MODULE 4:

Planning and management of local streets, water supply, storm water drainage, municipal
solid waste management systems- New possibilities for recycling.
Infrastructure
• Infrastructure is basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or
enterprise or reproductive system, or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function.

• It can be generally defined as the set of interconnected structural elements that provide framework
supporting an entire structure of development.

• Important term for judging a country or region’s development.

• Keynesian economics, the word infrastructure was exclusively used to describe public assets that
facilitate production, but not private assets of the same purpose.

• Infrastructure plays an important role in the economic development of an economy.

• It can quicken or impede the development of an economy.

 Infrastructure Sector in India
• India is the fourth largest economy in the world. However, one factor which is a drag on its
development is the lack of world class infrastructure.
• Estimates suggest that the lack of proper infrastructure pulls down India’s GDP growth by 1 to 2
per cent every year.
• Physical infrastructure has a direct impact on the growth and overall development of an economy.
• But, the fast growth of the Indian economy in recent years has placed increasing stress on physical
infrastructure, such as
• Electricity,
• Railways,
• Roads,
• Ports,
• Airports,
• Irrigation,
• Urban and Rural water supply, and sanitation, all of which already suffer from a substantial deficit.
• Infrastructure sector is a key driver for the Indian economy.

• This sector is
• Highly responsible for propelling India’s overall development and
• Enjoys intense focus from Government for initiating policies that would ensure
time- bound creation of world class infrastructure in the country.

• India was ranked 44 out of 167 countries in World Bank’s Logistics Performance
Index.

• India ranked second in the 2019 Agility Emerging Markets Logistics Index
Infrastructure sector chart
• According to the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade
(DPIIT), FDIs in the construction development sector (townships, housing, built
up infrastructure and construction development projects) and construction
(infrastructure) activities stood at USD 25:78 billion and USD 17:22 billion,
respectively, between April 2000 and September 2020.
• India requires investment worth Rs. 50 trillion (USD 777:73 billion) in
infrastructure by 2022 to have sustainable development in the country.
• India is witnessing significant interest from international investors in the
infrastructure space.
 Government Initiatives
The Government of India is expected to invest highly in the infrastructure sector, mainly highways, renewable energy, and
urban transport.
• Indian energy sector is expected to offer investment opportunities worth USD 300 billion over the next 10 years.
NHAI will be able to generate revenue of Rs. one lakh crore (USD 14.31 billion) from toll and wayside amenities over
the next five years.
• In the Union Budget 2020-21, the Government has given a massive push to the infrastructure sector by
allocating Rs. 1,69,637 crore (USD 24:27 billion) to develop the transport infrastructure.
• Communication sector has been allocated Rs. 38,637.46 crore (USD 5.36 billion) to develop post and
telecommunications departments.
• Indian Railways has received an allocation of Rs. 72,216 crore (USD 10.33 billion) under Union Budget 2020-21.
• Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs received an allocation of Rs. 50,040 crore (USD 6:85 billion)
under the Union Budget 2020-21.
• In December 2020, the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) on
technology cooperation in the road infrastructure sector with the Federal Ministry of Climate Action, Environment,
Energy, Mobility, Innovation and Technology of the Republic of Austria. The MoU aims to establish a framework for
bilateral cooperation in the field of road transport, road/highway and road infrastructure.
• In November 2020, the Union Cabinet approved investments of Rs. 6,000 crore (USD 816:18 million)
equity in the debt platform of National Infrastructure Investment Fund (NIIF) for the next two years to
drive infrastructure growth in the country. This step would assist the organisation to collect Rs. 1.10 lakh
crore (USD 15 billion) for infrastructure project funding by 2025.

• In October 2020, the government announced a plan to set up an inter-ministerial committee under National
Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog to forefront research and study on energy modelling.
This, along with a steering committee, will serve the India Energy Modelling Forum (IEMF) jointly
launched by NITI Aayog and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

• In October 2020, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) launched an affordable rental
housing complex portal.
• The infrastructure sector has become the biggest focus area for the Government of
India.

• India plans to spend USD 1.4 trillion on infrastructure during 2019-23 to have a
sustainable development of the country.

• The Government has suggested investment of Rs. 5,000,000 crore (USD 750 billion) for
railways infrastructure from 2018-30.

