VocationalTrainingReport Of C.S.P.D.C.L. TORWA 13th july To 11th August Submitted To Jhada Sirha Govt. Engineering College Jagdalpur SubmittedBy:PRITHU RAJ SAHU B.Tech - 5" Semester Branch:- ElectricalEngineering Guided By : Rajni Bala minzACKNOWLEDGEMENT I feel great pleasure on my vocational training report CHHATTISGARH STATE POWERDISTRIBUTION COMPANY LTD. BILASPUR . Iam very thankful to my training officer who gave me this opportunity to under go vocational training and supporting my practical backgroun knowledge fortunately I express my sincere gratitude to Ms. Rajni Bal: minz (J.E.) C.S.P.D.C.L. Torwa Bilaspur for supporting me to completd my vocational training .And last but not the least I am also thankful too and jappreciate_their effort_s without it would not be able to complete this reportCHHATTISGARH STATE POWER COMPANIES Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board was for with the Section 5 of the Electricity Supply Act 1948as per the Notification published in the gazette of the Government of Chhattisgarh dated 15November 2000.Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board(CSEB)became functional we. 01.12.2000, Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board has be en reorganized into five companies in accordance with the provisions contained in the Section 131-134 of Electricity Act2003by the Govt, of Chhattisgarh these are = . CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER HOLDING COMPANY LTD. . CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER GENERATION COMPANY LTD. . CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER TRANSMISSION COMPANY LTD. 4, CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER DISTRIBUTION COMPANY LTD. 5. CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER TRADING COMPANY LTD. vTRANSMISSIONMAP33/11KV TORWA SUBSTATION * incoming feeders of 33Kv namely > Mopka > Silpahri * Power Transformer of SMVA 33/11KV is used to step down the voltage. * This Sub-Station supply! IkV to five feeders namely > Dayal Bandh > Shankar Nagar > Torwa » Rama Residensi > Hemu Nagar SINGLELINEDIAGRAM asannnnacnanacnannanal Pon eee B petite oe si cepeeater DOG tats Stree ast Shear BSSSUBSTATIONS A substation is a part of electrical _ generation, transmission and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, otherwise , or perform any of several other important functions Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels, Sub-stations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are un attended , relying on SCADA for remotes upper vision and control. A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages. Substations are classified by two broad categorie: 1. According to this requirement: © Transformer substation © Switch substation * Power factor correction substation Frequency change substation © Converting substation Industrial substation © Collector Substation © Convertor Substation © Switching Substation 2. According to the constructional features: * Indoor substation * Outdoor substation * Underground substation * Pole mounted substationTRANSFORMER SUBSTATION They are known as transformer substations as because transformer is the main component employed to change the voltage level, depending upon the purposed served transformer substations may be classified into: a) STEPUP SUBSTATION ‘The generation voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect economy in transmission of electric power. These are generally located in the powerhouses and are of outdoor type. b) PRIMARYGRIDSUBSTATION Here, electric power is received by primary substation which reduces the voltage level to 33KV for secondary transmission the primary grid substation is generally of outdoor type. c) SECONDARYSUBSTATIONS At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to 1IKV. The11KV lines runs along the important road of the city these substations are also of outdoor type d) DISTRIBUTIONSUBSTATION These substations are located near the consumer's localities and step down to 400V, 3-phase, 4-wire for supplying to the consumers. The voltage between any two phases is 400V &between any phase and neutral it is 230V. SUBSTATION CHARACTERISTICS 1. Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant out age does not necessarily result in loss of supply. 2. A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the transformer and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after is locating the faulty circuit breaker. 3. A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the substation, All circuits may be restored after is locating the faulty circuit breaker. 4, Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the circuit.5. Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator allows circuit breaker maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN An ideal conductor should fulfill the following requirements: a) Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short time currents, b) Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These foresee comprise self-weight, and weight of other conductors and equipment, short circuit forces and atmospheric forces such as wind and ice loading. ©) Should be corona free at rated voltage. d) Should have the minimum before joints. ©) Should need the minimum before supporting insulators. £) Should be economical. The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminums. Steel may be used but has limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility to corrosion. In an effort to make the conductor idea I, three different types have been utilized , and these include :Flat surfaced Conductors ,Stranded Conductors ,and Tubular Conductors. OVER HEAD LINE TERMINATIONS ‘Two methods are used to terminate over head lines at a substation. a) Tensioning conductor substation structures or buildings b) Tensioning conductors to ground winches. The choice is influenced by the heigh to flow and the proximity to the substation.The following clearances should be observed: VOLTAGELEVEL MINIMUMGROUNDCLEARANCE, Less than 1kV 6.1m 11kV-20kV 6.4m 20kV-30kV 6.7m Greater than 30kV 7.0m Clearance in accordance with voltage value STANDARD SIZES OF CONDUCTOR FOR LINES OF VARIOUSVOLTAGES The following sizes have now been standardlized by CEA for transmission lines of different voltages:- 1. For 440 KV Lines ‘Twin ‘Moose’ ACSR having 7-Strands of steel of dia 3.53 mm and 54- Strands of Aluminum of dia 3.53 mm. 2. For 220 KV Lines ‘Zebra! ACSR having 7-strand of steel of dia 3.18 mm and 54-Strands ofAluminumofdia3. 