Transcripts on video related to Network components

DOCSIS MODEM
Another standard is called DOCSIS Modem. It stands for data over cable services interface
specification. And those who you have broadband cable internet will recognize this device.
And yes this is a typically DOCSIS cable modem. The DOCSIS modem handles both incoming
and outgoing data signals including internet video and voice.
The DOCSIS 3.1 specifications support speed of 10 GB downstream and 1 GB upstream.

HUB
A hub is a device that has multiple ports that excepts ethernet connections from network
devices. A hub is considered not to be intelligent because it does not filter any data or has
any intelligence to where data is supposed to be sent. when a data packet arrives at one of
the port it is copied to all other ports. So all the devices on that hub sees that data packet.
There are also two type of HUB-
a. Passive
b. Active
The difference is a passive hub does not require power but in active hub does require
power.
Switch
A switch is very similar to a hub. It also a device that has multiple ports that accepts
ethernet connection through network devices. But unlike a hub a switch is an intelligent. A
switch can actually learn the physical addresses of the devices that are connected to it and it
store these addresses to cables. So when a data packet is sent to a switch, it directs it only
to the intended destination port.
That’s the major difference between the hub and a switch. So as a result switches are more
preferred than hubs because they reduce any unnecessary traffic on the network.

Regular switches operates on a layer 2 of the OSI model and when talk about OSI model in a
latter lessons.
But there are other types of switches that operate at higher levels of the OSI model. And
one of these called a Multilayer switch.
A multilayer switch can operate at layer 2 and layer 3 of the OSI model. Its able to interprets
layer 3 data similar to a router.
And another type of switch is content switch.
A content switch is operate at layers 4 to 7 of the OSI MODEL. This type of switch can
perform load balancing and advanced filtering. And this switches are also very expensive.

POE (Power Over Ethernet)

Networking devices need electrical power to function and that’s why they have a separate
electrical port for power plug. But some networking devices don’t have any electrical port
its not that they don’t need a electric power. Its that they get data from the same cable
which is through the ethernet cables.
And this technology known as POE which stands for power over ethernet.
Spanning Tree
Some networks are designed to be more fault tolerant. For example, in some networks
multiple switches are installed in case a switch does fail so in a case of failure the data can
bypass a failed switch and use the other to get the destination.
But a potential problem can happen with this setup and that problem is with broad cast
traffic loops. These loops can happen when there are multiple active pass between the
destination. And when thus happen it can slow down the network because of the excess
traffic.
So, to solve this problem the spanning tree protocol is created. The spanning tree protocol
allows for fault tolerance and prevents unnecessary traffic loops in the networks. And it
does this by allowing the switches to talk to each other to find if loops are happening in the
network.
Bridges
Bridges are used to divide a networking to separate collision domains. For example here we
have a network and this network is segmented into two by a couple of hubs and if you
notice all the broadcast traffic that two segments are seen by all the computers on both
sides and this causes unnecessary traffic.

So that is where is a bridge can be helpful. If you at a bridge to this network it will reduced
any unnecessary traffic between two segments by filtering the data based on their MAC
address. So bridge only allows to data to crossover if it needs a required MAC address of the
destination because a bridge keeps record of all the Mac addresses of the next that are
connected to it and it will also block or data from crossing over if it fails to meet this
requirement.

Router
Now a router is exactly what it names implies. A router is a device that routes or forwards
data from one network to another based on its IP address. When a data packet is received
from the router, the router inspects the packet and determines if the packet was meant for
own network or it is meant for another network.
If the router determines that the data packet is meant for its own network it receives it. But
if it not meant fir its own network it sends it off to another network.
So, a router is essentially a gateway for a network.
Now let go head and demonstrate this, here we have a private network with its router n will
refers to this one as the red network indicated by the red coloured screen in the computers.
And over here you going t have a different data packets indicated by the various colour. And
they are going to be entering in red colour router from the internet. The router will only
going to accepts the red colour data packets because they are the only once that are
intended for this network. So, all of the other data packets the yellows, blue, green etc. will
be rejected by this router because they were not intended for this network.
Now this is the very simplified illustration of how a router works. But I think you get the
idea.
Now here is a expended view of router over the internet. There are four networks here
indicated by the different colours and each network has their own router. Now notice how
the router will send the data. Notice that when a computer wants to send a data to another
computer on the same network the data packet never leaves their own network the router
will not let that happen because the router knows what belongs inside and outside their
network. But on the other hand when a computer wants to send data to another computer
on a different network, the router allows it.
For example notice how the router on the red network allow the yellow, blue, and green
data packets pass by so they can go to their intended destination.
The yellow packet goes too the yellow network, the blue goes to v the blue network and so
on. And the same goes to all the other networks.

Gateway
A gateway can be defined as a device that joins 2 networks together. They interconnects
network with different or incompatible communication protocols. A gateway however does
not change the data, it only changes the format of the data.

So in simple terms this illustration is showing how a gateway transforming a simple signal to
something totally different. The circular pattern represent one network and it goes through
the gateway it transform into a wave pattern which represents a different network.

CSU/DSU (channel service unit/ data service unit)

Now this is a device about the size of a modem and what this does is that it converts data
from local area network to a wide area network. And this has to happen because the data
formats between a LAN and WAN are different.

NICS (network interface card)

A network interface card or NICS is used to connect the computer to a network. It is
basically a circuit board of network adapter that is installed on your computer. And its jobs
is to convert incoming serial data into parallel data. So that the computer understand it. And
NICS provides a constant dedicated connection to a network. And every NICS has a its own
unique identifier called a Mac address.
Transceivers
A transceiver is a device that has both a transmitter and a receiver in the same package. The
term applies to the wireless communication in devices like cell phones and two way videos.
It basically a term used for any device that receives data, converts it, then transmits the data
to another location.

WAPs (wireless access point)

Wireless access point is basically a wireless hub that is used for wireless devices. It connects
to a wired network and release data between wired network and the wireless device for
communication purposes.
And this illustration you see a wireless access point wired to a network, so that the wireless
network can communicate with the network.

Modem
A dialogue modem is a device that allows a computer to transmit data over normal
telephones lines. The data coming in from a telephone line is a analog. However, a data in a
computer is all digital. So, when the analog data comes in from the telephone lines, the
modems jobs is to convert it into a digital form so the computer can understand it.
So that basically a modem does, it converts analog data to digital data and a maximum
speed of most modem todays is 56 Kbps.