• India and Japan have joined hands for infrastructure development in India’s Northeast
states and are also setting up an India-Japan Coordination Forum for Development of
Northeast to undertake strategic infrastructure projects for the region.
 Infrastructure Need
• Urban population will grow from
• 26% to 36% of population by 2011
• 50% by 2025
• Growth in GDP is predicted to be 8-9% per annum

• Road Traffic growth will be 15% per year

• Air traffic is growing by 25% per year

• 101,000 MW of new power needed by 2012

• Sanitation Coverage is only 35% currently

• The information in the earlier slide are a few statisticsfrom publicly available documents such
as the India Infrastructure Report, 5-year plan documents etc.
• They indicate two issues
• First, in many cases, the current infrastructure is inadequate even for
today’s needs. E.g. nearly two- thirds of the nation do not have access to sanitation
facilities.
Second, current infrastructure is not likely to meet tomorrow’s needs.
E.g. With the increase in road traffic at 15% per annum, we will need more, high-
quality roads in order to maintain free-flowing traffic.

• Both these issues indicate that India needs its infrastructure to be developed.
• In addition, this will enable economic growth as we saw in the previous
class
 India Scenario

• IIFC - India Infrastructure Finance Corporation

• The Govt has set up the IIFC to help fund infrastructure projects in India. IIFC will be owned by the
government

• IIFC will lend money at low rates to public and private infrastructure projects. This will help
encourage more projects as the cost of financing is very low.

• Since the loans that the IIFC takes are guaranteed by the government of India, IIFC is able to borrow and
lend at lower rates.

• New schemes to aid infrastructure development

• The Government has initiated the JawaharlalNehru National Urban Renewal Mission
(JNNURM) to improve Urban infrastructure

• The Bharat Nirman program has been instituted to improve infrastructure in rural areas.
Reforms
• The Central Government has also committed to enacting a certain set of policy reforms that it hopes
will speed up the infrastructure development process and improve the overall quality of infrastructure.
These reforms find a place in the documents of the Planning Commission and in various acts. Some
of these reforms are:
• Decentralization: One of the bottlenecks to creating infrastructure in the past has been the high
amount of centralization in government agencies. As a result, most decisions by high-level
officials, who are heavily overloaded and are unable to take decisions on time. By
decentralizing and devolving responsibilities to lower levels, the government hopes to improve the
response time on infrastructure projects.
• Increasing Accountability, Transparency: The government has initiated procedures to improve
the transparency and accountability of departments and processes that influence the development
of infrastructure. The aim is once again to enable the development of infrastructure by
removing delays and bottlenecks
Other reforms
• Improving the efficiency of existing services
• In addition to building new infrastructure, the government is also committed to
improving existing infrastructure services and enabling the departments that deliver
these services to become more efficient. To this end they have initiated practices such
as benchmarking utilities across the country and so on.
• Inclusivity
• Infrastructure development must be inclusive rather than exclusive as it affects
the lives of many people. The government is therefore committed to practices wherein
stakeholders and involved and consulted as part of the infrastructure delivery
process.
• Introducing and Encouraging Private Sector Participation in almost all sectors.
• Private Public Partnerships (PPPs) bring with themselves several
advantages such as
• The ability to leverage private finance for infrastructure.
• Private sector efficiencies in construction and operations.
• In addition, PPPs in Indian infrastructure have occurred for the most
part in the transportation sector, and are concentrated in relative few
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states in India.
m/public-private-partnership/
• This data indicates that widespread involvement of the private
sector in Indian infrastructure has not happened yet.
• However, the government of India is in the process of introducing
several schemes that will encourage more private involvement in
infrastructure.
• Viability Gap funding for transportation projects is one such example.
• Urban Local Bodies are encouraged to undertake PPPs as part of
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM).
• Power Sector: This sector experienced a 24% shortfall in power in relation to the target set in
the 10th 5 year plan.

• As citizens, we have all experience power supply problems and water scarcity in recent
times.

• Water and Sanitation: In 2001, 50% of urban households did not have piped water and 44%
had no sanitation

• Transportation Sector: 60,000 crores were allocated to be spent in the 10th 5 year plan –
only 20,000 has been spent so far.
 Urban Infrastructure- Planning and
management of Road system
• Infrastructure is the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or other area
including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function.

• Infrastructure is composed of public and private physical improvements such as roads,

railways, bridges, tunnels, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, and telecommunications
(including Internet connectivity and broadband speeds).

