988: Deering and Cheriton propose multicast
 1994: NSF backbone dismantled, private backbone
 1999-present: The Internet boom and bust … and boom
 2007: Release of iPhone, rise of Mobile Internet
Internet Applications Over Time
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 1972: Email
 1973: Telnet – remote access to computing
 1982: DNS – “phonebook” of the Internet
 1985: FTP – remote file access
 1989: NFS – remote file systems
 1991: The World Wide Web (WWW) goes public
 1995: SSH – secure remote shell access
 1995-1997: Instant messaging (ICQ, AIM)
 1998: Google
 1999: Napster, birth of P2P
 2001: Bittorrent
 2004: Facebook What is next?
 2005: YouTube
 2007: The iPhone
 A Brief Summary of the
Evolution of the Internet Age of
eCommerce
Mosaic Begins
WWW Created 1995
Internet Created 1993
Named 1989
and
Goes
TCP/IP TCP/IP
Created 1984
ARPANET 1972
1969
Hypertext
Invented
Packet 1965
Switching
First Vast Invented
Computer 1964
Network
Silicon Envisioned
A Chip 1962
Mathematical 1958
Theory of
Memex Communication
Conceived 1948
1945

1945 1995

Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA

The Birth of Routing
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 2000
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 2006
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 2009
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 Internet: Why

a) Load Sharing: Both the program and data are transmitted to a

remote computer to equalize the load between the two facilities.
b) Message Service: A network can be used to handle interpersonal
message transmissions. This type of service can also be used for
educational services and conference activities. However, it is not
an important motivation for a network of scientific computers.
c) Data Sharing: The program is sent to a remote computer where
a large data base exists. This type of operation will be
particularly useful where data files are too large to be duplicated
economically
d) Program Sharing

e) Remote Service
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 Intranet & Extranet
A private TCP/IP internetwork within an organization that uses
Internet technologies such as Web servers and Web browsers for
sharing information and collaborating. Intranets can be used to
o publish company policies and newsletters,
o provide sales and marketing staff with product information,
o provide technical support and tutorials, and
o just about anything else you can think of that fits within the
standard Web server/Web browser environment.
 Intranet Web servers differ from public Web servers in that the public
must have the proper permissions and passwords to access the intranet
of an organization.
 Intranets are designed to permit users who have access privileges to
the internal LAN of the organization.
 Within an intranet, Web servers are installed in the network. Browser
technology is used as the common front end to access information on
servers such as financial, graphical, or text-based data.
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 Intranet & Extranet

 Extranets refer to applications and services that are

Intranet based, and use extended, secure access to
external users or enterprises.

• This access is usually accomplished through

passwords, user IDs, and other application level
security.
• An extranet is the extension of two or more intranet
strategies with a secure interaction between
participant enterprises and their respective intranets.

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Intranet & Extranet

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 E-mail
 Electronic mail (email or e-mail) is a method of exchanging
messages ("mail") between people using electronic devices.
 Ray Tomlinson is credited as the inventor of email; in 1971, he
developed the first system able to send mail between users on
different hosts across the ARPANET, using the @ sign to link the
user name with a destination server. By the mid-1970s, this was the
form recognized as email.
 Email is one of the fundamental internet technologies, a tool used
by nearly every person with an internet connection.
 There are many different email services available that allow you to
create an email account and send and receive email and
attachments, many of which are free.
 An email address always has an @ symbol (pronounced at).
 An example of an email address is [email protected]. au It would
be read aloud as mary at domain dot com dot au. 21
 E-mail: The Pros
• It's fast. Most messages are delivered within minutes – sometimes
seconds – around the world without the inconvenience
• It's personal. While the nature of email is informal, its efficiency is an
excellent substitute for telephone conversations.
• You can think through your response. Like a letter, you can type your
reply and make changes before sending.
• The sender and the receiver don't have to be working at the same time.
• Email avoids problems such as telephone tag or trying to contact
someone in a different time zone.
• Email makes it easy to keep a record of your communication.
• You can reach a lot of people at once. It is possible to send one
message to hundreds of recipients at once, or you can send a private
message to one individual.
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 E-mail: The Cons
• Junk Mail (also known as Spam). This is as annoying in email as it is
with traditional mail. Try not to send unnecessary messages.
• Ads. The reason you can get free email services like Yahoo is because
of advertisements. You pay the price of having to click around them to
read your mail.
• Misinterpretation. Email arrives without tone or hand gestures which
can lead to misunderstandings.
• Email messages can be passed on to others. You should always count
on the possibility of your message ending up in the inbox of someone it
wasn't intended for.
• You can hide behind email. It's tempting to use email instead of
facing a person when you have to deal with an unpleasant situation. It's
best to talk to a person face-to-face under these circumstances.

