NAGPAYONG HIGH SCHOOL 1

SLEEP DEPRIVATION: REASONS AND EFFECTS ON THE CRITICAL

THINKING AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

STUDENTS AT NAGPAYONG HIGH SCHOOL

A Research Study
Presented to The Faculty of Senior High School
Nagpayong High School
Pinagbuhatan Pasig City

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty and Academic Council of Nagpayong Senior

High School In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Practical Research II

General Academic Strand

By: Aberilla, Gerald Balbin

Baterna, John Albert
et al,

12-GAS (1)

GROUP 1 (GAS – 1)
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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Sleep is always important to us humans; it always helps you calm down and relieve

your stress. Being a student is hard, especially when you're an achiever; most of the students

are always sleep deprived. Sleep deprivation is a condition that occurs if you don't get enough

sleep. Sleep deficiency is a broader concept. The most common symptoms of sleep

deprivation are fatigue, mood changes, memory problems, paranoia, etc. As a student, being

sleep-deprived is not good. In the study of (S. Embang. 3, 2021) the research revealed that

academic performance increased with increased sleep duration for the students, as shown by

the results.

Sleep deprivation is a significant issue for students of all ages, with over 70% of high

school students not getting enough sleep. (Hall, 2021). This can lead to negative consequences

for academic performance, health, and well-being. Sleep-deprived students are more likely to

struggle with attention, learning new information, and completing assignments, leading to

missed school or falling behind in their studies. In our generation today most students have

smartphones which is also a factor in why students are sleep deprived, 90 percent of teens

have smartphones in the US, 24 percent are highly active in using social media (Lenhart,

2015) and 23 percent are addicted to playing online games, those teens that are especially
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active at using their smartphones leads to lack of sleep which if it continues can lead to what

we call sleep deprivation (Richter, 2015)

A situation brought on by a lack of sleep, whether it be in terms of its quantity or its

quality, including irregular circadian rhythms and insomnia, is referred to as sleep deprivation.

A feeling sleepy, exhausted individual is more prone to problems, has less judgment, and is

more likely to make errors and poor choices. The 2016 Healthy Living Index Survey found

that the Philippines has one of the highest rates of sleep deprivation in Asia, with 46% of

Filipinos reporting that they do not get enough sleep and 32% reporting that they sleep for less

than six hours per night (Adlawan, 2021). In our school at Nagpayong Senior High School by

observing the students from time to time you could conclude that most are sleep deprived,

have different reasons why they are sleep deprived but most of them get affected by it without

knowing, which will end up blaming themselves if they ever performed academically bad.

This topic was chosen because of the interest of the researchers and the importance of

this research, based on our view. The information that will be acquired through this research

will be helpful to society. The purpose of this research is to know the reasons and effects of

sleep deprivation on the students of Nagpayong Senior High School thus in knowing, this

would help spread awareness in society about how sleep deprivation affects the a person and

eventually, avoid this to have balanced and healthy personality.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study aims to determine the reasons and effects of sleep

deprivation on senior high school students at Nagpayong High School. To fulfill this, the
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researchers will be conducting surveys to get the direct outcome. More specifically, the study

will try to answer the following questions:

1) What is the Demographic Profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.2) Age

1.3) Strand

1.4) General Average

2) What are the reasons of sleep deprivation among Senior High School Students in

Nagpayong High School ?

3) What are the effects of sleep deprivation among Senior High School students in

Nagpayong High School in terms of:

2.1) Critical Thinking

2.2) Academic Performance

4) Is there a significant relationship between sleep deprivation towards the critical thinking

and academic performance of senior high students at Nagpayong High School?

Theoretical Framework

This study is supported with the study of DeNoon (2000) the “Brain Basics” which

declares that as a person lacks sleep there will be effects on their memory, solving

mathematical problems, and their physical performance. On the improve study of “Brain

Basics” (2003), lack of sleep will end up having a effect to the cognitive skills, memory,

attention, and concentration, which they observed. This study is related to our study as our

study aims to know what are causes and effects of sleep deprivation on the critical thinking
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and academic performance which also relates to the physical performance stated in the study

of “Brain Basics” (2003)

Conceptual Framework

The variables used in the study are represented in the conceptual framework:

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

I. Respondents Profile Data gathered on:

> Age
 Reasons of
>Strand
 Survey Question- Sleep
naire deprivation
>General Average  The effects of
 Data Gathering
sleep deprivation
II. Reasons of sleep deprivation on the critical
 Data Analysis
thinking of Senior
 Interpretation of High School stu-
II. Effects of sleep deprivation on the dents
data
critical thinking of Senior High
 The effects of
School students sleep deprivation
on the academic
performance of
Senior High
III. Effects of sleep deprivation on School students

the academic performance of Senior

 Recommendations
High School students
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FIGURE 1: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK PARADIGM OF THE STUDY

Figure 1, represents the conceptual framework of this study. It utilized the IPO or the

input, process, and output model. The IPO model is a functional graph that identifies the

input, and process that turns into an output (Johnson, 2022)

The Input parts contain all the data that will be gathered by the researchers. The

process contains all the instruments and the steps we followed to gather the data. The Output

contains the conclusions and recommendations that the researchers made.

Hypothesis

The position of this study will prove that there is no significant relationship between:

The alternative hypothesis (HA) states that there is a significant relationship between

sleep deprivation and academic performance, and the critical thinking of senior high school

students at Nagpayong High School. On the other hand, the null hypothesis (H0) assumes that

there is no significant relationship between sleep deprivation and the variables being

investigated.

Scopes and Limitation

This study is conducted to know the reasons and effects of sleep deprivation on the

critical thinking and academic performance of senior high school at Nagpayong High School.

This study will be conducted in the school year 2023-2024, targeting the 15 sections of grade

12 students at Nagpayong Senior High School where the total of needed participants are 75

students, where the targets respondents are the top 5 students in each classroom. The purpose

of this study is for us to know the effects of sleep deprivation on students and what the causes
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of this condition are in the health of those students who are sleep deprived. Using a survey

questionnaire the participants will answer the corresponding and related questions for the

research topic to achieve the expected data to make a conclusion.

This study requires the participation of students in every strand. It considers the

perspectives of every student who joined our study, including their own experiences with this

kind of sleep condition. It also includes the study of what are the causes and effects of sleep

deprivation, especially for those students under stress. Each of the student participants was

given a survey questionnaire to answer. The focus of this study was on the students of the

current school year, 2022–2023.

Significance of the Study

Through survey questions, this research will have information about sleep deprivation.
The people and associations who will benefit from this research are the following:

Students this will give them information about the effects of sleep deprivation and its
symptoms. It will also make them aware of how being sleep deprived is not good.

Parents this will provide more information on why their children are acting a little bit weird
and what the causes of it are. Through this research paper, teachers will know more about
students who are sleep deprived and how it affects their performance.

Society this will provide more information about sleep deprivation and spread awareness

throughout our community.

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Future Researchers will receive more information through this research, and this can also be

their basis for formulating new questions related to sleep deprivation.

Definition of Terms

Critical Thinking is the process of independently analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating

information as a guide to behavior and beliefs.

Cognitive performance refers to our cognitive abilities or mental processes. This includes
things like our attention span, memory, reaction time, problem-solving ability, and more.
Cognitive performance is a measure of how well our brain functions.

Decrements the act or process of decreasing; gradual reduction. the amount lost by reduction.

Insomnia: Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that can make it hard to fall asleep, stay

asleep, or cause you to wake up too early and not be able to get back to sleep.

Psycho-motor Performance represent those activities that are primarily movement-oriented.

Sleep Deprivation is a type of sickness where a certain individual does not get the right

amount of sleep which is 6-8 hours

Chronic (of an illness) persisting for a long time or constantly recurring. Often contrasted

with acute.
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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter provides an overview of the relevant literature and studies that the

researchers reviewed to emphasize the significance of the current study. It also presents a

synthesis of existing knowledge to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the research

for improved comprehension of the study.

What is Sleep Deprivation and it’s effect on Cognitive

According to Kim (2019), sleep is very important for a student, but when a person fails

to get the right amount of sleep, which is the recommended hours of seven or eight, that is

what we call sleep deprivation. One out of five students especially in college are affected by

lack of sleep, which are brought by different factors.

According to Ranasinghe et al. (2018), sleep deprivation can be chronic or acute,

which can result in drowsiness and weariness and harm our cognitive function, it could also

lead to a lack of motivation and headaches that are not good for our brain, but sleep

deprivation actually could result to more energy, alertness, and can be a form of treatment for

depression.

