EE 202 Circuit Analysis 26.02.2020-(V.

2)
Solved Problems B. Demir Öner

EE 202 Circuit Analysis

SOLVED PROBLEMS

1. RMS Value (Effective Value) and Power Calculations in AC Circuits

Waveshapes of the voltage sources v1(t) and v2(t) in Figure 1(a) are given in Figure 1(b) and (c), respectively.

v1(t) v2(t)
(volt) (volt)
10
+ 8
v1(t) +
v
100 Ω o
v2(t) + – 0
-50 50 t (ms) -5 -4 -3 -2 0 1 2 3 4 5 t (ms)
-5
-8

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1

a) Find the rms value of the voltage vo on the 100 Ω-resistor.

b) Find the power dissipated on the 100 Ω-resistor.
1 T 2
T 0
Reminder: Vrms  v (t )dt

Solution
8
a) Vo ( rms )  V1(2rms )  V2(2 rms ) ; V1( rms )   5.66 V rms
2
Calculation of V2(rms):
v22 (t ) 1 T 2 1
(volt2) V2( rms )   v (t )dt   A1  A2 
T 0 T
100
1
V2( rms )  1 25  3 100 
4
A2
1
25 V2( rms )   25  300   81.25  9.01 V rms
A1 4
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 t (ms)
V2( rms )  9.01 V rms

Vo ( rms )  V1(2rms )  V2(2 rms )  (5.66) 2  (9.01) 2  133.22  10.64 V rms

2
Vo ( rms ) (10.64) 2 113.21
b) Po     1.132 W = 1132 mW
R 100 100

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2. RMS Calculation for a Resistive Circuit (An Example Related to Experiment 1)

For the circuit in Figure 2, assuming that the phase angle of the i 1 kΩ
sinusoidal voltage source vs(t) is the reference (θ = 0o), + v1 −
a) Write the time-domain expression of the voltage source vs(t). +
+
Vs = 9 Vrms 2 kΩ v2
b) Draw the frequency-domain equivalent circuit and find the phasor –
–
voltages v1 and v2. AC voltage −
c) Find the rms values of the voltages v1 and v2. source
Figure 2
d) Show that Vs(rms) = V1(rms) + V2(rms). Explain why.
Solution
a) vs (t )  9 2 cos( wt  0)  12.73cos wt
b) Phasor representation of the source voltage: Vs  12.73 0 V
Frequency-domain equivalent circuit:
Applying the voltage divider method,
I 1 kΩ we obtain the phasor voltages:
 1 
 12.73 0  = 4.24 0 V
+ V1 − + V1  
 2 1
+
Vs  12.73 0 V – 2 kΩ V2
–
−  2 
V2    12.73 0  = 8.49 0 V
 2 1
4.24 8.49
c) V1( rms )  = 3 V rms ; V2( rms )  = 6 V rms ; Given: Vs ( rms )  9 V rms
2 2
d) Substituting the values into Vs(rms) = V1(rms) + V2(rms), 9 = 3 + 6 or 9 = 9.
Since the frequencies and the phase angles of vs(t), v1(t) and v2(t) are the same, the sum V1(rms) + V2(rms) is
equal to Vs(rms).

3. RMS Calculation for an RC Circuit (An Example Related to Experiment 2)

For the circuit in Figure 3, answer the following questions by assuming that the phase angle of the
sinusoidal voltage source vs(t) is the reference (θ = 0o),

a) Draw the frequency-domain (or phasor domain) i R

equivalent circuit. 2 kΩ
b) Find the reactance (XC)of the capacitor. VS = 12 V rms + C
c) Find the total impedance (ZT) of the circuit. f = 100 Hz –
– 5 µF
d) Find the phasor current I. Sinusoidal voltage
source
e) Find the phasor voltages (VR) on the resistor and the Figure 3
phasor voltage (VC) on the capacitor.
f) Write the time-domain steady-state expressions of the resistor voltage vR(t) and capacitor voltage vc(t).
g) Indicate whether the voltage phasor or the current phasor of the capacitor is lagging behind the other,
and find the phase difference in degrees.
h) Draw the phasor diagram of all the currents and voltages in the circuit.
i) Find the rms values of vR and vC, and show that VS ≠ VR + VC. Explain why.
Solution
I 2000 Ω
a) Phasor domain expression of the source: VS  12 2 0  16.97 0 V
+ VR − +
Impedance of the capacitor:
VS  16.97 0 V –
+
-j318.3 Ω Vc
1 1 –
−
ZC     j 318.3  f = 100 Hz
jwC j 2100  5  106
Phasor domain equivalent circuit

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1
b) Reactance of the capacitor: X C    318.3 
wC
c) Total impedance of the circuit: ZT  R  Z C  2000  j 318.3  2025.17 9 
VS 16.97 0
d) The current phasor: I    8.38  103 9 A
ZT 2025.17 9
e) The voltage phasor on the resistor: VR  RI  (2000)(8.38 10 3 9 )  16.76 9 V
The voltage phasor on the capacitor:
VC  Z C I  ( j 318.3)(8.38 10 3 9 )  (318.3 90)(8.38 10 3 9 )  2.67 81 V
f) The time-domain steady-state expressions of the voltages on the resistor and capacitor:
vR (t )  16.76 cos(2100t  9) ; vC (t )  2.67 cos(2100t  81) V
g) The phase difference between the current and voltage phasors of the capacitor is
θ = θi – θv = 9 – (– 81) = 90o. The current phasor is leading the voltage by 90o. In other words, the
voltage is lagging behind the current by 90o.
h) The phasor diagram: Im

From the phasor diagram it is I  I C  8.38 9 mA VR  16.76 9 V

seen that
o
9
1) Vs=VR+VC and 81o
0 VS  16.97 0 V Re
2) VC lags behind IC by 90 o VC  2.72 81 V

16.76 2.72
i) VR ( rms )  = 11.85 V rms ; VC( rms )  = 1.92 V rms
2 2
Vs(rms) =12 V rms ; VR(rms) +VC(rms) =11.85+1.92=13.77

Thus, it is shown that Vs(rms) ≠ VR(rms) + VC(rms)

