MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF

TECHNICAL EDUCATION MUMBAI

A PROJECT REPORT ON

“ISOMETRIC AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION”

DIPLOMA

IN

ELECTRONICS & COMPUTER ENGINEER

Submitted by
Mr. Atul Sandip Davari
Mrs. Tanuja Suresh Balkar
Mrs. Radhika Uttam Hodage
Mr. Animesh laxman Dorugade
Mr. Ritesh Rupesh Sutar
Under the guidance of

Mr. K.G. RAJDEEP

SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL POLYTECNHNIC,MAHAGAON

ACADEMIC 2022-2023
 MSBTE

Maharashtra state board of

Technical education

SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL HOSPITAL AND RESEARCH CENTER MAHAGAON

“SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL POLYTECHNIC”

A/P-MAHAGAON, CITY-CHINCHEWAID, TAL-GADHINGLAJ, DIST-KOLHAPUR

Certificate
This is to certify that the following students of first semester of diploma programme in

COMPUTER ENGINEERING of institute SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL

POLYTECHNIC,MAHAGAON -416503. (CODE-22101) has completed micro
project on “ISOMETRIC AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION” satisfactory
subject EGG or academic year 2022-23 as prescribed in the curriculum.

ROLL NAME OF STUDENT ENROLLMENT NO.

NO.
19 Atul Sandip Davari 2209650089
20 Tanuja Suresh Balkar 2209650090
21 Radhika Uttam Hodage 2209650091
22 Animesh laxman Dorugade 2209650092
23 Ritesh Rupesh Sutar 2209650093

Mr. K.G.RAJDEEP PROF.K.G.KURALE PROF.D.B.KESTI

(Project Guide) (Head of Department) (Principle)

 INDEX

SR.NO. CONTENT PG.NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 ISOMETRIC PROJECTION 2 TO 3

3 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 4 TO 6

4 CONCLUSION 7

5 INFERENCE 8
I

INTRODUCTION
Isometric: a method of representing three-dimensional objects on a flat
surface by means of a drawing that shows three planes of the object.
Orthographic: a method for representing a three-dimensional object by
means of several views from various planes.
An isometric projection results if the plane is oriented so that it
makes equal angles (hence “isometric,” or “equal measure”) with
the three principal planes of the object.
orthographic projection, common method of representing three-
dimensional objects, usually by three two-dimensional drawings in each
of which the object is viewed along parallel lines that are perpendicular
to the plane of the drawing.
Orthographic drawings are related to isometric drawings. Isometrics
show multiple sides of an object at the same time. Orthographics show
individual views of the objects. The next sequence of drawings shows
how that relationship works, beginning with labeling of the sides of an
object in isometric drawings.
 ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
When a solid is resting in its simple position, the front or top view, taken
separately, gives an incomplete idea of the form of the object. When the
solid is tilted from its simple position such that its axis is inclined to
both H.P and V.P, the front view or the top view or sometimes both,
give an „air idea of the pictorial form of the object, i.e., all the surfaces
are visualized in a single orthographic view. “Iso” means „equal‟ and
“metric projection” means „a projection to a reduced measure‟. An
isometric projection is one type of pictorial projection in which the three
dimensions of a solid are not only shown in one view, but also their
dimension can be scaled from this drawing.

It is seen that all the edges and faces of the

rectangular prism are equally inclined to the plane of all the edges and
faces of the cube are equally inclined to the plane of projection. Hence
the rectangular faces are seen as similar and equal rhombuses. The three
lines AB, AD and AE are meeting at A. These edges are mutually
perpendicular to each other in the solid. Since all these edges are equally
inclined to H.P, they are making and angle of 120o with each other in
the plane of projection; also they are equally foreshortened. This leads
us to the problem of selecting an isometric scale.
Isometric Lines: The lines parallel to the isometric axes are termed
isometric lines. The lines CD, CB etc are examples of isometric lines
Non-isometric Lines: The lines which are not parallel to isometric axes
are termed non-isometric lines. The BD is an example.
Isometric Planes: The planes representing the faces of the rectangular
prism as well as other planes parallel to these planes are termed
isometric planes
Isometric scale: Isometric projection is drawn using isometric scale,
which converts true lengths into isometric lengths (foreshortened)
Construction of isometric scale:

 Draw a horizontal line AB.

 From A draw a line AC at 45o to represent actual or true length and

another line AD at 30o to AB to measure isometric length.

On AC mark the point 0, 1, 2 etc to represent actual lengths.

 From these points draw verticals to meet AD at 0 , 1 , 2 etc. The

length A1 represents the isometric scale
 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

Orthographic projection is a means of representing a three-dimensional

object in two dimensions. It uses multiple views of an object, from
points of view rotated about the objects centre through increments of 90
degrees. Equivalently, the views may be considered to be obtained by
rotating the object about its centre through increments of 90 degrees.
The views are positioned relative to each other according to either of
two schemes: first-angle or third-angle projection. In each- the
appearances of views may be thought of as being “projected” onto
planes that form a transparent “box” around the object .
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique in which the
parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the projection plane 3-D
projections are useful in that they provide an image that is similar to the
image in the designer‟ s mind‟s eye. But 3-D projections are often weak
in providing adequate details of the object, and there is often some
distortion of the object. For instance, a circular hole becomes an ellipse
in an isometric 3-D projection. Orthographic projection are used to
overcome the weaknesses of 3-D projections. Orthographic projections
are a collection of flat 2-D drawings of the different sides of an object.
 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW

Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object to the line

of sight. It uses multiple views of the object, from points of view rotated
about the object's center through increments of 90°. The views may be
considered to be obtained by rotating the object about its center through
increments of 90°.
Advantage It represents accurate shape and size.
Disadvantage Require practice in writing and reading.
Only two forms of orthographic projections are used: first-angle
projection („European ISO-E‟) and third-angle projection („American
ISO-A‟). On engineering drawings, the projection angle is denoted by an
international symbol consisting of a truncated cone, respectively for
first-angle
 ISOMETRIC VIEW

ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
 CONCLUSION
Isometric projection is a method for visually representing
three-dimensional objects in two dimensions
in technical and engineering drawings. It is an axonometric projection in
which the three coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened and the
angle between any two of them is 120 degrees.
An isometric view of an object can be obtained by choosing the
viewing direction such that the angles between the projections of
the x, y, and z axes are all the same, or 120°. For example, with a cube,
this is done by first looking straight towards one face. Next, the cube is
rotated ±45° about the vertical axis, followed by a rotation of
approximately 35.264° (precisely arcsin 1⁄√3 or arctan √2, which is
related to the Magic angle) about the horizontal axis.
Orthographic projection (also orthogonal
[a]
projection and analemma) is a means of representing three-
dimensional objects in two dimensions. Orthographic projection is a
form of parallel projection in which all the projection lines
are orthogonal to the projection plane,[2] resulting in every plane of the
scene appearing in affine transformation on the viewing surface. The
obverse of an orthographic projection is an oblique projection, which is
a parallel projection in which the projection lines are not orthogonal to
the projection plane.
The term orthographic sometimes means a technique in multiview
projection in which principal axes or the planes of the subject are also
parallel with the projection plane to create the primary views.[2] If the
principal planes or axes of an object in an orthographic projection
are not parallel with the projection plane, the depiction is
called axonometric or an auxiliary views.
 INFERENCE

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographic_projection
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometric_projection
https://mytrainingbc.ca/youthexploreskills/activity/Plumbing/pdf/Draftin
g.pdf
https://dreamcivil.com/orthographic-projection/