According to Rose and Ramanan (2018), students should understand the importance of

having the right amount of sleep which is seven to eight hours, so health education programs
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should emphasize this topic so the students know that sleep deprivation affects cognitive

functions.

According to Harris (2020), to have good physiological and psychosocial health and a

good performance of cognitive function, one must have the right amount of sleep, because

sleep deprivation can impact our nervous system and our brain which can lead to future risks.

According to Patrick, et al (2017), sleep deprivation affects mostly our reaction time

and there is no effect on our cognition, more studies should be done to conclude that there is a

correlation between these two.

According to Killgore (2010), sleep deprivation is now very common in our society,

there is some understanding that sleep deprivation could impact our response, speed, and

performance but we can’t say that sleep affects this as our knowledge of sleep deprivation is

still lacking as we are only about to understand it.

Sleep Deprivation on Critical Thinking

According to Pooja, cognitive function is also known as cognitive skills, cognitive

abilities, or cognitive abilities. These are brain skills needed to acquire knowledge, process

information, and reason. These include the areas of attention, cognition, learning, memory,

decision-making, and language abilities. Critical Thinking is part of our cognitive. As

cognitive function is more broader concept we chose critical thinking to be a topic of our

study, as critical thinking is very well known to students rather than the word cognitive

function.
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According to Harrison and Horne (2002), critical thinking can be affected even by a

one-night lack of sleep, which was done by using a clinically oriented neuropsychological

test, a lack of sleep even if it is one night could lead to more rigid thinking and difficulty in

fully grasping some situations.

According to Epstein (2014), sleep deprivation could impact our critical thinking,

which includes the ability to process information and the ability to respond to certain

situations, if it is affected this could lead to certain risks to our health like heart disease, high

blood pressure and worst case scenario early death.

According to McCubbin, et al (2012), sleep deprivation can affect our mental health

and our ability to think, people who are sleep deprived could have more problems with their

thinking abilities like memory, and problem-solving, and emphasizes that a person who is

sleep deprived and hypertension could be affected greatly, and the relationship between this

two goes further.

According to Goel, et al (2009), the frequent lack of sleep can lead to damaging the

brain regions including frontal and parietal control areas, secondary sensory processing areas,

and thalamic areas. Cognitive deterioration could be benefited from sleep deprivation and also

the genes of the individual may affect the cognitive deterioration.

According to Beckerman (2014), sleep deprivation can impact our ability to make a

judgment, as lack of sleep impacts the ability to interpret events this also impacts the ability to

make a judgment. People might get used to being sleep deprived but in reality, it is not as they

affect critical thinking greatly.

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According to Suni and Dimitriu (2023), being sleep-deprived affects the ability to

think, as well as the memory and decision–making skills. Short–term effects can be noticed

easily but the long–term effects are the hardest to identify as they may result to having

physical and mental problems as an individual continues to become sleep-deprived.

Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance

There are a lot of factors why students are sleep deprived it can include cultural,

environmental, and biological factors. According to Garey (2023), most students are sleep

deprived because of hormone change, others are having too much screen time, and also the

anxiety which was acquired by them trying to be perfect students. Having a school that starts

at 7:20 a:m is not good.

According to Hershner and Chervin (2014), many students suffer from sleep

deprivation because of the school work that is piled up, staying late to study, being a working

student, and having an early class,’ the few reasons why students are sleep deprived.

According to Jalali R et al., (2020), being sleep-deprived as a student is not good, it is

necessary to have the right amount of sleep, being sleep-deprived could impact your capability

to learn, practice, mental health, and your academic performance.

According to Mitru, et al (2002), hundreds of students are sleep deprived reasons of

this are school work and having an early class hour, being sleep deprived could impact your

capabilities to learn, process information and interact with your peers, by changing the time of

class hours could be a simple way to fight sleep deprivation.

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According to Nacino (2019), sleep deprivation can cause short temper, and dizziness

and impact the student's ability to learn as they focus more on sleeping in the class rather than

listening, it could also lower their ability to think and perform better.

According to Embang (2021), having the right amount of sleep is very beneficial if

you are a student it could lead to more concentration, to store data and energy to perform

better, while being sleep deprived could affect all of these things, there is also a difference

between the people who have the right amount of sleep than the people who are sleep

deprived on their academic performance.