The sum of VR(rms) and VC(rms) is not equal to Vs(rms), because the phase angles of vs(t), v1(t) and v2(t) are
not the same,

4. RMS Calculation for an RL Circuit (An Example Related to Experiment 2)

For the circuit in Figure 4, answer the following questions by assuming that the phase angle of the sinusoidal
voltage source vs(t) is the reference (θ = 0o),
a) Draw the frequency-domain (or phasor domain) i R=2.2 kΩ
equivalent circuit. + vR –
b) Find the reactance of the inductance (XL). Vs = 5 V rms + +
L
c) Find the total impedance (ZT) of the circuit. f = 500 Hz – v L
– 500 mH
d) Find the phasor current I. Sinusoidal –
e) Find the phasor voltage (VR) on the resistor and find voltage source
the phasor voltage (VL) on the capacitor. Figure 4
f) Write the time-domain steady-state expressions of the resistor voltage vR(t) and the inductor voltage vL(t).
g) Indicate whether the voltage phasor or the current phasor on the inductor is lagging behind the other,
and find the phase difference in degrees.
h) Draw the phasor diagram of all the currents and voltages in the circuit.
i) Find the rms values of vR and vC, and show that VS(rms) ≠ VR(rms) + VC(rms). Explain why.

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Solution I 2.2 kΩ
a) Phasor domain expression of the source: + VR − +
Vs  5 2 0  7, 07 0 V Vs  7.07 0 V +
– j1570.8 Ω VL
–
f = 500 Hz −
Impedance of the inductor:
Z L  jwL  j 2500  500  103  j1570.8  Phasor domain equivalent circuit

b) Reactance of the inductor: X L  wL  1570.8 

c) Total impedance of the circuit: ZT  R  Z L  2200  j1570.8  2703.2 35.53 
V 7.07 0
d) Current phasor: I  S   2.6  103 35.53 A
ZT 2703.2 35.53
e) The voltage phasor on the resistor: VR  RI  (2200)(2.6 10 3 35.53 )  5.75 35.53 V
The voltage phasor on the inductor:
VL  Z L I  ( j1570.8)(2.6  103 35.53 )  (1570.8 90)(2.6  10 3 35.53 )  4.08 54.47 V

f) The time-domain steady-state expression of the resistor voltage: vR (t )  5.75cos(2500t  35.53) V

The time-domain steady-state expression of the inductor voltage: vL (t )  4.08cos(2500t  54.47) V
g) The phase difference between the current and voltage phasors of the inductor is
θ = θi – θv = –35.53 – (54.47) = – 90o. The current phasor is lagging behind the voltage by 90o. In
other words, the voltage phasor is leading the current phasor by 90o.
h) The phasor diagram: Im
VL  4.08 54.47 V

From the phasor diagram it is

seen that
54,47 VS  7.07 0 V
0 35,53 Re
1) VS=VR+VL and o

2) IL lags behind VL by 90o. VR  5.75 35.53 V

I  I L  8.38 9 mA

5.75 4.08
İ) VR ( rms )  = 4.07 V rms ; VL ( rms )  = 2.89 V rms
2 2
Vs(rms) =5 V rms; VR(rms) +VL(rms) = 4.07+4.89 =6.96; Thus, it is shown that Vs(rms) ≠ VR(rms) + VL(rms)
The sum of VR(rms) and VL(rms) is not equal to Vs(rms), because the phase angles of vs(t), vR(t) and vL(t) are
not the same.

5. Phasor Domain Analysis (An Example Related to Experiment 2)

For the circuit in Figure 5, answer the following questions by assuming that the phase angle of the sinusoidal
voltage source vs(t) is the reference (θ = 0o) . C
i R
a) Draw the frequency-domain equivalent circuit.
b) Calculate the reactance of the capacitor (Xc). 3Ω 1 mF
c) Calculate the reactance of the inductor (XL). + L
vs= 10cos(100t) V ––
d) Calculate the total impedance (ZT) of the circuit. 60 mH
e) Calculate the phasor current I.
f) Calculate the phasor voltage (Vc) on the capacitor. Figure 5
g) Calculate the phasor voltage (VL) on the inductor.
h) Write the time-domain steady-state expression i(t).
i) Draw the phasor diagram of all the currents and voltages in the circuit.

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Solution
1 1
a) Impedance of the capacitor : Z C     j10 
jwC j100  10 3
Impedance of the inductor: Z L  jwL  j100  60  10 3  j 6 
Frequency-domain equivalent circuit:
I 3Ω -j10 Ω

Vs  10 0 V
+
–
j6 Ω
–

1
b) Reactance of the capacitor: X C    10 
wC
c) Reactance of the inductor: X L  wL  6 
d) Total impedance of the circuit: ZT  Z R  ZC  Z R  3  j10  j 6  3  j 4  5 53 

Vs 10 0
e) Phasor current: I  =  2 53 A
Z s 5 53

f) The phasor voltage on the capacitor: VC = Z C I  (10 90)(2 53)= 20 37 V

g) The phasor voltage on the inductor: VL = Z L I  (6 90)(2 53)= 12 143 V

h) Steady-state time domain expression of the current : i (t )  im cos( wt  )  2 cos(500t  53) A

Imaginary Complex plane

i) Phasor diagram:
VL  12 143 V I  I L = I C  2 53 mA

53 o Vs  10 0 V
0 37o Real
VC  20 37 V

6. Power Calculations in AC Circuits

The circuit in Figure 6 is driven by the voltage source vs(t)=100cos5000t. 1 Ω 10 μF a iL
a) Construct the frequency-domain equivalent circuit. +
b) Find the phasor current IL and the phasor voltage VL . 3Ω
vs(t) + vL
c) Find the complex power SL, average (real) power PL, reactive power 5 mH
–
QL, apparent power |SL| on the load impedance ZL.
Figure 6 b Load: ZL
d) Find the power factor pf of the load impedance.
e) After removing the given load impedance from the circuit, find the load impedance ZL that should be
connected across a-b for maximum average power transfer to the load.
f) Find the maximum average power to the load you found in (a).
1
Reminder: S  VI*  Vrms I*rms  P  jQ  I rms Z  I rms ( R  jX ) ; pf=cosθ
2 2

