APPLICATION NOTE

OTN Reference Guide

Quick Terminology, Structure, Layers, Errors & Alarms Definitions

Dec 2021 | Rev. B01

P/N: D08-00-026

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OTN Reference Guide Application Note

Optical Transport Networks (OTN) Reference Guide

Quick Terminology, Structure, Layers, Errors & Alarms Definitions

Certain users may not be very familiar with OTN, since the transition to DWDM and OTN may have happened in the
background. The end result may look totally transparent to them as they may still be dealing with the same
traditional interfaces, in access and aggregation points, while all the OTN “magic” happens in the backbone (core).

This abbreviated OTN guide is based on VeEX’s “OTN – Optical Transport Network” wall poster and it is intended to
be used as a quick reference.

Basic OTN Definitions

• OTN = Optical Transport Networks (a.k.a. “digital wrapper technology” or “optical channel wrapper”).
• Defined by ITU-T Recommendation G.709 and applicable worldwide.
• Usually associated with FEC (Forward Error Correction) and sometimes referred as GFEC (Generic FEC).
• OTN is a Core Technology defined to provide end-to-end “pipes” to efficiently transport common
access/transport client technologies, data rates and manage DWDM layers.
• The OTUk (k = 0 to 4) nomenclature is used to identify physical interfaces (ports).
• The ODUk (k = 1 to 4) nomenclature is commonly used to identify the corresponding logical container or channel
used to transport a payload.
• Line Side refers to the transport/core side of the network. These are usually interfaces ≥40 Gbit/s using complex
optical modulation schemes to transmit 40 or 100 Gbit/s in a single wavelength to be carried by the DWDM
network. Line Side interfaces are seldom accessible for testing as they may be built into the DWDM multiplexer.
Access to the DWDM layer may also be restricted as any mistake could impact thousands of customers.
• Client Side refers to the aggregation or access points. They are usually single wavelength NRZ (serial) optical
interfaces for rates ≤ 10.7 Gbit/s and single-fiber multi-wavelength for ≥40 Gbit/s (4x10G, 10x10G, 4x28G). An
OTL layer (Optical channel Transport Lane) is added to manage the multiple wavelengths.
• Payloads (Clients) are still the traditional SONET/SDH, Ethernet, Fibre Channel, etc.

Besides being used as an end-to-end long reach transport technology, for its error-correction performance, OTN
provides direct support for optical networks using DWDM at the Core
• Adds OAM capabilities to manage DWDM networks.
• Adds FEC to each frame to improve OSNR requirements by 4 to 6 dB, resulting in longer spans and fewer
regeneration requirements.

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OTN Reference Guide Application Note

Basic OTN Frame Structure

40G and 100G OTLk.n Sub-layer (Client Side) and Common Interface Types

OTL3.4 and OTL4.4 (n=4 lanes) OTL4.10 (n=10 lanes)

Rate Optical Interface OTL Optical Wavelengths Reach Supports (typical)

40GBase-SR4 OTL3.4 4 x 10.7G 4 λ (850 nm) 100, 300 m OTU3, 40GE
40GBase-LR4 OTL3.4 4 x 10.7G 4 λ (1310 nm) 10 km OTU3, 40GE
OTU3
STL256.4 STM-256, OC-768
(43G)
40GBase-FR OTL3.4 1 x 43G 1 λ (1550 nm) 2 km OTU3, 40GE
STL256.4 VSR2000-3R2 STM-256, OC-768
100GBase-SR10 OTL4.10 10 x 11G 10 λ (850 nm) 100 m OTU4, 100GE
LR10 (10X10 MSA) 10 x 10G 10 λ (1550 nm) 10 km OTU4, 100GE
OTU4
100GBase-LR4 OTL4.4 4 x 28G 4 λ (1310 nm) 10 km OTU4, 100GE
(111G)
100GBase-ER4 OTL4.4 4 x 28G 4 λ (1310 nm) 40 km OTU4, 100GE
100GBase-EX4 OTL4.4 4 x 28G 4 λ (1550nm) 40 km OTU4, 100GE

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OTN Reference Guide Application Note

Lanes and Skew

In OTU4 and 100GE implementations, the transmit data stream is split into 10 electrical lanes and 20 logical lanes,
which are scrambled to ensure sufficient transition density (pulses) for clock recovery. The OTL/PCS layer is
responsible for inserting Lane Alignment Markers into each of the logical lanes in the transmit direction, so the
original 100G data stream can be reconstructed at the far end. The receiver’s OTL/PCS layer is responsible of
detecting the lane alignment markers and aligning recovered data in the receive direction. The alignment process
ensures properly formatted data. Skew accumulation occurs downstream from the OTL/PCS and it is the
responsibility of the receiver’s OTL/PCS layer to remove skew and re-align the receive data.