18mm. 3. For 132 KV Lines ‘Panther’ ACSR having 7-strands of steel of dia 3.00 mm and 30-Strands of Aluminumofdia3.00mm,TRANSFORMERS static machine ,which transforms the potential of alternating current at same frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage & high voltage to low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction principle. Transformer ii When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called step up transformer but incase of other is known as step down transformer. TYPESOFTRANSFORMERS, 1. Power Transformer It is used for the transmission purpose at heavy load, high voltage greater than 33KV & 100% efficiency. It is also big in size as compare to distribution transformer , it is used in generating station and Transmission substation at high insulation level. They can be of two types :Single Phase Transformers and Multi Phase Transformers. In 33/11kV TORWA substation there are 2 power transformers of S5MVA each these are manufactured by Centuary In power Pvt .LtdIIS PTT3 J f oy 2. Instrument Transformers These transformers are used for the measurement purposes at that points where standard voltmeters and ammeters can no the used. They are of two types == (a) CURRENTTRANSFORMER A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of alternating electric currents When current in a circuit is too high to apply directly to measuring instruments, a current transformer produced current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. A current transformer isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the monitored circuit.(b) POTENTIAL OR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER Voltage transformers (VT) (also called potential transformers (PT)) are a parallel connected type of instrument transformer used for metering and protection in high- voltage circuits or phasor phase shift is olation “There designed or present negligible load to the supply being measured and to have an accurate voltage ratio to enable accurate metering. A potential transformer may have several secondary windings on the same core as a primary winding, for use in different metering or protection circuits3. On the basis of working On the above basis, transformers are of two types: Step up Transformer and Stepdown Transformer. 4. Distribution Transformers A distribution transformer is a transformer that provides the final voltage transmission in the electrical power distribution system, stepping down voltage to the level used by customers .We have only 1 distribution transformer in our substation which is of 33kV/400volt .This is used to give supply to our substation. Buchholz Relay |A Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on (some) oil-filled power transformers Jand reactors, equipped with an external ovethead oil reservoir called a “conservator”. Buchholz relays are used as a protective device, as they are sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure that can occur inside the equipment they protect. Buchholz relays are a type of gas detection relay. Buchholz relays have two main elements. ‘The upper element consists of a float. The float is attached to a hinge in such a way that it canmove up and down |depending upon the oil level in the Buchholz relay container.POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION (PL! Power-line communication (PLC) carries data on a conductor that is also used simultaneously for AC electric power transmission or electric power distribution to consumers. By using the existing AC power lines as a medium to transfer the information, itbecomeseasytoconnectthehouseswithahighspeednetworkaccesspointwithoutinstall ing new wirings this technology has been in wide use since 1950 and was mainly used by the grid stations to transmit information at high speed. PRINCIPLEOFPLCC Power-line communications system so per rate by adding a modulated carrier signal to the wiring system . all type of information is modulate do not carried wave at frequency 50Hz to 500 KHz. The modulated HF carrier fed into the power line conductor at the sending and filtered out against there spective stations Long earlier system double side band amplitude modulation was more common but the present amplitude modulated system. Since high voltage power lines are designed to carry large quantities of energy onthe high voltage and the communication system at low voltage, they cannot be directly connected to high voltage lines. Suitably designed coupling equipment shave therefore to be employed which will permit the injection of high frequency carrier signal without undue loss and with absolute protection of communication equipments or operating personal from high voltage hazard.There fore , the coupling equipment essentially comprises the following: 1, Wave Traps Line Trap Wave trap is connected in series with power line between the point of connection of coupling