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Solution
a) L = 5 mH ; ZL = jwL = j(5000)(5×10-3) = j25 Ω
C = 10 μF ; ZC = –j(1/wC) = –j(1/5000×10×10-6) = –j20 Ω
vs(t)=100cos5000t ; Vs  100 0 V
1 Ω –j20 Ω a IL
Frequency-domain equivalent circuit: +
3Ω
Vs  100 0 V + VL
j25 Ω
–
b
100 0 100 0 100 0
b) I L     15.63 51.34 A
1  j 20  3  j 25 4  j 5 6.4 51.34
VL  Z L I L  (3  j 25)(15.63 51.34)  (25.18 83.16)(15.63 51.34)  393.56 31.82 V
1 1
c) S L  VL I*L  (393.56 31.82)(15.63 51.34)  3075.67 83.16  366.30  j3053.78 VA
2 2
SL = PL + jQL
Average power : PL = 366.30 W dissipates
Reactive power : QL = 3053.78 VAR absorbs
Apparent power : S L  3075.67 VA
2
2  15.63 
2 way: S L  I L ( rms )
nd
ZL    (25.18 83.16)  3075.70 83.16  366.30  j 3053.80 VA
 2 
d) Power factor: pf = cosθ ;   tan 1 (Q / P)  tan 1 (3053.8 / 366.30)  83.16
pf  cos   cos83.16  0,12

e) Maximum average power transfer condition: Z L  ZTh

*
 1  j 20 Ω
VTh 100 0 100 0
f) I L     50 0 A
ZTh  Z L 1  j 20  1  j 20 2
2
2  50 
PL (max)  I L ( rms ) RL    (1)  1250 W
 2

100 / 2 
2 2
VTh ( rms )
2nd way: PL (max)    1250 W
4 RL 4 1

7. Power Calculation and Power Factor Correction

The load in the circuit in Figure 7 is fed by a 240 v rms and
Load
50 Hz sinusoidal voltage source, and absorbs 60000 VAR
240 0 + QL=60 kVAR
reactive power with a 0.8 lagging power factor. – C pf=0.8
a) Calculate the real power (or mean power or active power) V rms lagging
PL on the load.
b) Calculate complex power (or vector power) SL on the load. Figure 7
c) Calculate the value of the capacitor that makes the power factor of the parallel connection of the
capacitor and the load equal to 0.95.

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Reminder:
1 *
Complex power: S  VI  Vrms I*rms  I rms Z  I rms ( R  jX )  I rms R  j I rms X  P  jQ  S 
2 2 2 2

2
2 2
V V
Power factor: pf = cos θ ; Real power: P  rms  I rms R ; Reactive power: Q  rms  I rms X
2 2

R X
Inductive reactance: X L  wL  ; Capacitive reactance: X C  1

 wC
Solution
a) Power triangle: pf = cos θ = 0,8 → θ = cos-1 0,8 = 36,87o

SL QL QL 60000 60000
QL tan   ; PL     80000 W
PL tan  tan 36,87 0, 75
θ
PL  80000 W
PL

b) Complex power on the load: S L  PL  jQL  80000  j 60000 VA

ya da S L  S L  PL2  QL2   (80000)2  (60000)2 36,87  100000 36,87 VA

c) pf  cos  2  0,95 ;  2  cos 1 0,95  18, 2

Q2  PL tan18, 2  80000  0,328783  26302, 7 VAR

SL QC
QC  (QL  Q2 )  (60000  26302, 7)  33697,3 VAR
Q1
2 2
36,87 Q2 VC( rms ) VC( rms ) (240) 2
o QC  ; XC    1.71 
18,2o XC QC 33697.3
PL=80000 W

1 1 1
XC   ; C   1,86  103 F  1,86 mF
wC wX C 250(1, 71)

8. Analysis of Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

In the three-phase balance ∆-∆ system shown in a Ia Zh A
Figure 8, the balanced ∆-connected load
IAB
impedance Z∆ = 24 + j45 Ω per phase is fed by a
balanced positive (abc) sequence generator Vca +– + V ZΔ ZΔ
having Vab  381.06 0 V through a line – ab
impedance of Zh =2 + j2.32 Ω per phase. Zh ICA
Ib
a) Transform the ∆-∆ system to a Y-Y system. c –+ C
b) Construct the single-phase equivalent b B IBC ZΔ
Vbc Zh
circuit. Ic
c) Find the phasor line currents Ia, Ib and Ic.
Figure 8
Reminder: Vab  3 Van 30
Solution
 1   1 
a) Phase voltage of the Y-Y connected source: Van  Vab  30    381.06 0   30   220 30 V
 3   3 
Vbn  Vab 1 120   220 30  120  220 150 V
Vcn  Vab 1 120   220 30  120  220 90 V
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Z  24  j 45
ZY    8  j15 
3 3
Equivalent Y-Y system : a Ia Zh A

Van +– ZY
n N
Vcn +– – Vcn
+
ZY ZY
Ib Zh
c C
b B
Ic Zh

b) Single-phase equivalent circuit:

a Ia Zh A

Van +– ZY
n N

Van 220 30 220 30 220 30

c) I a      6 90 A
Z h  ZY 2  j 2.32  8  j15 10  j17.32 20 60
I b  I a 1 120    6 90 1 120   6 210  6 150A
I c  I a 1 120    6 90 1 120   6 30 A

9. Power Calculation in Three-Phase Circuits

For the ∆-∆ connected three-phase circuit in Figure 9, a Ia A
the source voltages and the load impedances are given IAB
as follows: Vab  480 0 V , Vbc  480 120 V
Vca +– + Va ZA ZC
Vca  480 120 V , –
b
ZA =2,4 – j0,7 Ω, ZB =8 – j6 Ω ve ZC = 20 Ω ICA
Ib
a) Draw the phasor diagram for the three-phase c – + C
b B IBC ZB
voltage source. Vbc Ic
b) What is the phase sequence of the three-phase
Figure 9
voltage source (abc or acb)? Briefly explain how you decided.
c) State whether the three-phase voltage source and the three-phase load are balanced or unbalanced, and
give reasons.
d) Calculate the phase currents of the load (IAB, IBC, ICA).
e) Calculate the complex power absorbed by each phase of the load impedance (SA, SB, SC)
f) Calculate the total complex power (SL) absorbed by the three-phase load impedance.
g) Calculate the total real power (PL) and the total reactive power (QL) absorbed by the three-phase load
impedance.
h) Find the power factor (pf) of the load impedance, and state whether the load is inductive or capacitive
and also state whether the power factor is lagging or leading.
Not: All the voltages and currents are in terms of rms values.