• In general, it has also been defined as "the physical components of interrelated systems
providing commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living
conditions".
 Urban Roads
• A well-arranged layout of a town is spoiled, if it does not contain a well
– designed road pattern connecting the various parts of the town.
• The town planner should therefore give careful considerations to the
design provisions of street in the town.
• The urban road plays an important role in the development of town or city and as such,
they attract many evils such as heavy traffic congestion, ribbon development, etc. If
properly attended to by the town planner.
• It is very difficult, if not impossible, to alter the existing road system at a
later stage except at very high cost.
• The parks, playgrounds, green open spaces and gardens are the heart of the town and the
roads or streets plan is considered as the foundation of the town plan.

• The efficiency of an urban area is greatly influenced by the urban infrastructure of

roads together with public services.
The main object of Urban infrastructure is as follows:
• To facilitate communication of people and materials between the various centres of the town.
• To provide air and light to the properties situated on their edges;
• To provide space for laying the public utility services like water mains; drainage pipe, electric cables, telephone lines. Etc.
Requirements of a Good City Road
Following are the ideals which are to be kept in while designing a good city road;
• It should accommodate amenities such as shady avenues, Parking places, enough lighting etc.
• It should be cheap and Durable.
• It should be resting on unyielding soil.
• It should have good alignment and visibility.
• It should possess easy gradients and smooth curves.
• It should possess well designed junctions.
• It should remain in dry conditions.
• It should avoid traffic congestions
• Its wearing surface should be impervious
• Its width of camber should be proper
Factors to be Considered
Following are the factors which are to be considered by a town planner while designing a urban road/
transport system.
1) Destination
• The points or centre or areas which are being linked up by the road are to be studied with respect to
their capacity of attracting traffic.
2) Importance of Road
• The overall Importance of Road with respect to the surrounding roads is to be ascertained and
accordingly, the facilities and dimensions are to be determined.
3) Nature of Traffic
• The probable traffic to be carried by road is studied with respect to its intensity, peak period, types
of vehicles, parking facilities.
4) Use of Road
• The probable use to which the road is to be put up for maximum period during the day is to be
properly estimated.
Classification of Urban Road System

The Urban Roads are classified into the following five categories;
• Expressways
• Arterial Roads
• Sub-Arterial Roads
• Local Roads
• Streets
• Pathways
Expressways
• The purpose of expressways is to cater for mobility of large volume of
motor traffic at high speed.

• Divided highway with high standards of geometrics

• Full or partial control of Access.

• Provided with Grade Separation Intersection

• Vehicle parking, loading and unloading of products and passengers

and pedestrian traffic are not allowed on these kinds of highways
• The term expressway is used to indicate an arterial road on which fast urban traffic is
allowed to move speedily and safely. It allows through traffic with full or partial control
and generally with grade separation at intersections.

• The design of expressways include easy gradients and smooth curves.

• The provision of expressway around big cities relieves to a certain extent the traffic
congestion and they provide easy flow of traffic.

• The expressway do not form the part of the regular street system. The only prohibitive
part of expressway is the tremendous cost and hence, it is adopted for big metropolitan
cities
Arterial Roads
• The roads that connects the town to a state highway or a
national highway is termed as arterial road.

• It passes within the city limits and carries great masses of

traffic between different parts of the town.

• The arterial road include ring roads, by-pass roads, etc, and
they allow free movement of fast traffic at higher speeds.

• These roads are also kept clean of all obstruction

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The arterial road should serve the following three purpose

• The movement and safety of through traffic i.e. traffic moving beyond its point of
origin

• There is some economy in construction in the sense that only arterial routes are
designed to carry heavy traffic and other types of roads.

• The through traffic is not allowed to pass through residential areas. Hence, the
discomfort and danger to the residents of such area is minimized.

through traffic :Vehicles which are passing through an area without originating or stopping there
Sub Arterial Roads

• These roads are also known as the major roads or secondary roads.

• These roads serve slow moving traffic over short distances .

• They are contained within city limits and they connect important town centres.

• The intersection on these roads are provided with suitable traffic signals.
Local Roads
• Minor roads.

• Collects Traffic from various parts of the town and lead it to another minor or major road.

• Give access to neighboring properties and importance is given to the non-vehicular traffic on the
roads.

• The local roads are not allowed to touch or to come in contact with the arterial roads and the two
are separated by a bridge and one goes over the another ,
Streets
• A road which serves the need of an internal portions of a local area is known as street.

• The portion to be served may either by residential, Commercial, or Industrial.

• The design of street is made after considering the purpose and use of the portion to be
served by the street and special attention is paid to the social, commercial and other
requirements of the local community.
 Pathway
• Pedestrian ways
• Form of access leading to individual premises.