According to Colleta (2020), students will choose between studying or sleeping, those

students who chose to have the right amount of sleep showed great scores on their final exam

as they could remember more of the lessons they discussed, while on the other hand students

who chose to study rather than having a right amount of sleep showed a scores that is different

than the students who chose to sleep.

According to Thomas (2017), Nursing students lack knowledge of sleep deprivation,

which could lead to nursing students endangering their safety and their patients' safety, they

are more exposed to sleep deprivation which results in them using substances that could make

them unable to sleep.

According to Sygaco (2021), as students get more cramped by schoolwork and get

accustomed to getting too little sleep, certain things do not affect their academic performance,

yet it only results in dizziness, exhaustion, and fatigue which is very bad for student, but being

sleep deprived has no relationship towards the academic performance of the student, it might
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be the case while most of the students have better grades because they are sleep deprived in

making their school works.

According to Yason, et al. (2021), there is no relationship between sleep and academic

performance, students may lack sleep but they perform well and have better grades instead it

is the cognitive functions that have a relationship between academic performance, having poor

cognitive function can lead to poor academic performance.

Synthesis

With all the related studies provided, it states that sleep deprivation affects cognitive

functions, especially the critical thinking part, and academic performance.

Author Colleta (2020) specified that students who have the right amount of sleep

showed better scores than those students who are sleep-deprived which shows how important

sleep is to students. Embang (2021), says that the right amount of sleep could lead to more

concentration, storing data, and performing academically well. And Epstein (2014) stated that

being sleep-deprived could impact our critical thinking, in the worst-case scenario could lead

to early death.

Although the other studies that are provided conclude that sleep deprivation and

academic performance do not have a relationship, the student can think that has a relation to it

which is the cognitive function, but the cognitive function is also affected by the lack of sleep

like their critical thinking. In the end, our knowledge about sleep deprivation is still lacking or
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it’s still in the infancy stage (Killgore, 2010). Some of the studies stated that further studies

should be conducted to further enhance our knowledge about sleep deprivation, this proves the

importance of our research to further upgrade our knowledge about sleep deprivation.
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Chapter 3

Research Methodology

This chapter presents the methodology of the study including the research method

used, population, sample size and sampling technique, description of the respondents, data

gathering procedures, and the statistical treatment of data.

Methods of Research

The study utilized a Descriptive Correlational Quantitative Method of research to

collect the data in order to answer the research problems. The quantitative method emphasizes

the use of measurement, statistical, mathematical and numerical data collecting with the use of

polls, survey questionnaire and etc. The respondents of the study were the Grade 12 students

of Nagpayong Senior High School in Pinagbuhatan, Pasig city.

The researchers used a Quantitative Method for easy gathering of the data because this

uses numbers, percentage, and etc. To be able to achieve the objectives of the study that aimed

to know what are the reasons and effects of sleep deprivation on the critical thinking and

academic performance of senior high school students. The descriptive study established a

connection within the variables the reasons of sleep deprivation, and the critical thinking and

academic performance. The researchers decided to conduct a survey questionnaire to the

selected respondents, to provide more an explanation regarding the reasons of sleep

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deprivation and its impact to students. The study also used a correlation to determine if there

was a significant relationship between sleep deprivation and the critical thinking and academic

performance of Nagpayong Senior High School students.

Population, Sample Size and Sampling Technique

The researchers of the study used the Grade 12 Students of Nagpayong Senior High

School, School Year 2023-2024, as their target population. The sample size was then

determined using the Slovin’s Formula

Where:

n = total sample size

e = margin of error

N = total number of population of Grade 12 Students of Nagpayong Senior High School

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Computation:

n= 878

1+878 (0.05)2

n = 275

The sample size of 275 was obtained with the used of Stratified Random Sampling.

This is the process of selecting a sample in such a way that identified subgroups or strata is

represented in the sample in the same proportion that they exist in the population.

Table 1

Population and Sample Size

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Strands Population Percentage Sample

ABM 100 12 % 32

GAS 118 13 % 36

HUMSS 324 37 % 101

ICT 259 29 % 81

STEM 77 9% 25

Total 878 100 % 275

Description of Respondents

The study is entitled Sleep Deprivation: Reasons and Effects on the Critical Thinking

and Academic Performance of Senior High School students at Nagpayong High School. The

respondents of this study were Grade 12 students of Nagpayong Senior High School. They

were the 5 strands from ABM with a total population of 100, GAS = 118, HUMSS = 324, ICT

= 259, and STEM = 77. They were chosen as respondents since they have greater exposure

and can bring the best response to the study.