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Solution b) When the phasor voltages are rotated counterclockwise,

they pass the horizontal axis in a-c-b sequence.
a) Imaginary Therefore, the phase sequence is acb.
c) The three-phase voltage source is balanced, because the
Vbc  480 120 V
Vab  480 0 V magnitudes of the voltage sources are equal and the
phase difference between them is 120o. The three-phase
Real load is unbalanced, because the load impedance are not
Vca  480 120 V equal.

VAB 480 0 480 0

d) I AB     192 16, 26 A
Z A 2, 4  j 0, 7 2,5 16, 26
VBC 480 120 480 120
I BC     48 156,87 A
ZB 8  j6 10 36,87
VCA 480 120
I CA    24 120 A
ZC 20
e) S A  VAB I*AB  (480 0)(192 16, 26) =92160 16, 26  88474  j 25805 VA
S B  VBC I*BC  (480 120)(48 156,87) =23040 36,87  18432  j13824 VA
SC  VCAI*CA  (480 120)(24 120) =11520 W ; or
S A  I AB Z A  (192) 2 (2,4-j0,7)=88474  j25805 VA
2

S B  I BC Z B  (48) 2 (8  j6)=18432  j13824 VA

2

SC  I CA Z C  (24) 2 (20)=11520 W
2

f) S L  S A  S B  SC  88474  j 25805  18432  j13824  11520

S L  118426  j 39629  124880, 6 18,5 VA
g) PL = 118426 W ; QL = -39629 VAR
h) pf = cos (18,5o) = 0,948 leading (since QL has minus sign, the load is capacitive and the current of a
capacitor is leading its voltage.

10. Mutual Inductance and Reflected Impedance

For the circuit with mutual inductance in Figure 10, j10  16  -j4 
a) Draw the circuit with equivalent voltage sources I1 a 12 
I
instead of the mutual inductance. Indicate the   2 4
reference directions of the currents and polarities 120 0 V + j10  j8 
the voltage sources on the circuit. j6 
b) Write the necessary equations to find the currents I1
b Figure 10
ve I2. Calculate the current I1 .
c) Calculate the input impedance Zab.
d) Calculate the impedance (Zr) reflected to the primary winding. Do not use the reflected impedance
formula.
Solution
I1 a 12  I2 16  -j4 
a) b) (12  j10)I1  j10I 2  120  0 …… (1)
j10  j8  4 (20  j10)I 2  j10I1  0 …………. (2)
120 0 V +
‒
j10I2 - + j10I1 j6 
+ -

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j10I1
From (2): I 2  ……. (3)
20  j10

 j10I1  100I1
(3) → (1): (12  j10)I1  j10    120  0 ; (12  j10)I1   120
 20  j10  20  j10

   100(20  j10) 
I1 12  j10  100   120 ; I1 12  j10   120
 20  j10   202  102 

 2000  j1000 
I1 12  j10 
 500   120 ; I1 12  j10  4  j 2  120 ; I1 (16  j8)  120

I1  120  120  6.71 26.57 A

16  j8 17.89 26.57
Vs 120 0
c) Z ab    17,9 26,57  16  j8 
I1 6, 71 26,57

d) Z r  Z ab  Z11  16  j8  (12  j10)  4  j 2 

11. Frequency-Domain Analysis of Circuits with Mutual Inductance

For the circuit with mutual inductance given in the
frequency-domain in Figure 11,
2 Ω j1  –j1 
Zab
a) Draw the circuit diagram with equivalent voltage a
sources instead of the mutual inductance. Indicate I1 I2

the reference directions of the currents and j6  j4  2
VS  12 0 V +
polarities the voltage sources on the circuit. 
b) Write the necessary equations to find the currents
I1 ve I2. Calculate the current I1. b
c) Calculate the input impedance Zab. Figure 11

Solution Zab
2Ω –j1 
a
a) b) KVL around the loops:
I1 I2
j6  j4  (2 + j6)I1 +jI2 – 12 =0 . . . . . . . (1)
VS  12 0 V + 2 (2 + j4 – j)I2 +jI1 =0 . . . . . . . . (2)
jI2 +– – jI1
+  jI1
From (2): I 2  . . . . . . . . (3)
2  j3
b

  jI1  I1
(3) → (1): (2  j 6)I1  j    12  0 ; 2I1  j 6I1   12 ;
 2  j3  2  j3
(2  j 3)I1 (2  j 3)I1 (2  j 3)I1
2I1  j 6I1   12 ; 2I1  j 6I1   12 ; 2I1  j 6I1   12
(2  j 3)(2  j 3) 49 13
2I 3I  2 3  2 3
2I1  j 6I1  1  j 1  12 ; I1  2  j 6   j   12 ; I1  2  j 6   j   12
13 13  13 13   13 13 
156 156
I1  26  j 78  2  j 3  13  12 ; I1  28  j 75   156 ; I1  ; I1 
28  j 75 80.05 69.53
I1  1.95 69.53  0.68  j1.83
V 12
c) Z ab  s   6.15 69.53  2.15  j 5.76 
I1 1.95 69.53

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12. Power and Reflected Impedance Calculations for Circuits with Mutual Inductance
For the circuit with mutual inductance given in the
2 Ω j1  –j1 
Zab
frequency-domain in Figure 12, the current phasor I1 is a
given as I1  1, 95 69, 53 A. I1
 I2
a) Find the vector power (Ss), real power (Ps) and VS  12 0 V + j6  j4  2 
reactive power (Qs). 
b) Find the input impedance Zab.
b
c) Find the impedance Zr reflected to the primary windings. Figure 12
Solution
1
a) S s   Vs I1*   12 0 1.95 69.53    11.7 69.53     4.09  j10.96   4.09  j10.96 VA
*