• Vehicular traffic is not allowed

 Types of Street System
The street systems are classified as
• Rectangular Street System
• Rectangular with superimposed diagonals street system
• Concentric Street System
• Radial Street System
• Combined of Radial or Rectangular Street System
• Irregular medieval street system
• Topographical Street System
• Combination of Rectangular and irregular Street System
 Rectangular Street System
• In this pattern, the streets are usually of equal
width and they cross at right angles.
• It is also known as Grid- Iron Pattern.
• This pattern is suitable for flat country
without any predominant natural feature.
• The example of this system is Jaipur.
 Rectangular Street System
Advantages
• If series of parallel lines are provided it results in increase of traffic
capacity.
• It grants comfort and convenience due to its regularity.
• The intersection is simple in nature.
• The wastage of land can be minimized as there is no irregular portion to be left out.
 Disadvantages
• As there are many intersections, there are more chances of Road Accidents.
• If this pattern is applied on uneven topography, it leads to great
inconvenience and discomfort.
Rectangular With Superimposed Diagonal Street System

• This arrangement is an improvement on Grid Iron

Pattern.
• The diagonal Street Provides direct
communication between distant parts of the
street.
• The point where diagonals meet are utilized for
park, garden, memorial etc, However, a
dangerous intersection is formed at the crossing
point of diagonal street and rectangular street.
The Features of this System are

• The Circle, squares, and other open spaces at junction of street and avenues are profitable
utilized as sites for gorgeous statues, monuments and fountains.
• The public building are provided with enough open spaces all around them.
• The streets are very wide and are well planted with trees.
 Concentric Street System
• In this system the ring roads or
circumferential roads are connected with
radial roads.
• This patter is also known as Spider’s Web
System.
• However if the radial roads are not well
developed the central part they will overload
at the central part of the town.
Radial Street System
• In this pattern, the ring roads spring from the
central civic centre like the spokes of a
wheel.
• Such an arrangement increases the
significance and importance of civic centre
which may be in the form of palace, market,
public office buildings, historical monument,
beauty spots, etc.
 Combination of Radial and Rectangular Street System

• In this arrangement, the radial streets are

blended or mixed with rectangular streets such a
combination can be used with great success
especially where topographical features are
favourable.
Irregular Street System

• Some of the old Cities of middle ages developed in an

irregular ways without any definite plan of the street
system, possess this type of System.
• The growth of town or city is unmethodical and
illogical. The street patterns naturally does not
efficiently serve the modern traffic.
 Topographical Street System
• In this arrangement, the advantage is taken of the natural
topography feature of the town such as river, lake, sea
view, hillock, etc.
• This system is also known as the organic Street Pattern as
it resembles the plan on microscopic slide showing the cell
structure of vegetable or animal tissues.
• The street system is absolutely unplanned, The street
pattern, however becomes pleasing and attractive only if it
is conformity with topography of the area and natural
surroundings.
Combination of Rectangular and Irregular Street
Systems
• In this arrangement a combination of rectangular
pattern and irregular street is made
• The rectangular layout indicates the recent
development and the irregular pattern indicates
earlier growth of town
• When it is difficult or too costly to improve the
existing irregular street system, a combination is
formed.
Through and Bypass Roads
• When a through road or a main road passes through the congested portion
of the town, there is sharp reduction in the speed of vehicles and the
smooth flow of traffic or through road is seriously obstructed.
• To maintain easy flow of traffic on through roads and to
give convenience and comfort to the users of such roads

• These by-pass roads are also known as the loop roads and they avoid the
traffic on through roads to avoid congested area of the town, at suitable
points along the main road, the vehicles are diverted by the bypass
roads from one side come on the through road on the other sides after
passing the congested or habituated areas of the town.

• The provision of a by-pass road results in the reduction in traffic through

the congested areas of a town, chances of accidents are minimized.
Outer and Inner Ring Road
• The Object of an Outer Ring Road is to divert from the
town all the through traffic which has no business in the
town
• It is a type of bypass road for traffic approaching the town
from all the directions. All classes of wheeled traffic will
be admitted on the outer ring road and the pedestrians
should be maintained clean of all existing development
and it should be so designed so as to compensate for a
longer route by unbroken passage and high speed.
Water Scenario in India
• 50% urban households do not have a piped connection
• 44% of households have no sanitation at all.
• Unaccounted For Water (UFW) - water that is lost or stolen during
transmission is as high as 25-50% of stored water.
• Water is not available all day in most places
• Very often, the urban and rural poor are not connected to the municipal water
supply systems. As a result, they often purchase water from water tankers at
rates that are higher than what the average, connected citizen pays.
• The W&S scenario in India is in need of considerable improvement.
Policies in the W&S sector
• Water Harvesting
• NWP (National Water Policy) in 1987 has laid down groundwater recharge guidelines.
• NWP 2002 has laid down guidelines on rainwater harvesting, watershed management etc. These policies should help
augment our water storage