Fixed Skew: Fixed or static skew represents the constant difference in arrival time for two signals generated from
the same source. It is generated by physical lane-to-lane differences in the time a signal reaches a destination
relative to the data on any other lane. This usually related to implementation factors, such as differences in
electrical trace lengths (0.5 UI/cm), fiber optics dispersion and lane-dependent clock recovery circuits (CDR).

Dynamic (Variable) Skew: Lane-to-lane skew can change, or wander, over time due to many physical and
environmental factors, including uneven temperature, data rate and supply voltage fluctuations.

Standard OTN Interfaces, Rates and Payloads

OTUk Bit Rate (Gbit/s) OPUk Payload Payload Rate (Gbit/s) Client Types
OTUCn1 N x 115.2 OPUCn/FlexO N x 105.258138 100G, 200G, 400GE,… (M x 5G clients)
OTU4 111.809973 OPU4 104.355975 100GE
OTU502 53.125827 OPU50 49.7664 50GE (lower FEC overhead, shot reach)
OTU3e2 44.583356 OPU3e2 41.611131 4 x ODU2e (4x 10GE)
OTU3 43.018414 OPU3 40.150519 40GE (TTT), Packets (GFP-F), STM-256/STS-
768
OTU252 27.252493 OPU25 24.8832 25GE (lower FEC overhead, short reach)
OTU2e 11.095730 OPU2e 10.356012 10GE LAN, 10GFC (TTT)
OTU2 10.709255 OPU2 9.995277 10GE WAN, 10GE LAN (GFP-F), STM-
64/STS-192
OTU1 2.666057 OPU1 2.488320 STM-16/STS-48, Packets (GFP-F), 2GFC
3
OTU0LL 1.327451 OPU0 1.238954 1GE (GFP-T), 1GFC, STM-1/STS-3, STM-
4/STS-12
OPUflex (CBR) Client dependent 4GFC, 8GFC, CPRI, OBSAI
OPUflex (GFP-F) Client dependent Packet streams (Ethernet, MPLS, IP)

ODU0 – More Efficient Transport of 1GE and SDH/SONET Payloads

ODU0 is the smallest container defined for OTN. Originally OTN channels started in increments of 2.5G, then in
2009 ODU0 was added to offer a better fit to transport Gigabit Ethernet and lower rate payloads.
• 1.25G container size (1.244160 Gbit/s ± 20ppm).
• Increases bandwidth efficiency and sized to fit the original OTN hierarchy.
• 2x 1.25G ODU0 tributaries fit into an ODU1, 8 into ODU2, 32 into ODU3, 80 into ODU4.
• An ODU0 can carry 1000Base-X (1GbE), OC3/STM-1, OC12/STM-4, 1G FC.

A newer OTU0LL1 edge physical interface has been defined for ODU0 but not yet adopted by the industry.

1
Later added to ITU-T G.709. FlexO defined by G.709.3
2
Defined by G.709.4: OTU25 and OTU50 short-reach interfaces
3
Originally ODU0 did not have a related physical interface. The OTU0LL (Low Latency) Edge Interface was later introduced in
G.709 Amendment 2, Annex G (Oct. 2013). Not commonly used.

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OTN Reference Guide Application Note

ODUflex – Brings Flexibility to the Otherwise Rigid OTN Structures

The ODUflex container was also added at the end of 2009 to accommodate other traditional clients (rates), using a
more flexible Nx1.25G to provide a tighter fit for other data rates (e.g. 4G and 8G Fibre Channel) and make more
efficient use of the available bandwidth. It avoids differential delay problems by constraining the entire ODUflex to
be carried over the same higher order ODUk(H). There are two types of ODUflex:
Circuit ODUflex
• Supports any possible client bit rate as a service in circuit-based transport networks.
• CBR clients use a bit-sync mapping into ODUflex (239/238x the client rate).
Packet ODUflex
• Creates variable size packet trunk to transport packet flows using Layer 1 switching.
• Uses GFP-F to map packet data.