2
Ss = 4.09  j10.96 VA ; Ps = 4.09 W ; Qs =  10.96 VAR
Vs 12
b) Z ab    6.15 69.53 = 2.15 + j5.76
I1 1.95 69.53
c) Zr = Zab – (2 + j6) = 2.15 + j5.76 – 2 – j6 = 0.15 – j0.23 Ω

13. Analysis of a Circuit with an Ideal Transformer

The turns ratio of the transformer in the frequency domain 5  -j4  I1 1:2
circuit shown in Figure 13 is given as N = 2. Assuming that I2 j36  5 
the voltage sources are of the same frequency, + +
a) Write the current and voltage relationships of the +
_ 10 0 V V1 V2 40 0 V +_
transformer and the necessary KVL equations that will – –
be sufficient to find the phasor currents and voltages
Ideal
– Transformer
(I1, I2, V1 and V2). Do not solve the equations.
Figure 13
b) Construct the equivalent secondary circuit and calculate
the phasor current I2.

Solution
a) (5  j 4) I1  V1  10 0  0 . . . . . . . . (1)
(5  j 36) I 2  40 0  V2  0 . . . . . . (2)
V2  2V1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3)
I1  2 I 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4)
b) Equivalent secondary circuit:
20  -j16  j36  5
5(2 ) -j4(2 ) I2
2 2
_
20 0 V + 40 0 V +_

KCL: (20  j16  j 36  5)I 2  40 0  20 0  0 ; (25  j 20)I 2  60

60 60 60
I2     1.87 141.34 A
25  j 20 25  j 20 32.01 14134

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14. Maximum Power Transfer in a Circuit with Ideal Transformer

In the circuit in Figure 14, the voltage source and the turns ratio 32  62,5 μF 4:1 a
of the ideal transformer are given as vs (t )  120 cos1000t V, and
N = 4, respectively. 
vs(t) +_ ZL
a) Construct the phasor domain equivalent circuit.

b) Construct the equivalent secondary circuit.
c) Find the value of the load impedance that enables maximum Ideal b Load
Figure 14 transformer
average power transfer to the load ZL.
d) Calculate the maximum average power PL(max) transferred to
the load ZL.
Solution
32  -j16  4:1 a
a) Zc  1   j 1   j16 
jwC 1000  62,5 106 
120 0 V +
_ ZL

b) Equivalent secondary circuit: b
2 -j  a
IL
_ 32/42 j16/42
30 0 V + ZL
(120 0) / 4 V
b

c) Maximum average power transfer condition: Z L  ZTh  2 j 
30 0 30 0 7.5
d) I L    7.5 0 A ; I L ( rms )   5.3 A rms
2 j 2 j 4 2
2
Maximum average power transferred to the load: PL (max)  I L ( rms ) R  (5,3) 2 2  56, 25 W

15. Analysis of Circuits with Transformers and Calculation of Maximum Power Transfer
For the circuit in Figure 15, the voltage source and the turns 128  25 μF 4:1 a
ratio of the ideal step down transformer are given as
vs (t )  60cos500t V and N=4, respectively. + +
vs(t) +_ 96 mH v1 v2 RL
a) Construct the frequency-domain equivalent circuit. – – Load
b) Construct the equivalent secondary circuit. resistor
c) Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the terminals Ideal b
a,b when the load resistor is not connected. Figure 15 transformer

d) When the load resistor RL is connected to the circuit, for maximum power transfer to RL,
(1) Find the value of RL.
(2) Find the value of the maximum power that can be delivered to RL.
Solution 128 -j80 Ω 4:1 a
3
a) Z L  jwL  j 500  96  10  j 48  
+ +
1 1 Vs  60 0 V +_ j48 Ω V1 V2 RL
ZC  j 6
  j80 
jwC 500  25 10 – –
b
b) Equivalent secondary circuit: 8  -j5 Ω a
(60 0) / 4  15 0 V
15 0 V +
_ j3 Ω RL
128/(4)2 = 8 Ω
-j80/(4)2 = -j5 Ω
b
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c) When the load resistor is removed from the circuit, the Thevenin voltage is equal to the voltage on the
j3 Ω impedance. Applying the voltage divider method,
j3 j 45 45 90
VTh  (15)    4.77 58 V
8  j5 8  j 5 9.43 32
When the load resistor is removed from the circuit, and the 15 V source is deactivated (replaced by a
short circuit), the impedance between the terminals a,b is equal to the Thevenin impedance.
j 3(8  j 5) 15  j 24 28.3 58
ZTh     3.43 72  1.06  j 3.26 
j3  8  j5 8  j2 8.25 14
Thevenin equivalent circuit:
ZTh  1, 06  j 3, 26 
a

VTh  4, 77 58 V +
_

d1) Maximum power transfer condition: RL  ZTh  3.43  .

VTh 4.77 58
d2) 1.06  j 3.26  IL  
a ZTh  RL 1.06  j 3.26  3.43
IL 4.77 58
4.77 58 V + IL   0.867 21.65 A
_ RL=3.43 5.5 36,35
Ω 2  0.867 
2

PL (max)  I L ( rms ) RL    3.43  1.29 W

b  2 
16. Frequency-Domain Analysis of Circuits with Transformers
The turns ratio of the step-up transformer in Figure 16 is
given as N = 4. Assuming that the frequencies and the 5  -j4  I1 1:4 I2 j4  10 
phase angles of the two voltage source are the same, + +
a) Find the phasors I1, I2, V1, and V2 using the +
_ 10 0 V V1 V2 20 0 V +_
transformer’s input-output current and voltage – –
relations and the KVL.
b) Construct the equivalent secondary circuit and find the İdeal
– transformatör
phasor current I2. Figure 16

Solution
a) (5  j 4)I1  V1  10 0  0 . . . . . . . (1)
(10  j 4)I 2  20 0  V2  0 . . . . . . (2)
V2  4V1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3)
I1  4I 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4)
V2
From (3): V1   . . . . . . . . .(5)
4
V2
(4) and (5) → (1): (5  j 4)(4I 2 ) 
 10 0  0 . . . . . . . . . . . . (6)
4
From (6): 80I 2  j 64I 2  V2  40  0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7)
From (7): V2  80I 2  j 64I 2  40  0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (8)