• Water Supply
• 11th 5 year plan discusses improving distribution and efficiency of water. The plan indicates that an initially outlay of INR
80,000 Cr is required and that all rivers are to be “bathing class”

• RGNWDM (Rajiv Gandhi National Water Development Mission) and the ARWSP (Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program)
are two centrally funded schemes set up to improve the efficiency of water supply. As per the ARWSP, the State provides
matching grant funds for rural infrastructure upgradation. In addition, capacity building and community participation is also
given importance. Reduction in subsidies, shifting of government role from direct service delivery to planning, policy
formulation, partial financing etc, ensuring community participation and management, and school sanitation are other thrust
areas of this program
Fresh Water available on Earth
• Saline water in oceans, seas and saline
groundwater make up about 97% of all the water
on Earth. Only 2.5–2.75% is fresh water,
including 1.75–2% frozen in glaciers, ice and
snow, 0.5–0.75% as fresh groundwater and soil
moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface
water in lakes, swamps and rivers.
Urban water supply

• Urban water supply infrastructure includes surface water diversions, wells, pumps, transmission
pipes and canals, treatment and storage facilities, and distribution network elements. Sources
include rivers, reservoirs, seawater, and groundwater.
• Urban Water Management Plans (UWMPs) are prepared by urban water suppliers every five years.
These plans support the suppliers' long-term resource planning to ensure that adequate water
supplies are available to meet existing and future water needs.
• Urban local bodies are seeking to execute multiple programmes under various government
schemes/programmes to address issues of service delivery, primarily in the sectors of water
supply, wastewater management and solid waste management. living conditions".
Global water use

• People use a lot of water at home, but much more water

use goes toward agricultural, industrial and other
processes. These indirect water uses make up the largest
portion of our water footprints. Globally, irrigation for
agricultural use is the biggest reason for water withdrawals,
accounting for 70%.
Drinking water
• Also known as potable water, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation. The
amount of drinking water required to maintain good health varies, and depends on physical
activity level, age, health-related issues, and environmental conditions

• Typically in developed countries, tap water meets drinking water quality standards, even though
only a small proportion is actually consumed or used in food preparation. Other typical uses
include washing, toilets, and irrigation. Greywater may also be used for toilets or irrigation.

• Nearly 4.2 billion people worldwide had access to tap water, while another 2.4 billion had
access to wells or public taps.

• The World Health Organization considers access to safe drinking-water a basic human right.
Urban Infrastructure- Planning and management of Water supply Net work

• Fundamentally, a water supply system

may be described as consisting of three
basic components:
• the source of supply,
• the processing or treatment of the
water, and

• the distribution of water to the users

 Storm water Management
• Storm water is the water draining from a site from the rain that falls on the roof
and land, and everything it carries with it.

• Storm water is rainwater and melted snow that runs off streets, lawns and other
sites. When storm water is absorbed into the ground, it is filtered and ultimately
replenishes aquifers or flows into streams and rivers.

• In urban areas storm water is generated by rain runoff from roofs, roads,
driveways, footpaths and other impervious or hard surfaces.
 Planning and management of storm water
• Stormwater management means to manage surface runoff. It can be applied in rural areas
(e.g. to harvest precipitation water), but is essential in urban areas where run-off
cannot infiltrate because the surfaces are impermeable. Traditional stormwater
management was mainly to drain high peak flows away.
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) works to reduce runoff and
improve water quality by implementing stormwater management at its facilities.
• Stormwater is rainwater or melted snow that runs off streets, lawns and other sites.
When stormwater is absorbed into soil, it is filtered and ultimately replenishes aquifers or
flows into streams and rivers
• In urban and developed areas, impervious surfaces such as pavement and roofs prevent precipitation from
naturally soaking into the ground. Instead, water runs rapidly into storm drains, sewer systems and
drainage ditches and can cause flooding, erosion, turbidity (or muddiness), storm and sanitary
sewer system overflow and infrastructure damage.

• Detaining stormwater and removing pollutants is the primary purpose of stormwater management.