FlexO – Added Flexibility to OTN, Beyond 100G

Flexible OTN borrows concepts from Flexible Ethernet (FlexE) to create a client interface for OTUCn, over n bonded
100GE modules, using RS(544,514) FEC. It provides an interoperable interface for OTUCn transport signals. FlexO
Group interfaces provide modularity by bonding standard-rate interfaces. It also provides frame, alignment,
deskew, group management, management communication channel, and other functions that are not associated
with the OTUCn transport signal.

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OTN Reference Guide Application Note

OTN Mapping and Multiplexing Structures (Direct, Single and multi-stage Map/Mux)

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OTN Reference Guide Application Note

OTN Overhead (OTU, ODU and OPU Overhead Bytes)

Payload Types (PT=XX)

The payload type indicator, Payload Identifier or PT, is carried by the first byte of the PSI field (col 15, row 4) in the
OTN overhead. As its name suggests, it indicates what kind of client is being carried in the payload.
01 Experimental mapping 13 IB DDR mapping into OPUflex
02 Asynchronous CBR mapping 14 IB QDR mapping into OPUflex
03 Bit-synchronous CBR mapping 15 SDI mapping into OPU0
04 ATM mapping 16 (1.485/1.001) Gbps SDI mapping into OPU1
05 GFP mapping 17 1.485 Gbps SDI mapping into OPU1
06 Virtual concatenated signal 18 (2.970/1.001) Gbps SDI mapping into OPUflex
07 PCS code-word transparent Ethernet mappings: 19 2.970 Gbps SDI mapping into OPUflex
1000BASE-X to OPU0, 40GBASE-R to OPU3, 1A SBCON/ESCON mapping into OPU0
100GBASE-R to OPU4 1B DVB_ASI mapping into OPU0
08 FC-1200 into OPU2e mapping (10G Fibre Channel) 1C FC-1600 mapping into OPUflex (16G Fibre Channel)
09 GFP mapping into extended OPU2 payload 20 ODU multiplex structure supporting ODTUjk only
0A STM-1 mapping into OPU0 (AMP only)
0B STM-4 mapping into OPU0 21 ODU multiplex structure supporting [Link] and
0C FC-100 mapping into OPU0 (1G Fibre Channel) ODTUjk (GMP capable)
0D FC-200 mapping into OPU1 (2G Fibre Channel) 55-66 Not available
0E FC-400 mapping into OPUflex (4G Fibre Channel) 80-8F Reserved for proprietary use
0F FC-800 mapping into OPUflex (8G Fibre Channel) FD NULL test signal mapping
10 Bit stream with octet timing mapping FE PRBS test signal mapping
11 Bit stream without octet timing mapping FF Not available
12 IB SDR mapping into OPUflex

This field also carries the Multiplexer Structure Identifier (MSI) which indicates the ODUk tributary slots (T/S) used
to build each individual port or channel.

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OTN Reference Guide Application Note

TCM - Tandem Connection Monitoring

TCMi (i = 1 to 6) is used to monitor the status of the different segments that make an end-to-end path, allowing
operators to monitor and pinpoint problematic segments during monitoring or troubleshooting. It becomes very
useful when multiple carriers or service providers are involved in the delivery of a service.

OTN Alarms & Errors (based on ITU-T G.798 definitions)

OTN defects and anomalies can be categorized as:
• Local: Detected and declared by the network element at its receiver side.
• Upstream: Indication sent back to notify the source about a problem detected on its transmission.
• Downstream: Indication sent forward to notify the sink about a problem or condition found in that direction.

Physical Layer
Physical Description Notes
LOS Loss of signal Local

OTL - Optical channel Transport Lane

OTL Description Notes
LLM Logical Lane Marker Error Local
Errors

FAS Logical Lane Frame Alignment Error Local

MFAS LL Multi-Frame Alignment Error Local
LOL Loss of logical Lane alignment Local
• Two or more logical lanes with the same marker
• Consecutive LLM errors for ≥ 5 frames
OOL Out of logical Lane alignment Local
OOF LL Out of Frame (FAS error for ≥ 5 frames) Local
Alarms