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(8) → (2): 10I 2  j 4I 2  20 0  (80I 2  j 64I 2  40)  0

10I 2  j 4I 2  20 0  80I 2  j 64I 2  40  0
90I 2  j 60I 2  60  0
60 2 2(3  j 2) 6  j 4) 6  j 4)
I2     2   0.46  j 0.31  0.56 146 A
90  j 60 3  j 2 (3  j 2)(3  j 2) 3  22 13
b) Equivalent secondary circuit:
80  -j64  j4  10 
2
5(4 ) -j4(42) I2
_
40 0 V + 20 0 V +_

Applying KVL:
(80  j 64  j 4  10)I 2  20 0  40 0  0 ; (90  j 60)I 2  60
60 2 2(3  j 2) 6  j 4) 6  j 4)
I2     2   0.46  j 0.31  0.56 146 A
90  j 60 3  j 2 (3  j 2)(3  j 2) 3  22 13
Note that the value of the phasor current I2 obtained in (a) and (b) are the same.

17. Autotransformer Circuit Analysis

For the ideal autotransformer circuit given in Figure 17, calculate: I2
a) I1, I2, and Io if ZL = 4 + j3 Ω , and,
b) The complex power (SL), the average power (PL), and the

reactive power (QL) supplied to the load.
N2=150 turns +
Reminder:
I1 V2 ZL
Complex power: S  Vrms I*rms  I rms Z L  P  jQ
2

+
N1=50 turns –
100 30 V rms +_ V1
Solution Io
a) Volts per turn is the same on both sides. Therefore, –
Figure 17
V1 V2 V V2 V V –
 ; 1 ; 1 2
N1 N1  N 2 50 50  150 1 4

V2  4V1  4  100 30=400 30V

V2 400 30 400 30

I2   = =80 6.87 A
ZL 4  j3 5 36.87
Ampere-turns is the same on both side. Hence,
I1 N1  I 2 ( N1  N 2 ) ; I1 (50)  I 2 (50  150) ; I1  4I 2

I1  4(80 6.87)  320 6.87 A

I 2  I1  I o ; I o  I 2  I1  80 6.87  320 6.87  79.43  j 9.57  317.70  j 38.28

I o  238.28  j 28.71  240 173.13 A

b) S L  V2( rms ) I*2( rms )  (400 30)(80 6.87)  32000 36.87  25600  j19200 VA

or
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2
S L  I 2( rms ) Z L  (80) 2 (4  j 3)  25600  j19200 VA

PL = 25600 W
QL = 19200 VAR

18. Circuit Analysis in s-domain

The switch in the circuit shown in Figure 18 has t=0
4 4 1F 2
been closed for a long time. The switch opens at t=0.
i(t)
a) Draw the circuit at t = 0-, and from this circuit
find the initial current in the inductor and the 36 V +_ 1H +
_ 12 V
initial voltage on the capacitor.  
b) Construct the s-domain equivalent circuit for t ≥ 0.
c) Calculate the s-domain phasor current I(s) for t  0. Figure 18
d) Obtain the time-domain expression of the current i(t) by taking the invers Laplace transform of I(s).
(Use the Laplace transform table)
Solution
a) At t = 0- the inductor is short circuit and the capacitor is open circuit.
4 4 2
- - iL (0 )  36  9 A
iL(0 ) ̶ vC(0 ) + 4
36 V +
_ +
_ 12 V
  vC (0 )  12  0 ; vC (0 )  12 V

b) The s-domain equivalent circuit for t ≥ 0:

12 V.s 1 
4 s s 2
_+
i(t)
9 A.s s 12 V.s +
_
s s

c) The simplified circuit for t ≥ 0:

1  1 
4 s 2 s 4 s 2
I(s) I(s)
9 A.s s 9V +
_
s

 
 
KGY: I 4  s  1  2  9  0 ; I  4 s  s  1  2 s   9 ; I  2 9 s
2

s  s  s  6s  1


2
b  b  ac
3   3  1
2
2 2
d) s 1,2    3  8  3  2,828 ; s1  0,172 ; s2  5,828
a 1
9s K1 K2
I  
( s  0,172)(s  5,828) ( s  0,172) (s  5,828)
9s 9(0,172)
K1  ( s  0,172) I(s) s 0,172    0, 274
(s  5,828) s 0,172 (0,172  5,828)

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9s 9(5,828)
K 2  ( s  5,828) I(s) s 5,828    9, 274
(s  0,172) s 5,828 (5,828  0,172)

; i (t)   0, 274 e  9, 274 e 5,828t  u (t ) V

0, 274 9, 274 0,172 t
I 
( s  0,172) (s  5,828)

19. Circuit Analysis in the s-domain

In the circuit in Figure 19, switch S1 has been 5  S1 V1 2  S2 2
open and switch S2 has been closed for a long
time. At t=0, S1 closes and S2 opens at the t=0 t=0
same time. 10 V + 6H 4 + 12 V
0,2 F
a) Find the initial current of the inductor and
the initial voltage of the capacitor.
b) Construct the s-domain equivalent circuit.
c) From the s-domain equivalent circuit, write Figure 19
the necessary node voltage equation (or equations) to find the node voltage V1(s) for t  0. Do not
simplify and do not solve the equation (or equations).
Solution
a) The circuit at t = 0-: S1 is open circuit, S2 is short circuit, capacitor is open circuit, and inductor is
short circuit.
Applying the node voltage method:
–
2  vc(0 ) S2 2
vC (0 ) vC (0 ) vC (0 )  12
  0
iL(0-) 2 4 2
+
vc(0–) 4 + 12 V 2vC (0 )  vC (0 )  2vC (0 )  24  0
 5vC (0 )  24 ; vC (0 ) 
24
 4, 8 V
5
v (0 ) 4,8
iL (0 )  C   2, 4 A
2 2
b) s-domain equivalent circuit for t  0.