capacitor and S/S. Wave trap offers negligible impedance to HF carrier wave trap stand selector mechanically and thermally for short circuit current in the event of fault on the line. On the basis of blocking frequency bank ,the wave trap can be following type: a) All wave b) Single Frequency c) Double Frequency” 4) Broad Band 2. Coupling Capacitor 3. Protective Device of Coarse Voltage Arrestor 4, Coupling of Filter 5. ELF. Cable APPLICATION OF PLCC PLCC technology can be deployed into different types of applications in order to provide economic networking solutions. Hence merging with other technologies it proves useful in different are as. These are few key areas where PLC communications are utilized: a, Transmission & Distribution Network: PLCC was first adopted in the electrical transmission And distribution system to transmit in formation ate fast rate. b. Home control and Automation: PLCC technology is used in home controlled automation. This technology can reduce the resources as well as efforts for activities like apower, management ,energy conservation, etc. c. Entertainment: PLCC is used to distribute the multimedia content throughout the home. d, Telecommunication: Data transmission for different types of communications like telephonic communication, audio, video communication can be made with the use of PLCC technology e. Security Systems: In monitoring houses or businesses through surve illancecameras PLCC technology is. far useful. f. Automatic Meter Reading — Automatic Meter reading applications use the PLCC technology to send the data from home meters to Host Central Station.ISOLATERS In electrical engineering , a disconnector, disconnect switch or isolator switch is used to ensure that an electrical circuit is completely de-energized for service or maintenance Such switches are often found in electrical distribution and industrial applications, where machinery must have its source of driving power removed for adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers ,transformers and transmission lines for maitenance .The disconnector is usually not intended for normal control of the circuit, but only for safety isolation .Disconnector can be operated either manually or automatically (motorized disconnector). Unlike load break switches and circuit breakers ,disconnector slack a mechanism for suppression of electric arc, which occurs when conductors carrying high currents are electrically interrupted. Thus, they are off-load devices , in tendent to be opened only after current has been interrupted by some other control device Safety regulations of the utility must prevent any attempt to open the disconnector while it supplies a circuit, Standard sin some countries for safety may require either local motor isolators or lock able over loads (which can be pad locked). In some designs, the isolator switch has the additional ability to earth the isolated circuit there by providing additional safety.INSULATORS An electrical insulator is a material whose in tern able electrical charges do not flow freely, and here for make it very hard to conduct an electric current under thein fluence of an electric field. The insulator serves two purposes .They support the conductors (busbar) and confine the current to the conductors .The most common used material for them manufacture of insulator is porcelain, There are several types of insulators and their use in substation will depend upon the service requirement . Different types of insulator are: © Pin type insulator The pin type insulator is mounted on a pin on the cross-arm on the pole There is a groove on the upper end of the insulator. The conductor passes throught his groove an dis tied to the insulator with an nealed wire of the same material as the conductor. Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of electric power at voltages up to 3kV. Beyond operating voltage of 33KV , the pin type insulators be come to obulky and hence uneconomical. *sé Disc Insulator An insulator that is made up of high-grade wet processes like brown - reen glaze disc known as disc insulator .These insulators are used in transmission & distributions sytems . The design soft he insulators mainly change based on customer requirements. The properties of every electrical insulator include the following. The designing of these insulators based on the application such as rubber , plastic, wood ,mica glass tc Thee axact an be done using different materialsInsulating materia Is used in an elect al system are glass , for cela in, steatite ,ceramic, polymer, PVC, etc. © Suspension insulator For voltages greater than 33 KY, it is a usual practice to use suspension type insulators shown in Figure. Consist of a number of porcelain discs connected in series by metal links in the form of a string. The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the other end of the string is secured voltage.CIRCUITBREAKER Vaccum Circuit__Breaker-A breaker which used vacuum as an are extinction medium is called a vacuum circuit breaker. In this circuit breaker, the fixed and moving contact is enclosed in a permanently sealed vacuum interrupter. The arc is extinct as the contacts are separated in high vacuum circuit breaker.It is mainly used for medium voltage ranging from 11 KV to 33 KV. Vacuum has a high insulating medium for arc extinction as compared to the other circuit breaker, The pressure inside the vacuum minter up ter is appro: this pressure , very few molecules are present in the interrupter. ately 10 to rent and at Gas Circuit Breaker-An SF.cireuit breaker Is a type of circuit breaker in which sulphur hexa fluoride gasor SF.gas is used as the are cquinching medium, known as an SF.cireuit breaker. SF.gash as excellent insulating property and it has a high electronegativity. Due to high electronegativity, it has a high affinity for absorbing free elctrons . It so be electrons to form a Negative .CAPACITOR BANK The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and evening which increases the magnetization current. This results in the decreased power factor. The low power factor is mainly due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and therefore take lagging currents. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes increases in current, resulting in additional losses. So in order to ensure most favorable conditions for a supply system from engineering and economic stand point it is important to have power factor as close to unity as possible. In order to improve the power factor come device taking leading power should be connected in parallel with the load. One of such device can be capacitor bank. The capacitors draw a leading current and partly or completely neutralize the lagging reactive component of load current. Main functions of Capacitor Bank are:- Supply Reactive Power * Improve Terminal Voltage © Improve Power FactorPROTECTIONOFSUBSTATION LIGHTNING ARRESTORS A lightning arrestor_is_a device used in power systems And telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductor soft he system from the damaging effect so flighting The typical lightning arrester has alight high-voltage termina | and a ground terminal When a lightning surge (or switching surge ,which is very similar) travel so long the powei line to the arrester ,the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor ,in most. cases to earth. ‘TRANSFORMER PROTECTION Transformers are totally enclosed static devices and generally oil immersed therefore chances of fault occut 1g on them are very easy rare, however the consequences of even a rare fault may be very serious unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from the system . This provides adequate automatic protection for transformers against possible faults various protection methods used for transformers are :-JA float switch in the relay is used to initiate an alarm signal. Depending on design, a second float may all so server to detects low oil aks If an are forms ,gas accumulation is rapid, and oil flows rapidly into the conservator. This flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane located in the path of the moving oil this switch normally circuit breaker to isolate the apparatus before the fault causes additional damage. operate a Conservator and Breather When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the temperature, the oil level goes either up or down in main tank. A conservator isused to maintaint the oil evel up to. predetermined value in the transformer main tank by placing it above the level of the top of the tank. Breather is connected to conservator tank for the purpose of extracting moisture as it spoils the insulating properties of the oil. During the contraction and expansion of oil air is drawn in or out through breather silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt chloride. Silica gel is checked regularly and dried and replaced when necessary.Transformer cooling When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the of heat is called cooling. There are several types of cooling methods ,the are as follows: ir natural cooling In a dry type of self-cooled transformers, the natural circulation of surrounding air is used for its cooling this type of cooling is satisfactory for low voltage small transformers. © Air blast cooling It is similar to that of dry type self-cooled transformers with to addition that continuous blast of filtered cool air is forced through the core and winding for better cooling a fan produces the blast. © Oil natural cooling Medium and large rating transformers have their winding and core immersed in oil, which act both as a cooling medium and an insulating medium, The heat produce in the cores and winding is passed to the oil becomes lighter and rises to the top and place is taken by cool oil from the bottom of the cooling tank. * Oil blast cooling In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of transformers immersed in oil, © Forced oil and forced air flow (OFB)cooling Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank to a cooling plant. Oil is then returned to the bottom of the tank. © Forced oil and water (OWF)cooling In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external water heat exchanger takes place. the water is circulated in cooling tubes in the heat exchanger.AIRBREAKSWITCH Air Break Switches are special switches designed employed in out door installations. Special Arcing Horns are provided to quench the arc which occurs when the current is interrupted these switches are usually operated bya handle which is located at the ground level . Air Break Switches should not be used to interrupt load currents. They are isolating devices They can how ever , be used to interrupt small currents such as the exciting current of a transformer or the capacitive charging current of a long transmission line .A variation of the Air Break Switches is the Load Switch which can interrupt current on load as it has special are quenching device. late a circuit “They are usually Break Switches can be mounted both horizontally and vertically. These switches usually have a rugged construction as they are exposed to the weather air Break Switches are usually found in groups of three, one for each phase. These groups are opened together hence they are also known as gang-operated switches Air Break Switches have been designed up to 135Kv.COMBINEDINSTRUMENTTRANSFORMER Instrument transformer