LOF LL Loss of Frame (consecutive OOF for ≥ 3ms) Local

OOR Out of Recovery (wrong LLM value for ≥ 5 cycles) Local
LOR Loss of Recovery (consecutive OOR for ≥ 3ms) Local
OOLLM Out of Logical Lane Marker (LLM errors for ≥ 5 frames) Local
OOMFAS Out of LL MFAS (MFAS errors for ≥ 5 frames) Local
High Skew Skew for any of the lanes is greater than a threshold (limit) User defined
value set for the application

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OTN Reference Guide Application Note

OTU – Optical Transport Unit

OTU Description Notes
FAS Frame Alignment Signal Error (mismatch) Local
• One or more framing bits in error
MFAS Multi-Frame Alignment Signal error (mismatch) Local
• MFAS indicator (0 to 255) is in error (out of sequence)
SM-TIM Trail Trace Identifier Mismatch Local
• Received and expected TTI are different
SM-BIP-8 Bit Interleaved Parity - level 8 code error (mismatch) Local
• Received and calculated BIP are different
Errors

SM-BEI Backward Error Indication (BEI/BIAE bits) Upstream

• 0 .. 8 Number of BIP-8 violations detected
• 9 .. A No BIP-8 error detected
• B Refer to BIAE
• C .. F No BIP-8 error detected
SM-BIAE Backward Incoming Alignment Error (BEI/BIAE bits) Upstream
• B (1011) ≥ 3 consecutive frames
cFEC Corrected FEC errors (don’t affect ODUk) Local
uFEC Uncorrectable FEC errors (ODUk is affected) Local
OOF Out of Frame Local
• FAS errors ≥ 5 consecutive frames
LOF Loss of Frame Local
• OOF condition for ≥ 3 ms
OOM Out of Multiframe Local
• MFAS errors for ≥ 5 consecutive frames
LOM Loss of Multiframe Local
• OOM condition for ≥ 3 ms
Alarms

SM-BDI Backward Defect Indication Upstream

• Defect Set to 1 for ≥ 5 consecutive frames
• Normal Set to 0 for ≥ 5 consecutive frames
SM-IAE Incoming (Frame) Alignment Error Downstream
• Defect Set to 1 for ≥ 5 consecutive frames
• Normal Set to 0 for ≥ 5 consecutive frames
OTU-AIS Alarm Indication Signal Downstream
• Repetitive PN-11 sequence (211-1) completely filling OTUk
frames

ODU-PM – Path Monitoring

ODU-PM Description Notes
PM-BIP-8 Bit Interleaved Parity - level 8 code error (mismatch) Local
• Received and calculated BIP are different
PM-TIM Trail Trace Identifier Mismatch Local
Errors

• Received and expected TTI are different

PM-BEI Backward Error Indication (BEI/BIAE bits) Upstream
• 0 .. 8 Number of BIP-8 violations detected
• 9 .. F No BIP-8 error detected

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OTN Reference Guide Application Note

PM-BDI Backward Defect Indication Upstream

• Defect Set to 1 for ≥ 5 consecutive frames
• Normal Set to 0 for ≥ 5 consecutive frames
ODU-LCK Locked Downstream
• Defect STAT = 101 for ≥ 3 consecutive frames + all PM bytes (except FTFL) and
Alarms

• Normal STAT = 001 payload filled with 0101 0101

ODU-OCI Open Connection Indication Downstream
• Defect STAT = 110 for ≥ 3 consecutive frames + all PM bytes (except FTFL) and
• Normal STAT = 001 payload filled with 0110 0110
ODU-AIS Alarm Indication Signal Downstream
• Defect STAT = 111 for ≥ 3 consecutive frames + all PM bytes (except FTFL) and
• Normal STAT = 001 payload filled with 1111 1111

ODU TCMi – Tandem Connection Monitoring

ODU-TCMi Description Notes
TCM-BIP-8 Bit Interleaved Parity - level 8 code error (mismatch) Local
• Received and calculated BIP are different
TCM-TIM Trail Trace Identifier Mismatch Local
• Received and expected TTI are different
Errors