5 V1(s) 2
ZC = 1/sC = 1/0,2s = 5/s Ω
5/s 
2,4/s ZL = sL = 6s Ω
10/s + 6s Ω
V.s A.s +
 4,8/s
V.s

10 4.8
V1  V1 
s  2.4 V s 0
c) The node voltage equation:  1
5 s 6s 5
2
s

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20. Circuit Analysis in the s-Domain

The switches S1, S2, and S3 has been in the
positions shown in Figure 20 (S1 is at a, S2 is open 10

circuit, and S3 is short circuit). At t = 0, all of the 3 b
t=0 t=0 2
S 2 v1
three switch change position at the same time (S1 S1 i
a
t=0 S3
moves b, S2 becomes short circuit, and S3 becomes 10 
L
+
open circuit). 10 V +
– 5H 0,1 F vC 1 + 15 V
– –
a) Find the initial voltage of the capacitor 10 V – +
[Vo=vC(0+)] and initial current of the inductor
endüktör [Io=iL(0+)].
b) Construc the s-domain equivalent circuit for t  0. Figure 20
c) Find the node voltage V1(s) for t  0.
d) Obtain the time-domain expression of the node voltage v1(t) for t  0.

Solution
a) The circuit at t = 0–: S1 is at position a, S2 is open circuit, S3 is short circuit, C is open circuit, L is short circuit.
v1(0-) 2
10 
iL(0-) Initial current of the inductor: I o  iL (0 )  1 A
10  + 10
vC(0-) 1 + 15 V
 1
–
10 V + – – Initial voltage of the capacitor: Vo  vC (0 )  (15)  5 V
1 2

b) s-domain equivalent circuit for t ≥ 0: c) KCL equation at node 1:

10 10 5
 V1  V1 
3 I1 V1(s) I3 s  V1  1  s 0
10 5s s 10
I2 (1/Cs)= 3 s
Io /s= 10/s Ω
10/s + sL= 1/s
A.s
–
5s Ω + 5/s V1s  10
A.s –
s V 1 V s 5
V.s  1  1 0
10 5s s 10
3
3V1s  30 V1 1 V1s  5 3V1s  30 2V1 10 V1s 2  5s
   0 ;     0 ; 3V1 s  30  2V1  10  V1s 2  5s  0
10s 5s s 10 10 s 10 s 10 s 10 s
5s  40
V1 ( s 2  3s  2)  40  5s  0 ; V1 ( s ) 
s 2  3s  2

b  b 2  4ac 3  (3) 2  4(1)(2) 3  9  8 3  1

d) Roots of the denominator: s1,2    
2a 2(1) 2 2
s1 = –1 rad/s ; s2 = –2 rad/s
5s  40 5s  40 K K
V1 ( s )    1  2
s  3s  2 ( s  1)( s  2) s  1 s  2
2

5s  40 5(1)  40 5  40
K1  ( s  1)V ( s ) s 1     35
s  2 s 1 (1)  2 1
5s  40 5(2)  40 10  40
K 2  ( s  2)V ( s ) s 2     30
s  1 s 2 (2)  1 1

v1 (t )   35e  t  30e 2t  u (t ) V , for t  0

35 30
V1 ( s )   Inverse Laplace transformation
s 1 s  2

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EE 202 Circuit Analysis 26.02.2020-(V.2)
Solved Problems B. Demir Öner

21. Transfer Function in the s-Domain and Frequency Domain

For the circuit in Figure 21,
a) Contruct the s-domain equivalent circuit.
b) Drive the s-domain transfer function H(s)=Vo(s)/Ig(s). 2Ω +
ig(t) 0,25 F vo(t)
c) Using the result of (b), obtain the frequency domain transfer
2H –
function H(jw), amplitude function |H(jw)|, and phase function
θ(jw).
Figure 21
d) Assuming that the input current source is given as ig(t)=10cos5t A,
find the output phasor voltage Vo.
e) Write the time-domain expression vo(t).
Solution
a) ZL = sL = 2s Ω 2Ω +
Ig(s) 4 Ω Vo(s)
ZC = 1/sC = 1/0,25s = 4/s Ω 2s Ω s –

(2  2 s ) 4 8 (1  s )
8( s  1) 4( s  1)
b) Z s  s   2
2  2 s  4 2 s  2 s  4 2( s  s  2) s  s  2
2 2

s s
Vo ( s ) 4( s  1)
Vo ( s )  ZI g ( s ) ; s-domain transfer function: H ( s )  Z  2
I g ( s) s s2

4( s  1) 4( jw  1)
c) Frequency-domain transfer function: H ( jw)  H ( s ) s  jw  
s  s  2 s  jw ( jw) 2  jw  2
2

4( jw  1) 4(1  jw)
H ( jw)  
 w  jw  2 (2  w2 )  jw
2

4(1  jw) 4 1  w2 tan 1 w

H ( jw)  
(2  w2 )  jw (2  w2 ) 2  w2 tan 1  w / (2  w2 ) 

Amplitude function: H  jw   4 1  w2
(2  w2 ) 2  w2

Phase function:   jw   tan 1 w  tan 1  w / (2  w2 ) 

d) Given the current source: ig(t)=10cos5t.

The phasor representation of the current source: I g  10 0 A . Here, w = 5 rad/s.
The output phasor voltage:
4(1  j 5) 4(5.1 78.69) 204 78.69
Vo  H ( j 5)I g  (10 0)=   8.67 89.05 V
(2  5 )  j 5
2
23  j 5 23.54 167.74
e) Time-domain expression of the output voltage: vo (t )  8, 67 cos(5t  89, 05) V

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EE 202 Circuit Analysis 26.02.2020-(V.2)
Solved Problems B. Demir Öner