• Pervious Surfaces that are porous and allow rainfall and snowmelt to soak into the soil,

• Infrastructure, such as culverts, gutters, storm sewers, conventional piped drainage, protect, restore, or
mimic the natural water cycle, all play a part in stormwater management.
Effects of Poor Storm Water Management
• Downstream flooding
• Stream bank erosion
• Increased turbidity from erosion
• Combined sewer overflows
• Infrastructure damage
• Contaminated streams, rivers, and coastal water
Storm water Concerns for Main Issues
• Issues related to the volume and timing of runoff water (flood control and
water supplies)
• Issues related to potential contaminants that the water is carrying, i.e.
water pollution.
Problem with stormwater runoff
• Uncontrolled stormwater runoff has many cumulative impacts on humans and the
environment including: Flooding - Damage to public and private property. Eroded
Streambanks - Sediment clogs waterways, fills lakes, reservoirs, kills fish and aquatic animals.
Widened Stream Channels - Loss of valuable property.
• Low Impact Development (LID) is an alternative site design strategy that uses natural and
engineered infiltration and storage techniques to control storm water where it is generated.
• The objective is to disperse LID devices uniformly across a site to minimize
runoff.
• Methods of flood management. Some methods of flood control have been practiced since
ancient times. These methods include planting vegetation to retain extra water, terracing
hillsides to slow flow downhill, and the construction of floodways (man-made channels to
divert floodwater).
Storm Water Management
Advantages
• Provides proper drainage of surface run-off and avoids damages on infrastructure such as private properties and
streets.

• Provides possibility to recharge ground water and re-use precipitation water and surface run-off as irrigation or
household water.
• Minimizing health risks.
• Provides an effective storm water flood control.
• Can be integrated into the urban landscape and provide green and recreational areas
• Revenue generated by a storm water utility can be used as a new, dedicated source of funds to supplement or replace the
community's current storm water management funding, enabling tax-based funding to be used for other community
needs.
Disadvantages
• Expert planning, implementation, operation and maintenance required for a storm water
management.
• It depends on the technique, a lot of operation and labour required.
• There is risk of choking in conveyance systems caused by high sedimentation rates.
• There is risk of clogging infiltration system caused by high sedimentation rates.
• Temporary covering methods, such as plastic sheeting, can become torn or ripped, exposing
the contaminant to precipitation and/or storm water runoff.
Methods of sustainable storm water management

• Rain gardens
• Bioretention areas
• Porous pavement
Rain gardens
• Constructed depression.
• Manage and treat small volumes of
storm water by filtering runoff through
soil and vegetation.
• Holds the water for a short period of
time and allows it to naturally infiltrate
into the ground.
Bio-retention areas
• Constructed depression
• Larger than rain gardens and designed
with an underdrain to connect to the
storm drain system.
Porous pavement

• A permeable pavement surface with a stone

reservoir underneath
• The pavements allow storm water to infiltrate
directly into the soil
• Often appears the same as traditional asphalt is
manufactured with incorporates void spaces that
allow for infiltration.
Urban Storm Water Management – Storage Type Devices – Rainwater Harvesting

• Can be used in urban and rural areas.

• Reducing of storm water runoff and
storage of potable water.
• Water can be used for irrigation, as fresh
water for toilets or after purification as
drinking water.
Urban Storm Water Management – Infiltration Type Devices – Infiltration Trenches

• Shallow excavation filled with uniformly

crushed stones.
• Walls and top lined with geo-textile to avoid
sediment penetration.
• Runoff infiltrates through the trenches into the
subsoil.
• Treatment occurs during infiltration.
• Constructed besides streets and outdoor parking lots.
Detention Ponds
• Detention ponds are a type of
stormwater basin to settle
suspended solids typically
found in stormwater.

• During low flow periods they

are dry, but during heavy
rainfall, they provide temporary
storage for stormwater runoff.

• The basins allow pollution

removal by holding the water
long enough to separate the
suspended solids.
 Methods to reduce Runoff
The goal of managing stormwater runoff includes:
• Decreasing the volume
• Minimizing the pollutants
• The EPA mantra for stormwater runoff management is: slow it down, spread it out, soak it in.
Consider these affordable, do-able solutions to do just that.

1. Add plants. Incorporate plantings, especially in areas where runoff collects. As runoff soaks into soil,
plant roots help to absorb and filter out pollutants. When runoff soaks into and percolates through soil, the
soil also acts as a filter, removing some pollutants.