includes Voltage Transformer & Current Transformer put together in a tank. Combined Instrument Transformer converts distribution class voltage & current to standardized low & easily measurable values which are used for metering for revenue purposes .When operating the current transformer between 5% of the rated current and the rated continuous thermal current , the voltage transformer shall not exceed the limits of voltage error and phase displacement corresponding to its class within the specified range of burden and between80%and120%ofthe rated voltage. Similarly when operating the voltage transformer between80%of rated voltage and the rated voltage multiplied by rated voltage factor, the current transformer shall not exceed the limits of current error and phase displacement within the range of current corresponding to its class at any value from 25% 10100% of rated burden .The Combined Instrument Transformer unit is specially designed to provide consistent accuracy over the entire range of current and voltage by calibrated de sign of built in cr and PT.CONCLUSION Now from this report one can conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life at the end of the training came to know about the various parts of substation sand how they are operated also I learnt about how transmission is done in various parts of Chhattisgarh, As evident from the report a substation plays a very important role in the transmission system that’s why various protective measures a retaken top protected the sub stations from various faults and its smooth functioning, Chhattisgarh State Power Distribution Company Ltd. takes such steps so that a uniform and stable supply of electricity can reach in every part of this state.Summary Components Function Diagram Power transformers are electrical instruments used in transmitting electrical power from one circuit to another ot aaa changing the mn requency. Power Transformer —_| They operate by the principle eames of electromagnetic induction me. They are used in transmitting electrical power between — generators and distribution ese primary circuits. Current Transformer ‘A Current Transformer is used to step-down current for measurement, control and protection. Current transformer is an instrument transformer used for protection and metering of high values of current. Potential Transformer Potential Transformer are instrument transformer. It is used to step-down voltage for measurement, control and protection, As Potential transformer is step-down transformer, ie., they have many turns in the primary winding while the secondary has few turns. Pct Tanner Line VagConductor A conductor or electrical conductor, is a substance or material that allows electricity to flow through it. Ina conductor, electrical charge carriers, usually electrons or ions, move easily from atom to atom when voltage is applied. Isolator Tsolator is a manually operated mechanical switch that isolates the faulty section of substation. Itis used to separate faulty section for repair from a healthy section in order to avoid the occurrance of severe faults. It is also called disconnector or disconnecting switch, ven Vaccum Circuit Breaker Tn vacuum circuit breakers, the vacuum is the are extinguishing medium, There is a formation of an arc when the vacuum is opened as there is the ionization of the metal vapours. The moving and fixed contact along with the are shield is mounted in the vacuum chamber.Bus-Bar ‘A Bus-bar is a conducting bar that carries heavy current to supply in several electric circuit. Bus-bar is made from ‘Cu’ and Paid Protective Relay A Protective Relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the CB to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system . Metering & Indicating Instrument There are several metering and indicating instrument (e.g., Ammeters, Voltmeters, energy meter , etc) installed in a substation to maintain which over the circuit quantities. The instrument transformer are invariably used with them for satisfactory operation. Lightening Arrester A Lightning Arrester is a protective equipment that protects electrical equipment from high voltage surges caused by lightning strikes. DC Battery Set Generally for 33/11 kV Auxiliary DC volt is 30 V DC, 15 nos of cells are used.DECLARATION PRITHURAJ SAHU Roll N. - 300802420020 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, a B.tech student of Jhada Sirha Government College Jagdalpur ,here by declare that vocational training Report on = "C.S.P.D.C.L.33/11KV SUBSTATION, TORWA BILASPUR " is a bonafide work undertaken by me at the power distribution company, during the period of "13th july to 11 August 2022" as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology (B.tech) of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical university, Bhilai. | also confirm that the report is only prepared for my acedmic requirement and not for any other purpose. It might not be used with the interest of opposite party of the corporation.CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER DISTRIBUTION COMPANY LIMITED {A Government of Chhattisgarh Undertaking) (A Successor Company of CSEB) OFFICE OF E..CITY DN. (EAST), TORWA, BILASPUR ~ 495 004 NO.EE/City/East/Estt/ Bilaspur, Did. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr./Ms PRITHURAJ SAHU Slo AMAR PRASAD, Student of “t" SEMESTER (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING) of GOVT. ENGINEERING JAGDALPUR, has attended the vocational training at under E.E.City Dn. (East) Division ,Bilaspur during 15.07.2022 TO 14-08-2022. He/She has attended the training regularly and shown keen interest to learn Operation and Maintenance work of City Division. BielEesn SEC. RIBR pur