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PART 1 Solved Problems Cooling Tower

1) The document provides two solved problems involving cooling tower calculations. The first problem involves cooling water from 40°C to 3°C and calculates the air flow and make-up water required. The second problem cools water from 41°C to 28°C. 2) For the first problem, the calculations show that 895.7 kg/min of air is needed and 3.85 kg/s of make-up water is required to compensate for evaporation losses. 3) For the second problem, the air flow is calculated to be 100.95 kg/s and the make-up water required is 4.41 kg/s.

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PETER PEN
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240 views

PART 1 Solved Problems Cooling Tower

1) The document provides two solved problems involving cooling tower calculations. The first problem involves cooling water from 40°C to 3°C and calculates the air flow and make-up water required. The second problem cools water from 41°C to 28°C. 2) For the first problem, the calculations show that 895.7 kg/min of air is needed and 3.85 kg/s of make-up water is required to compensate for evaporation losses. 3) For the second problem, the air flow is calculated to be 100.95 kg/s and the make-up water required is 4.41 kg/s.

Uploaded by

PETER PEN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PART 1 SOLVED PROBLEMS IN COOLING TOWER

Prob.1.
Condenser cooling water is supplied to the forced-draft cooling tower at 40°C and is
cooled to 3°C of approach temperature while falling through the tower. The air enters the
tower at 35°C DB and 28°C WB and leaves at 38°C DB and 60% RH. For 5,000 kg/min
of condenser cooling water, find:
a) the quantity of air required by the tower in kg/min;
b) the amount of make-up water required to compensate the water loss due to
evaporation.

SOLUTION:
Heat absorbed by air, QA = heat rejected by the hot water, QR
𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑃 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 )

𝑄𝑅 = 𝑚𝑐𝑤 𝐶𝑝 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 )


𝑘𝑔 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝐽
= 5000 𝑥 𝑥 4.187 (40 − 3)𝐾 = 12,709.92 𝑘𝑊
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
For h1:
@ pt 1 Psat, wb = Psat at 28OC WB take from saturated water steam table for
better accuracy
From steam table and using interpolation,
Psat wb = 3.816 kPa

Solve for Pwv = partial pressure of the water vapor

(𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑏 )(𝑡𝐷𝐵 − 𝑡𝑊𝐵 )


𝑃𝑊𝑉 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑏 −
1527.4 − 1.3 𝑥 𝑡𝑊𝐵
where: PT = total pressure in air = 101.325 kPa

(101.325 − 3.816)(35 − 28)


𝑃𝑊𝑉 = 3.816 − = 3.358 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1527.4 − 1.3 𝑥 28
1st Alternative formula,

𝑃𝑊𝑉 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑏 − 𝑃𝑇 𝐴 (𝑡𝐷𝐵 − 𝑡𝑊𝐵 )

0.000666
Where: 𝐴= 𝑥 100 𝑖𝑓 𝑡𝑊𝐵 ≥ 0𝑂 𝐶
𝑡𝑊𝐵

𝑃𝑊𝑉 = 2.13 𝑘𝑃𝑎


0.000594
𝐴= 𝑥 100 𝑖𝑓 𝑡𝑊𝐵 ≤ 0𝑂 𝐶
𝑡𝑊𝐵

2nd Alternative formula,

𝑃𝑊𝑉 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑏 − 0.000666 𝑃𝑇 (𝑡𝐷𝐵 − 𝑡𝑊𝐵 ) = 3.343 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Solve for humidity ratio HR or W at pt 1,


Using formula,

0.622 𝑃𝑤𝑣 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒


𝐻𝑅 = (𝑃𝑇 −𝑃𝑤𝑣) 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
0.622 𝑥 3.358 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐻𝑅1 = (101.325−3.358) = 0.0213
𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

Using psychrormetric chart,

Solving for the enthalpy h1 using formula and the HR1 from psychrometric
chart,

ℎ1 = 1.0062 𝑥 𝑡𝐷𝐵 + (2500 + 1.8 ∗ 𝑡𝐷𝐵 ) 𝑥 𝐻𝑅1


= 1.0062 𝑥 35 + (2500 + 1.8 ∗ 35) 𝑥 0.0213
𝑘𝐽
ℎ1 = 89.81
𝑘𝑔 𝐷𝐴
From psychrometric chart finding for h1,

h1 = 91 kJ / kg dry air

For h2:

If relative humidity and tDB are given use the following formula,

𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑅𝐻 = 𝑃
𝑠𝑎𝑡,𝑑𝑏
Psat @ 38OC db = 6.6827 kPa from steam table by interpolation

Solving Pwv by formula,

𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 𝑅𝐻 𝑥 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡,𝑑𝑏 = 0.6 𝑥 6.6827 = 4.01 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Solving HR2 by formula,

0.622 𝑃𝑤𝑣 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 0.622 𝑥 4.01


𝐻𝑅2 = (𝑃𝑇 −𝑃𝑤𝑣 ) 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
= 101.325−4.01

𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐻𝑅2 = 0.0256
𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

Alternative approach is to use psychrometric chart

Solving h2 by formula,

ℎ2 = 1.0062 𝑥 𝑡𝐷𝐵 + (2500 + 1.8 ∗ 𝑡𝐷𝐵 ) 𝑥 𝐻𝑅2


= 1.0062 𝑥 38 + (2500 + 1.8 ∗ 38) 𝑥 0.0256
𝑘𝐽
ℎ2 = 104
𝑘𝑔 𝐷𝐴
Heat absorbed by air,
𝑄𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝑎 = 𝑄𝑅
𝑄𝑎 12,709.92 𝑘𝑊 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑚𝑎 = = = 895.7
(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) 𝑘𝐽 𝑠
(104 − 89.81)
𝑘𝑔 𝐷𝐴

To solve for the make-up water:

The amount of make-up water is equal to the amount of moisture carried away by
the air leaving the cooling tower.

