PSY 305 – Cognitive Psychology Primacy Effect - by Ebbinghaus; explains why

some people only remember the first part of

Chapter 5:
information
Recency Effect - remembering only the last or most
Memory: Models and recent part of information

Research Methods Serial Effect - only remembers the middle part of

information

Memory – a means by which we retain or draw on past Relearning - used in recognition; the number of
experiences to use that info in the present; the ability to trials it takes to learn an information again
store, use, retain and retrieve information

RECEPTIVE AND EXPRESSIVE

Common Operations of Memory: KNOWLEDGE
• Encoding – register the sensory data as a mental
Receptive – response to stimuli, how you take in
representation; acquiring info
information; used in recognition memory tasks
▪ personal significance affects encoding
• Storage – keep encoded info in your memory;
Expressive – responsive to recognition of memory;
maintaining info
able to express what you recognize; used in recall
• Retrieval – bring to consciousness what you have memory tasks
learned or stored; recalling information

TASKS USED FOR MEASURING MEMORY IMPLICIT VS EXPLICIT MEMORY TASKS

Different devices that require participants or Explicit Memory – more conscious recollection;
people to remember info. ex: string of letters, numbers, recall or recognition; hippocampus; long term
visual images, sentences storage; like declarative memory
Recall vs Recognition Tasks • Semantic Memory – long term storage of
facts and concepts
RECALL RECOGNITION • Episodic Memory – long-term storage of
▪ produce a fact, word or ▪ select or identify an
experiences
item from memory; item as being one you
active process of the have been exposed to
brain; previously; Implicit Memory – non-declarative; unconscious
▪ retrieving what you’ve ▪ usually better than recollection; use info but unaware that they’re doing so;
learned recall
hippocampus not required
▪ ex: fill in the blanks, ▪ ex: true or false,
objective essay, multiplication • Procedural Memory – storage of processes
identification
Two Tasks involved in Implicit Memory:

TYPES OF RECALL 1. Priming Task – helps fill in missing

information; works in situation you’re
1. Serial recall - recall objects in exact order unaware of
2. Free recall - repeats the items in a list in any 2. Task involving Procedural Knowledge
order
3. Cued recall - recall an item of a pair
 ▪ Iconic/Visual = lasts for 1/3 of a second
▪ Echoic/ Auditory = lasts for about 3 to 10
Process-Dissociation Model – postulates that only one
seconds
task is needed to measure both implicit and explicit
▪ Haptic/Tactile = lasts 1 to 2 seconds
memory
Sperling’s discovery – how much info we can encode in
a single, brief glance of stimuli
• Implicit-Word Completion - based on the
priming effect; 2. Short-Term Memory – has limited capacity; 7 + or
• Mirror Tracing Task – tracing the outline of a - 2; only stores 5-9 items; only lasts for 10 to 20
drawing; used for procedural memory seconds; info becomes available due to:
▪ Response output - retrieval strategies you
INTELLIGENCE AND IMPORTANCE OF have; rehearsal - repeating item or process to
CULTURE TESTING store info to long-term memory
▪ Maintenance - ineffective; maintains info but
Culture Relevant Tests are: not prolong info
• very relevant in psychology
▪ Chunking -
• measures the skills and knowledge relating to
▪ Elaborative Rehearsal - more effective; make
meaningful connections with what we already
the cultural experiences of the test-taker
know; link new info to old info
• culture-free - any culture can answer
• culture-fair - in line with the culture that you
3. Long-Term Memory - virtually unlimited capacity
have
and duration
• culture-relevant are remembered more
• sometimes tests are not designed to minimize Environmental inputs will be registered through our
the effects of cultural differences senses: visual, auditory or haptic.
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s idea shows how these inputs can
be transferred to our short-term or long-term memory.
MODELS OF MEMORY
▪ Rehearsal – important for a signal to be stored in
the long-term memory
Atkinson’s and Shiffrin’s Memory Model – aka
multiple store model; postulates that memory has three
different storages: sensory memory, short-term memory Level of Processing Model - postulates does not
and long-term memory. comprise three or any number of storages; continuous
dimension in terms of depth of encoding; emphasis:
processing - key to storage

3 DISTINCT LEVELS
1. Sensory – has unlimited capacity; depends on our
sensory register; duration: 0.3 to 0.10 seconds; also Physical – shallowest; least effective; visual; structure-
depends on attention processing; questionable at times
Duration of Different Senses:
 ▪ Surface level = less remembered MEASURING WORKING MEMORY
Phonological - auditory; higher level of processing; Multiple Memory Systems – working memory; notion
sound combinations that multiple systems may be involved in storage and
retrieval
Semantic – meaning of the word; deepest level; most
effective; links new information to old information Explicit Memory Systems - by Endel Tulving; suggested
the distinction between two types of explicit memory,
Some information can be easily remembered compared episodic and semantic memory
to others. The deeper the level of processing = the higher
the level of recall is achieved. SEMANTIC EPISODIC
▪ factual and conceptual ▪ memories from our life
knowledge we have events and experiences
about the world
An Integrative Model of Working Memory – a model ▪ ex: knowing that ▪ ex: recalling what
of memory that postulates the existence of a working football is a sport happened during the
memory and illustrates its processes. last football game

A CONNECTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
Working Memory – holds the most recently activated
info; conscious portion of the long-term memory • key to knowledge representation lies in the
connections among various nodes or elements stored
PARTS OF THE WORKING MEMORY in memory
• Central Executive – controls 2/3rds of the • activation of one node may prompt activation of a
components; monitors Visuospatial Sketchpad, connected node
Phonological Loop; filters information; irrelevant • node = prime
info = ignored; prioritize info; retrieves info from • Prime – node that activates a connected node;
long-term • Priming Effect – resulting activation of the node;
• Visuospatial Sketchpad – stores memory essential for remembering
specialized in visual info; both spatial and visual • process of spreading activation may prompt the
information activation of additional nodes
• Phonological Loop - stores memory specialized in
Parallel-Distribution Processing – activation spreads
auditory info; 2 components:
through the nodes within a network; fits nicely with
▪ Phonological Storage – holds auditory info for
working memory; spreading continues as long as
few seconds
activation does not exceed the limits of working memory
▪ Subvocal Rehearsal – repeats info in the brain;
more repetitions = more likely to be stored in
memory
• Episodic Buffer – important in storing info to long- Reconstructive Memory – a theory of memory recall;
term memory; brings info from long term to working process of remembering conceived as involving the
memory; creates multimodal experience recreation of an experience of event only partially stored
in memory

False Memory – recollection that seems real but is

fabricated in part or in whole
Exceptional Memory – either enhanced or deficit
memory; outliers
Mnemonist – extraordinary or keen memory based on
techniues or memory enhancement
Alexander Luria - studied “S” called memory man who
had the ability to recall everything
 DEFICIT MEMORY

Amnesia – the loss of memories, including facts,

information and experiences.

Anterograde Amnesia – inability to transfer short-term

to long-term memory; can make new information
Retrograde Amnesia – inability to retrieve info acquired
before the event; can’t recall old information