TCM-BEI Backward Error Indication (BEI/BIAE bits) Upstream

• 0 .. 8 Number of BIP-8 violations detected
• 9 .. A No BIP-8 error detected
• B Refer to BIAE
• C .. F No BIP-8 error detected
TCM-BDI Backward Defect Indication Upstream
• Defect Set to 1 for ≥ 5 consecutive frames
• Normal Set to 0 for ≥ 5 consecutive frames
TCM-LCK Locked Downstream
• Defect STAT = 101 for ≥ 3 consecutive frames
• Clear STAT ≠ 101
TCM-LTC Loss of Tandem Connection Downstream
• Defect STAT = 000 for ≥ 3 consecutive frames
• Clear STAT = 001
Alarms

TCM-OCI Open Connection Indication Downstream

• Defect STAT = 110 for ≥ 3 consecutive frames
• Clear STAT ≠ 110
TCM-BIAE Backward Incoming Alignment Error (BEI/BIAE bits) Upstream
• B (1011) ≥ 3 consecutive frames
TCM-IAE Incoming Alignment Error Downstream
• Defect STAT = 010 for ≥ 3 consecutive frames
• Clear STAT ≠ 010
TCM-AIS Alarm Indication Signal Downstream
• Defect STAT = 111 for ≥ 3 consecutive frames
• Clear STAT ≠ 111

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OTN Reference Guide Application Note

FTFL – ODU Fault Type and Fault Location Reporting

FTFL is a 256-byte string aligned to the multi-frame sequence
FTFL Description Notes
Byte 0 Forward Fault Type Identification Downstream
• 00 No fault
• 01 Signal fail
• 02 Signal degrade
• 03 .. FF Reserved
Bytes 1..9 Operator identifier field (forward) Downstream
ODU-FTFL

Bytes 10..127 Operator-specific field (forward) Downstream

Byte 128 Backward Fault Type Identification Upstream
• 00 No fault
• 01 Signal fail
• 02 Signal degrade
• 03 .. FF Reserved
Bytes 129..137 Operator identifier field (backward) Upstream
Bytes 138..255 Operator-specific field (backward) Upstream

OPU – Optical Payload Unit

OPU Description Notes
PLM Payload Label Mismatch Local
• Expected and received Payload Type (first byte of the PSI
sequence) are different
Errors

OMFI OPU Multi-Frame Identifier Error OTU4 ODTU.M only

LO-OMFI Loss of OMFI Local
OO-OMFI Out of OMFI Local

GMP – Generic Mapping Procedure

GMP Description Notes
LO-Sync Loss of Synchronization Local
Errors

Cm=0 No payload Local

CRC-5 CRC-5 Error Local
CRC-8 CRC-8 Error Local

PRBS - Test Pattern in Payload

BERT Description Notes
Errors

Bit (TSE) Bit Error (Test Sequence Error) Local

LSS Loss of test Sequence Synchronization (pattern loss) Local

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OTN Reference Guide Application Note