22. Transfer Function in the s-Domain and Frequency Domain

For the RC low-pass filter shown in Figure 22, R
a) Construct the s-domain equivalent circuit. + +
b) Derive the voltage transfer function H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s) in terms of R and C. vi(t) C vo(t)
c) From H(s), obtain the frequency domain voltage transfer function H(jw), – –
amplitude function H ( w) and phase function  ( w) . Figure 22
d) Show that H ( jw) max  1 .
e) Find the cufoff frequency wc in terms of R and C.
f) For the values of R=1 kΩ, C=1 μF, and vi (t )  10cos500t V, find the phasor voltage Vo and its time-
domain expression vo(t) of the output voltage.
1
R
Solution a) b) Using the voltage divider formula: Vo ( s )  sC Vi ( s )
+ + 1
Vi(s)
1
Vo(s) R
sC sC
– –
1 1
Vo ( s ) 1
The voltage transfer function in the s-domain: H ( s )   sC  sC 
Vi ( s ) R  1 sRC  1 1  sRC
sC sC
c) The voltage transfer function in the frequency-domain (or the system function):
1 1
H ( jw)  H ( s ) s  jw  
1  jwRC 1  ( wRC ) 2 tan 1 wRC
1
H ( jw)   tan 1 wRC
1  ( wRC ) 2

1
Amplitude response: H ( w)  ; Phase response:  ( w)   tan 1 wRC
1  ( wRC ) 2

1
d) For w = 0 , H ( w) max  1 ; H ( w) max  1
1 0
e) At the cutoff frequency the following condition must be satisfied:
1 1 1
H ( jwc )  H max ; H ( jwc )   1
2 1  ( wc RC ) 2 2
1
(wcRC)2 = 1 is obtained ; wcRC = ±1 ; wc  rad/s
RC
f) vi (t )  10cos500t V → Vi  10 0 V ; R=1 kΩ ; C=1 μF
Vo  H ( jw)Vi
For w=500 rad/s:
1 1
H ( j 500)   tan 1 wRC   tan 1 (500 1000 10 6 )
6 2
1  ( wRC ) 2
1  (500  1000 10 )
1
H ( j1000)   tan 1 0,5  0,894 26,57
1  (0,5) 2

Vo  H ( j 500)Vi   0,894 26,57  10 0   8,94 26,57 V ; Vo  8,94 26,57 V

vo (t )  8,94 cos(500t  26,57) V

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EE 202 Circuit Analysis 26.02.2020-(V.2)
Solved Problems B. Demir Öner

23. Bandpass Series RLC Filter (Series RLC Resonance Circuit)

An RLC series resonance circuit in frequency domain is jwL 1/jwC I
shown in in Figure 23. Find its resonant frequency wo (in
radians/s) and fo (in Hz). + VL − + VC −
+
Vs +
Solution – R VR
−
The resonant frequency ( fo) of the series resonance circuit is
the frequency which makes the imaginary part of the total
impedance of the serial resonance circuit equal to zero. At the Figure 23
resonant frequency, the impedances of the inductor and the capacitor cancel to each other; only the
resistors remain in the circuit and the current in the circuit reaches its maximum value.
1  1 
Z t  jwL  R  R j  wL  
jwC  wC 
1 1 1 1 1
wo L  0 ; wo L  ; wo2  ; wo  rad/s ; fo  Hz
woC woC LC LC 2 LC

24. Bandpass Series RLC Filter (Series RLC Resonance Circuit)

The amplitude characteristic | I | of a series RLC I
resonance circuit is given in Figure 24. Using the
graph, obtain the following parameters of the Im
circuit. Show these parameters and your graphical 0.8Im
solution on the graph. 0.6Im
a) The resonant frequency (fo), Şekil 24
0.4Im
b) The lower and upper cutoff frequencies
(fc1 and fc2), 0.2Im
c) The 3-dB bandwidth (B) 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 f (kHz)
Solution
I
The following values are approximate values that
Im
can be read from the graph.
0.8Im Im / 2
a) fo = 8,7 kHz
0.6Im (0, 707 I m )
b) fc1 = 6,6 kHz ; fc2 = 10,8 kHz 0.4Im
c) B = fc2 – fc1 = 10,8 – 6,6 = 4,2 kHz 0.2Im
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 f (kHz)
fc1 fo fc2
B
25. Bandpass Parallel RLC Filter
Tuner circuit (frequency setting circuit) of an FM (Frequency Antenna
Modulated) radio receiver is shown in Figure 25. The value of
the inductor in the circuit is L = 4 μH. The frequency band for
FM wave radio broadcasts is between 88 MHz and 108 MHz. Radio Frequency
a) Show that the resonant frequency is f o  1/(2 LC ) . C L R (RF) Amplifier

b) Find the range of the variable capacitor (C) that can change
the resonant frequency ( fo ) of the tuner circuit in the frequency Input impedance of
band of the FM broadcasts. the RF amplifier
Figure 25

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EE 202 Circuit Analysis 26.02.2020-(V.2)
Solved Problems B. Demir Öner

Solution
a) The resonant frequency of a parallel RLC circuit is the frequency which makes the imaginary part of
the input admittance.
The input admittance of the circuit is
1 1 1 1  1 
Yab      j  wC 
R jwL 1/ jwC R  wL 
Let us equate the imaginary part to zero.
1 1 1 1 1
  wC  0 ;  wC ; w2  ; w rad/s ; f  Hz
wL wL LC LC 2 LC
1 1
b) f2 ; C
4 2 LC 4 Lf 2
2

1
Cmin  6
 0.543  1012 F  0.543 pF
4 (4 10 )(108  10 )
2 6

1
Cmax  2 6
 0.818  1012 F  0.818 pF
4 (4 10 )(88 10 )
6

26. Decibel Calculations

The power gains of the cascaded circuits A, B, and C shown in Figure 26 are given as GA = 9 dB, GB = – 3
dB, and GC = 6 dB. Assuming that the input power of the system is 25 W.
a) Calculate the dBW value of the input power [Pi(dBW)].
b) Calculate the value of the output power Po in terms of decibelwatts (dBW) and watts.

Pi =25 W GA = 9 dB P1 GB = –3 dB P2 GC = 6 dB Po = ?

Figure 26
Solution
a) Pi (dBW)  10 log10 (25)  13.98 dBW

b) Po(dBW)  Pi (dBW)  GA(dB)  GB (dB)  GC (dB)

Po(dBW)  14  9  3  6  26 dBW

Po(dBW)  10 log10 Po  26 dBW

log10 Po  2.6

Po  102.6 = 398.11 W

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