2. Protect trees. Like other plant roots, tree roots help absorb and filter runoff. Tree canopies also slow
rainfall and spread it over a larger area.
3. Break up slabs. Replace concrete patio slabs with pavers, flagstones, or bricks that
allow water to soak in between items. For driveways, consider using turf block or
leaving a strip of grass up the center.
4. Go permeable. Choose a permeable material for a path, patio, or driveway. Less
expensive options include aggregate base, gravel, mulch, or crushed shells. Pricier
options include pervious concrete or asphalt.
5. Catch runoff. Install a rain barrel or cistern to catch stormwater runoff
from roofs. Use this water to irrigate garden plants.
7. Plant a rain garden. A rain garden is designed to catch and slow runoff. It's
frequently planted in low areas, at the base of a slope, or near downspout outlets. The
design includes soil layers, mulch, and plants, all of which filter rainwater as it seeps into
soil. Check with your local Cooperative Extension System office to learn rain garden
basics.
8. Cover soil. Depending on the type, bare soil can be like concrete in terms of its
ability to absorb water. Cover bare soil with mulch or a ground cover to slow
stormwater runoff.
9. Drive on the grass. If your driveway isn't permeable, wash your car on the lawn so
water can soak into soil, instead of running into the street.
Methods to reduce stormwater pollution
1. Wash your car on grass or gravel or take it to a car wash.
2. Reduce use of pesticides, herbicides and fertilisers.
3. Stop dirt, leaves, grass clipping, etc. ...
4. Stop soil and mulch from being washed or blown off the garden.
5. Replant areas of disturbed soil.
6. Use natural alternatives to pest control chemicals.
 Municipal solid waste management systems
What is MSW?

Municipal solid waste includes commercial and residential wastes generated in a

municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi solid from excluding industrial
hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes. To simplify, waste generated
out of day to day activity.
• Municipal solid waste (MSW), commonly known as trash or garbage in the United
States and as refuse or rubbish in Britain, is a waste type consisting of everyday items
that are discarded by the public. "Garbage" can also refer specifically to food waste, as
in a garbage disposal; the two are sometimes collected separately.
 Nature of Problem
• Developing Countries with higher standard of living produce more waste.
• Traditional Methods (dumping and burning) are no longer accepted.
• Urban areas running out of places to put garbage.
• Energy is the driving force for development in all countries of the world.
• Need for innovative and environmental friendly initiatives for producing Power.
 MSW in INDIA
• India at present is the world’s fifth biggest energy consumer and is predicted to
surpass Japan and Russia to take the third place by 2030.
• As per estimates more than 55 million tons of MSW is generated in India per year; the
yearly increase is estimated to be about 5%.
• It is estimated that solid waste generated in small, medium and large cities and towns in
India is about 0.1 kg, 0.3 – 0.4 kg and 0.5 kg per capita per day respectively.
• The estimated annual increase in per capita waste generation is about 1.33 % per
year.
 Quantity of Solid Waste
• Per capita generation of waste varies from 200 gm to 600 gm per capita/day.
• Average generation rate at 0.4 kg/capita/day in 0.1 million plus towns with
collection efficiency of 50-90% of the total solid waste generated.
• In India per capita waste generation is increasing by 1.3% per year with urban population
increasing by 3.5% per year. Results in yearly around 5% increase of waste generation.
• In USA it is 2 kg/person /day (approx.760kg/capita/year) excluding hazardous waste. Japan
and European countries generate less than half of the waste generated by USA.
 MSW Management in India
A typical waste management system in India includes the following elements:
• Waste generation and storage.
• Segregation, reuse, and recycling at the household level.
• Primary waste collection and transport to a transfer station or community bin
• Street sweeping and cleaning of public places.
• Management of the transfer station or community bin
• Secondary collection and transport to the waste disposal site.
• Waste disposal in landfills.
• It is the duty of the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) to take care of MSW generated from
the point of generation to disposal due to the increased concerns of environment
across the globe.

• However, Government of India framed MSW policy and rules in 2000 itself but
neither the States were serious nor the ULBs were empowered to implement this.
Salient Features Of MSW Rules, 2016
• The source segregation of waste has been mandated to channelize the waste to wealth by recovery,
reuse and recycle.

• Responsibilities of Generators have been introduced to segregate waste in to three streams, Wet,
Dry and domestic hazardous wastes and handover segregated wastes to authorised rag-pickers or
waste collectors or local bodies.

• Generator will have to pay “User Fee” to waste collector and for “Spot Fine” for Littering and Non-
segregation.