𝑚𝑚𝑤 = 𝑚𝑎 (𝐻𝑅2 − 𝐻𝑅1 )


𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
= 895.7 (0.0256 − 0.0213 )
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑚𝑚𝑤 = 3.85
𝑠

Prob.2
SOLUTION:

a) Heat absorbed by air, QA = heat rejected by the hot water, QR


𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑃 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 )

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑅 = 𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝐶𝑝 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 ) = 113.4 𝑥 4.187 𝑥 (41 − 28)𝐾
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑅 = 6172.475
𝑠
For h1:
Solving for the enthalpy h1 using formula,

ℎ1 = 1.0062 𝑥 𝑡𝐷𝐵 + (2500 + 1.8 ∗ 𝑡𝐷𝐵 ) 𝑥 𝐻𝑅1


tDB = 36OC

Solve HR1 by formula,

0.622 𝑃𝑤𝑣 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒


𝐻𝑅 =
(𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣 ) 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

PT = 90 kPaa PWV = 4.2 kPaa


0.622 𝑃𝑤𝑣 0.622 𝑥 4.2 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐻𝑅1 = = = 0.03045
(𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣 ) 90 − 4.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

Solving for h1,


ℎ1 = 1.0062 𝑥 𝑡𝐷𝐵 + (2500 + 1.8 𝑥 𝑡𝐷𝐵 ) 𝑥 𝐻𝑅1
= 1.0062 𝑥 36 + (2500 + 1.8 𝑥 36) 𝑥 0.03045
𝑘𝐽
ℎ1 = 114.32
𝑘𝑔 𝐷𝐴
For h2:
(𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑏 )(𝑡𝐷𝐵 − 𝑡𝑊𝐵 )
𝑃𝑊𝑉 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑏 −
1527.4 − 1.3 𝑥 𝑡𝑊𝐵

The tdb is equal to twb at the saturation point. Therefore, PWV is equal to
Psat wb or Psat db,
Psat @ 39OC = 7.034 kPa from steam tables by interpolation

0.622 𝑃𝑤𝑣 0.622 𝑥 7.034 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒


𝐻𝑅2 = = = 0.053
(𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣 ) 90 − 7.034 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

Solving for h2,

ℎ2 = 1.0062 𝑥 𝑡𝐷𝐵 + (2500 + 1.8 𝑥 𝑡𝐷𝐵 ) 𝑥 𝐻𝑅2


= 1.0062 𝑥 39 + (2500 + 1.8 𝑥 39) 𝑥 0.053
𝑘𝐽
ℎ2 = 175.46
𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

Solving for the ma,


𝑄𝐴 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = 𝑄𝑅

𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑅 6172.475 𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 = = = 100.95
(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) 𝑘𝐽 𝑠
(175.46 − 114.32)
𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
To solve for the make-up water:
The amount of make-up water is equal to the amount of moisture carried away by
the air leaving the cooling tower.

𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒−𝑢𝑝 = 𝑚𝑎 (𝐻𝑅2 − 𝐻𝑅1 )


𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
= 100.95 (0.053 − 0.03045 )
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒−𝑢𝑝 = 2.276
𝑠

Prob. 3
SOLUTION:
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 (𝐴𝐶𝑅)
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒(𝑇𝐶𝑅)
𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑
=
𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑡𝑤𝑏 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

thot = 55OC twb entering = 27.46OC


Solve twb entering using the following empirical formula,

𝑇𝑊𝐵 = 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛[0.151977 (𝑅𝐻% + 8.313659)1/2 ] + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 + 𝑅𝐻%)


3
−𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑅𝐻% − 1.676331) + 0.00391838 (𝑅𝐻%)2 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(0.023101 𝑅𝐻%)
−4.686035
Tair = 32OC db RH% = 70
𝑇𝑊𝐵 = 27.46𝑂 𝐶

Alternatively using the psychrometric chart,

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 (𝐴𝐶𝑅)


𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒(𝑇𝐶𝑅)
𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑
=
𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑡𝑤𝑏 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

thot = 55OC twb entering = 27.46OC


Efftower =65%
55 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑
0.65 = ; 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 37.06𝑂 𝐶
55 − 27.4

Solve mhot water,


Analyzing the condenser,

𝑄𝑅 = 𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑃𝑤 (𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 )


𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2,300,00 = 𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 4.187 (55 − 37.06)𝐾
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 30,619.8
ℎ𝑟

Solving for the capacity of water pump required,

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑓 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

Vf @ thot water = 55OC from steam tables by interpolation,

Vf = 0.001015 m3/kg

𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟 1000 𝑙𝑖
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣 = 30,619.8 𝑥 0.001015 𝑥 𝑥
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔 3600 𝑠 1 𝑚3
𝑙𝑖
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 8.63
𝑠

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