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Research Instrument

The researchers utilized,adapted and modifieda questionnaires from the study entitled

Sleep Deprivation Affecting Academic Performance Among Selected Senior High School

Students Of Polytechnic College Of Botolan by Ramos (2020) and Questionnaire On Sleep

Deprivation/FPA by Rose and Ramanan (2019).

The questionnaire was divided into three parts. The first part of the questionnaire was

designed to determined the respondent’s profile of Grade 12 students at Nagpayong Senior

High School. The second part was designed to determined what are the reasons for the

respondent’s sleeping late at night. The third part was designed to determined the effect of

sleep deprivation to the respondents critical thinking and academic performance.

It was composed of 12 bench mark statements. For this instrument the researchers

used a Likert scale to asses the mark on the appropriate number or ratings. The instrument was

structured in the modified Likert fashion, on a 4 – point scale, ranging from “Strongly Agree”

(SA), “Agree” (A) to “Disagree” (D), and “Strongly Disagree” (SD). Subjects were then

instructed to respond to their degree of agreement with the statements contained in the

instrument. Each response option has the following number to rate each statement with

corresponding interpretations.

TABLE 2

Numerical Value Verbal Interpretation Scale

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4 Strongly Agree (SA) 3.51 – 4.00

3 Agree(A) 2.51 – 3.50

2 Disagree(D) 1.51 – 2.50

1 Strongly Disagree (SD) 1.00 – 1.50

Rating Scale

Data Gathering Procedure

The initial stage of the data gathering pertains to the collection of the information to

where the sample respondents were drawn. The researchers approached the people from the

registrar office to get the information on the total number of student’s population.

The next stage of data gathering activity involved the distribution of the questionnaire

to the respondents. In this stage the researchers sought the permission of the Students advisers

to undertake the following activities: distribution of the questionnaire and retrieval of the

questionnaires.
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In the last stage of the data gathering process, the researchers requested the advisers a

report on the respondents past academic grade for SY. 2022-2023. The respondents were

requested to answer the inquires in the survey questionnaire each grading the statements using

the Likert scale. The equivalent weighs for the answers were 4 – Strongly Agree, 3 – Agree, 2

– Disagree, and 1 – Strongly Disagree.

Statistical treatment of Data

This study used the following statistical tools to analyze and treat the data.

1. Statistical Product and Service Solution ( SPSS software version 2.0)

Data from survey questionnaire will be analyzed using the Statistical Product and

Service Solution (SPSS software 2.0 ) and Microsoft Excel to generate frequencies and

percentages which were represented in form of tables and graphs. Specifically, Microsoft

excel were used to compute the percentage and frequency of the respondents profile, compute

the weighted mean of the factors respondents affecting the critical thinking and academic

performance.

2.Percentage

The sample percentage calculation was used to assign percentage to grouping of marks

responses, particular to items requiring on the different responses. This is also used for

assigning the number of sample per strata.

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P= f

X 100%

Where: n – number of classes/samples

f – Frequency

p - Percentage

3. Weighted Mean

Weighted Mean was used to describe the respondents Reasons of sleep deprivation and

its effects to the critical thinking and academic performance of Senior High School students.

The formula used for this statistical tool is as follow:

Mw = Σfw

n
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Where: M – computed weighted mean

fw – product of frequency and weight

n – Total number of samples

4.Pearson Product – Moment correlation coefficient

This was used to measure the relationship of the respondent’s Reasons of sleep

deprivation and the effects on the critical thinking and academic performance.

The formula of this treatment is:

Where: r = the linear correlation coefficient

N = number of pairs of data present

Σx = the sum of all x scores

Σy = the sum of y scores

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Σxy = the sum of all the products of corresponding x and y scores

The value of Pearson r were interpreted as shown below

r – value Verbal Interpretation

0.00 to ± 0.20 slight correlation

±0.21 to ± 0.40 low correlation

±0.41 to ± 0.60 moderate correlation

±0.61 to ± 0.80 high correlation

±0.81 to ± 1.00 very high correlation

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The significance of the correlation was to obtain using p – value with the following

interpretation:

-if p – value is greater than the level of significance, the correlation is not significant, and

-If p – value is less than the level of significance, the correlation is significant.

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Effects of sleep deprivation on cognition - PubMed (nih.gov)

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