• The concept of partnership yin Swachh Bharat has been introduced. Bulk and institutional
generators, market associations, event organisers and hotels and restaurants have been made
directly responsible for segregation and sorting the waste and manage in partnership with local
bodies
• All Resident Welfare and market Associations, Gated communities and institution with an
area “5,000 sq. m” should segregate waste at source- in to valuable dry waste and handover
recyclable material to either the authorised waste pickers or the authorised recyclers, or to the
urban local body.

• The bio-degradable waste should be processed, treated and disposed of through

composting or bio-methanation within the premises as far as possible. The residual waste shall
be given to the waste collectors or agency as directed by the local authority.

• All manufacturers of disposable products who sale or market their products in such packaging
material which are non-biodegradable should put in place a system to collect back the
packaging waste generated due
 Municipal Solid Waste Management
VALUE CHAIN

Value chain: Note: In most of the Indian cities open dumping is the common practice which is adversely
affecting on environment and public health.
 The major stakeholders in the management of
Municipal Solid Waste include:

(a)Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF)

(b)Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD)
(c)Central and State Pollution Control Boards
(d)Department of Urban Development
(e)State Level Nodal Agency
(f)Urban Local Bodies
(g)Private Formal and informal Sector
(h)NGOs &
(i)The Public
 Scenario
• The growth of waste in India is skyrocketing as a result of growing urban populations and rising production of
waste per capita and the heat content of waste is constantly rising.

• India is short of land and thus available landfill is rapidly running out.
• India has significant energy shortage.
• Increasing pressure on India to reduce GHG/CO2 emissions and to deliver environmental protection projects.

• In some cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Bengaluru, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad garbage disposal is done by
Public Private Partnerships (PPPs).

• The private sector has been involved in door-to-door collection of solid waste, street sweeping (in a limited way),
secondary storage and transportation and for treatment and disposal of waste.

• ULB of newly selected Smart City, Tirupati has also initiated the door-to-door collection of segregated waste
charging a tipping fee of Rs.30 per month.
 Problems associated with solid waste
management:
• Rapidly Increasing Areas to be Served and Quantity of Waste
• Inadequate Resources
• Inappropriate Technology
• Disproportionately High Cost of Manpower
• Societal and Management Apathy
• Low Efficiency of the System
Methods of tackling MSW
New Possibilities for Recycling
• Apart from environmental benefits, promoting the recycling industry will help generate jobs
and reduce dependence on scrap imports
• In recent years India’s rapid economic growth combined with rising incomes has created a
larger consumer base, leading to growing demand for natural resources and material goods.
India produces nearly 62 million tonnes (mt) of municipal solid waste annually, which is
likely to reach 165 mt by 2030 and 450 mt by 2045. But the system to manage such wastes is
practically dysfunctional, suffering from organisational inefficiency, distorted incentives,
decrepit infrastructure and suboptimal funding.

• According to a Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) report, in 2014-15, 91 per cent of
solid waste was collected, of which, only 27 per cent was treated and the remaining 73 per
cent was disposed at dump sites. A recent study indicates that India would need a landfill of
88 sq. km, nearly the size of Bengaluru, to dump all its waste by 2030.
• As our material consumption is expected to triple by 2025, recycling offers a viable and
sustainable domestic option for meeting the country’s growing material demand.
• Waste from industrial, municipal, agricultural, construction and demolition (C&D) and other processes normally
contain base materials in the form of scrap, like ferrous metal, non-ferrous metals, plastics and glass. In India,
recycling rates are way below international benchmarks — for packaging paper, it is 27 per cent; plastics, 60 per cent;
and metals, a mere 20-25 per cent.

• Indian recycling rates are languishingly low for a variety of reasons. First, there is neither strong social awareness nor
enough political will to promote recycling as a way of life. Second, waste collection and segregation mechanism
is largely unorganised leading to scrap contamination. Third, most municipal infrastructure is dated and
inadequate in terms of collection, transportation and scrap yards. And, fourth, appropriate technologies to maximise
recovery from recycling are still nascent/budding. Indian recyclers have no choice but to depend mainly on imports
for quality scrap.

• Consequently, India is the third largest importer of various types of scrap material. Even imports from countries
having Free Trade Agreement (FTAs) with India are not cheap because suppliers mark up their prices to bring parity
with duty added price of scrap from non-FTA countries.

• To hedge such risks we need to ensure that there is sufficient supply of domestic scrap conforming to globally
acceptable quality standards. There is also an urgent need to incentivise innovation and R&D as unavailability of
indigenous technology often forces players to rely on costly import of machineries. These measures would save
vital foreign exchange and, more importantly, protect our beleaguered environment and create local jobs.