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 Web Browser
 The electronic pages seen on the Internet are known as web pages.
 Every single web page consists of some information and also a
number of links, which connects us to other related web pages.
 Just like a word processing application is needed to open a word
processor document, an application is needed to view an HTML
document. To view a web page we need special software called web
browser.
 Mosaic was the first web browser developed by National Centre for
Supercomputing Application (NCSA).
 With the increasing use, the need to incorporate additional features
like text formatting, viewing images, playing sound, etc. was felt.
 Some other commonly used browsers are Netscape Navigator,
Mozilla FireFox, Opera, Safari, MSIE (Microsoft Internet Explorer),
etc.
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 Web Browser
 The electronic pages seen on the Internet are known as web pages.
 Every single web page consists of some information and also a
number of links, which connects us to other related web pages.
 Just like a word processing application is needed to open a word
processor document, an application is needed to view an HTML
document. To view a web page we need special software called web
browser.
 Mosaic was the first web browser developed by National Centre for
Supercomputing Application (NCSA).
 With the increasing use, the need to incorporate additional features
like text formatting, viewing images, playing sound, etc. was felt.
 Some other commonly used browsers are Netscape Navigator,
Mozilla FireFox, Opera, Safari, MSIE (Microsoft Internet Explorer),
etc.
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 World Wide Web
 One Internet application that is currently drawing a lot of attention is
the World Wide Web (WWW).

 WWW is a hypermedia based software technology allowing

consolidation of hypertext, graphics, audio, video and multimedia to
provide information on almost each and every topic/ subject/ area.

 WWW was started in 1989 at CERN (European Center for Nuclear

Research).

 The motivation was the need to interact with each other by the group
of researchers at far off places.

 Any website located on the Internet has an address associated with it

indicating the location of the website.
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 Uniform Resource Locator
 URL (UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR) tells us the location of
the web page being displayed and other related information.
 As the postal address is required to reach a letter to a person staying
anywhere on earth, a unique location (address) of a web element
which may be a website or a web page is required in the World Wide
Web to view it in the browser.
 This unique address of
the web elements is
referred to as a URL.
The URL consists of
four basic parts,
namely, server type,
hostname, folder name
and the filename.
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 Internet Protocols
 The Internet Protocol (IP) is a network-layer (Layer 3) protocol that
contains addressing information and some control information that
enables packets to be routed.

 IP is documented in RFC 791 and is the primary network-layer

protocol in the Internet protocol suite. Along with the Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP),

 IP represents the heart of the Internet protocols. IP has two primary

responsibilities: providing connectionless, best-effort delivery of
datagrams through an internetwork;

 and providing fragmentation and reassembly of datagrams to

support data links with different maximum-transmission unit (MTU)
sizes.
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 IP Addressing
 Each host on a TCP/IP network is assigned a unique 32-bit logical
address that is divided into two main parts:

• the network number and

• the host number.

 The network number identifies a network and must be assigned by

the Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) if the network
is to be part of the Internet.

 An Internet Service Provider (ISP) can obtain blocks of network

addresses from the InterNIC and can itself assign address space as
necessary.

 The host number identifies a host on a network and is assigned by

the local network administrator. 29
 IP Address format
 The 32-bit IP address is grouped eight bits at a time, separated by
dots, and represented in decimal format (known as dotted decimal
notation).
 Each bit in the octet has a binary weight (128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1).
The minimum value for an octet is 0, and the maximum value for an
octet is 255.
 Figure 30-3 illustrates the basic format of an IP address.

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 Subnet mask and Gateway
 A gateway is a piece
of networking
hardware used
in telecommunications for
telecommunications
networks that allows data
to flow from one discrete
network to another.
Gateways are distinct
from routers or switches in
that they communicate
using more than one
protocol to connect a

bunch of networks and can operate at any of the seven layers of

the open systems interconnection model (OSI).
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Syllabus Outline

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Thank
You

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