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1. CDMA allows multiple transmitters to send signals simultaneously over a single channel by using unique codes. Each transmitter's signal is multiplied by its unique spreading code. 2. At the receiver, the desired signal can be selected by correlating the received signal with the transmitter's code. 3. Orthogonal codes are used to distinguish different transmitters' signals, where the inner product of any two distinct codes is zero. This allows near-perfect separation of signals from different transmitters.

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Untitled Document

1. CDMA allows multiple transmitters to send signals simultaneously over a single channel by using unique codes. Each transmitter's signal is multiplied by its unique spreading code. 2. At the receiver, the desired signal can be selected by correlating the received signal with the transmitter's code. 3. Orthogonal codes are used to distinguish different transmitters' signals, where the inner product of any two distinct codes is zero. This allows near-perfect separation of signals from different transmitters.

Uploaded by

jnilesh21it
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment No: 4

Aim : To implement a basic function of Code Division Multiple Access


(CDMA) to test the orthogonality and autocorrelation of a code to be used
for CDMA operation. Write an application based on the above concept.

Theory:
CDMA is a channelization protocol for Multiple Access, where information
can be sent
simultaneously through several transmitters over a single communication
channel.
It is achieved in below steps:
●A signal is generated which extends over a wide bandwidth.
●The code which performs this action is called spreading code.
●Later on, a specific signal can be selected with a given code even in the
presence of
many other signals.
●It is mainly used in mobile networks like 2G and 3G.

How does CDMA work?


To see how CDMA works, we have to understand orthogonal sequences
(also known as chips).
Let N be the number of stations establishing multiple access over a
common channel.
Then the properties of orthogonal sequences can be stated as follows:
1.An orthogonal sequence can be thought of as a 1xN matrix.
Eg: [+1 -1 +1 -1] for N = 4.
2.Scalar multiplication and matrix addition rules follow as usual.

Eg: 3.[+1 -1 +1 -1] = [+3 -3 +3 -3]


Eg: [+1 -1 +1 -1] + [-1 -1 -1 -1] = [0 -2 0 -2]
3. Inner Product: It is evaluated by multiplying two sequences element by
element
and then adding all elements of the resulting list.
○ Inner Product of a sequence with itself is equal to
N [+1 -1 +1 -1].[+1 -1 +1 -1] = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4
○ Inner Product of two distinct sequences is
zero [+1 -1 +1 -1].[+1 +1 +1 +1] = 1-1+1-1 =
0
○To generate valid orthogonal sequences, use a Walsh Table as follows:
○Rule 1:

○Rule 2:

Where Complement of (Replace +1 by -1 and -1 by +1)


Example:

● Each row of the matrix represents an orthogonal sequence.Hence we


can construct

sequences for N = 2M. Now let’s take a look at how CDMA works by using
orthogonal sequences.

Procedure:
1. The station encodes its data bit as follows.

○+1 if bit = 1
○-1 if bit = 0
○no signal(interpreted as 0) if station is idle

2. Each station is assigned a unique orthogonal sequence (code) which is


N bit long for N
stations
3. Each station does a scalar multiplication of its encoded data bit and code
sequence.
4. The resulting sequence is then placed on the channel.
5. Since the channel is common, amplitudes add up and hence the
resultant
channel sequence is the sum of sequences from all channels.
6. If station 1 wants to listen to station 2, it multiplies (inner product) the
channel
sequence with code of station S2.
7. The inner product is then divided by N to get data bits transmitted from
station 2.
1.3.2 :Example: Assume 4 stations S1, S2, S3, S4. We’ll use a 4×4 Walsh
Table to assign
codes to them.

C1 = [+1 +1 +1 +1]
C2 = [+1 -1 +1 -1]
C3 = [+1 +1 -1 -1]
C4 = [+1 -1 -1 +1]

Let their data bits currently be:


D1 = -1
D2 = -1
D3 = 0 (Silent)
D4 = +1
Resultant channel sequence = C1.D1 + C2.D2 + C3.D3 + C4.D4
= [-1 -1 -1 -1] + [-1 +1 -1 +1] + [0 0 0 0]+[+1 -1 -1 +1]
= [-1 -1 -3 +1]
Now suppose station 1 wants to listen to station 2.
Inner Product = [-1 -1 -3 +1] x C2
= -1 + 1 - 3 - 1 = -4
Data bit that was sent = -4/4 = -1.

Code:

Output:
Conclusion: The CDMA will allow many signals to be transmitted at the
same channel at the
same time.

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