OTN Glossary
3R Re-amplification, Reshaping and Retiming [Link] Optical channel Data Tributary Unit, with tributary
ACT TC Activation/deactivation control channel slots
AM Alignment Marker ODUk Optical channel Data Unit, level k (k = 1 to 4)
AMP Asynchronous Mapping Procedure ODUk(H) Higher order ODUk (Multiplexed clients)
APS Automatic Protection Switching ODUk(L) Lower order ODUk (Direct client mapping)
B100G Beyond 100G OH Overhead
BDI Backward Defect (Alarm) Indication OMFI OPU Multi-Frame Identifier (GMP) OTU4
BEI Backward Error Indication OMS Optical Multiplex Section
BER Bit Error Rate OPS Optical Physical Section
BERT Bit Error Rate Test OPSM Optical Physical Section Multi-lane
BIAE Backward Incoming Alignment Error OPU Optical channel Payload Unit
BIP-8 Bit Interleave Parity - level 8 (8 bit) OSC Optical Supervisory Channel
BMP Bit-synchronous Mapping Procedure OSMC OTN Synchronization Message Channel (carries an
CAUI 100G Attachment Unit Interface (100 = C in roman adaptation of 1588v2/PTP protocol)
numerals) OSU Optical Service Unit, path layer network for sub 1
CBR Constant Bit Rate Gbit/s clients over ODUflex
CFP C Form-factor Pluggable interface module (C = OTLk.n Optical channel Transport Lane
100G). Available in CFP, CFP2 and CFP4 sizes OTLCx Optical channel Transport Lane Carrier (x = optical
CMx Common Marker #x lane)
CPx Common Pad #x OTM Optical Transport Module
CPRI Common Public Radio Interface (cellular) OTN Optical Transport Network ("Digital Wrapper")
CWM Code Word Marker OTS Optical Transmission Section
DAPI Destination Service Point Identifier OTSi Optical Tributary Signal
DMp Delay Measurement - Path level OTUCn n instances of 100G (OTUC) logically interleaved
DMti Delay Measurement - TCM level i OTUk Optical channel Transport Unit, level k (1 to 4)
EXP Experimental OWD One-Way Delay (one-way latency)
EFEC Enhanced FEC PCC Protection Communication Channel (APS)
FC Fibre Channel PCS Physical Coding Sub-layer
FEC Forward Error Correction PM Path Monitoring (ODUk)
FlexE Flexible Ethernet PRBS Pseudo Random Bit Sequence (test pattern)
FlexGrid Flexible DWDM channel (ITU-T G.694.1) PSI Payload Structure Identifier (OPU)
FlexO Flexible OTN (G.709.1. G.709.2, G.709.3) PT Payload Type
FOIC FlexO Interface PT=20 2.5G ODU multiplex structure (old) ODTUjk
FTFL Fault Type / Fault Location PT=21 1.25G multiplexing (new) ODTUjk & [Link]
GCC General Communication Channels (GCC0, GCC1, PTP Precision Time Protocol
GCC2) QSFP Quad SFP transceiver
GE Gigabit Ethernet QSFP+ Enhanced QSFP transceiver (up to 4x10 Gbit/s)
GFEC Generic FEC QSFP28 Enhanced QSFP transceiver (up to 4x28 Gbit/s)
GFP Generic Framing Procedure RS Reed Solomon (FEC)
GFP-F GFP Framed RTD Round Trip Delay
GFP-T GFP Transparent (transcoding) RES Reserved for future standardization
GMP Generic Mapping Procedure SAPI Source Access Point Identifier
HO Higher Order (H) SDT Service Disruption Time
IaDI Intra-Domain Interface (within operator's domain) SFP Small Form-factor Pluggable transceiver
IrDI Inter-Domain Interface (between operators) with 3R SFP+ Enhanced SFP transceiver (up to 16 Gbit/s)
processing SFP28 Enhanced SFP transceiver (25 Gbit/s)
JC OPU Justification Control (3 bytes for AMP and 6 for SM Section Monitoring (OTUk)
GMP) STAT Status bits
LO Lower Order (L) TC Tandem Connection
LSS Loss of test Sequence Sync (pattern loss) TCMi Tandem Connection Monitoring (i = 1 to 6)
MF Multi-Frame TS, T/S Tributary Slot
MFAS Multi-Frame Alignment Signal TSE Test Sequence Error (pattern error, bit error)
MSI Multiplexer Structure Identifier (OPU) TTI Trail Trace Identifier
NJO OPU Negative Justification Opportunity (AMP) TTT Timing Transparent Transcoding (compressed)
NNI Network to Network Interface UNI User to Network Interface
OBSAI Open Base Station Architecture Initiative (cellular) WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing
OCC/OCCr Optical Channel Carrier (r = reduced functionality) xFP x Form-factor Pluggable transceiver module (e.g.,
OCh/OChr Optical Channel (r = reduced functionality) X=10G, C=100G, QS=Quad, etc.)
ODTUG Optical channel Data Tributary Unit Group XLAUI 40G Attachment Unit Interface (40 = XL in roman
ODTUjk Optical channel Data Tributary Unit, j into k numerals)

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OTN Reference Guide Application Note

Notes
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About VeEX Inc.

Founded in 2006 by test and measurement industry veterans and strategically headquartered in the heart of Silicon Valley,
VeEX Inc. provides innovative Test and Measurement solutions for next generation networks, services and communication
equipment.

With a blend of advanced technologies and vast technical expertise, VeEX’s products diligently address all stages of network
design, verification, deployment, maintenance, field service turn-up, troubleshooting and integrate legacy and modern service
verification features across DSL, Fiber Optics, WDM, CATV/DOCSIS, Mobile backhaul and fronthaul/DAS (CPRI/OBSAI), next
generation Core & Transport Network, Fibre Channel SAN, Carrier & Metro Ethernet technologies and Synchronization.

The VeEX team brings simplicity to verifying tomorrow’s networks.

© 2015-2018 VeEX Inc. All rights reserved.

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